What is a special needs list? Mature age

§ 2 The needs of society and ways to satisfy them

What is a need

The powerful engine of the economy is the needs of society.

Needs- a lack or need of something necessary for human life.

Human needs are important distinctive features, which distinguish it from the entire animal world. What are they?

First feature. People's needs change historically quantitatively and qualitatively. These changes are noticeable during the transition from one era of economic and cultural development of society to another. Let's take, for example, people who lived at the beginning of the last century.

Even in their fantasies they did not imagine that there could be such extraordinary things that have become familiar to our contemporaries - televisions, computers, space stations and much more.

Second feature. Human requests are very change throughout his life. It is one thing for an infant to experience primarily physiological needs, and quite another for an adult who has mastered a certain specialty.

Third feature. People even of the same age often have needs, requests, preferences do not match. It is no coincidence that in Russia there are popular sayings and expressions: “There are no comrades according to taste,” “There is no arguing about tastes.”

Fourth feature. Modern civilization (level of material and spiritual culture) knows several levels of needs person:

Physiological needs (food, water, shelter, etc.);

The need for security (protection from external enemies and criminals, help in case of illness, protection from poverty);

The need for social contacts (communication with people who have the same interests; friendship and love);

The need for respect (respect from other people, self-respect, acquiring a certain social position);

The need for self-development (to improve all human capabilities and abilities).

The listed forms of human needs can be clearly depicted in the form of a pyramid (Fig. 1.1).

Rice. 1.1. Pyramid of needs modern man

It is especially important to talk about image (external and internal appearance) of the future specialist. Concerning appearance a graduate of a technical school or college, he is usually influenced by generally accepted norms of culture, fashion and other circumstances. The development of high qualities of his internal image, in which developed needs are manifested, largely depends on the student himself:

Erudition (readability, deep knowledge in various areas of human activity);

Developed intelligence (creative thinking);

High culture of human communication;

Fluency in one or two foreign languages;

Ability to use a computer;

High moral behavior.

The 21st century is characterized by a comprehensive development of needs and a high image of specialists.

How does the level of needs of members of society rise throughout history? This largely depends on the interaction of social production and the urgent needs of people.

How are needs and production interconnected?

The connection between production and needs is two-way: direct and reverse. Let's look at this connection in more detail.

Production directly and directly affects needs in several directions.

1. The level of production activity determines, in to what extent can it satisfy the requests of people. If, suppose, the country does not produce the required amount of goods (be it bread or cars), then the needs of the people will not be adequately satisfied. In this case, the growth of needs will become impossible.

2. The transition of production to a new level of scientific and technological progress radically renews objective world and the way of life of people, generates qualitatively different needs. For example, the release and availability of VCRs and personal computers creates a desire to purchase them.

3. Production in many ways influences consumption patterns useful things and thereby determines a certain household

culture. For example, primitive man was quite content with a piece of meat roasted over a fire, which he tore into pieces with his hands. To cook a roast from the same piece of meat, our modern day requires a gas, electric stove or grill, as well as cutlery.

In turn, needs have backfire for production activities.

1. Needs are a prerequisite and determine the direction of human creative activity. Each farm plans in advance its production of healthy products, taking into account the identified needs.

2. Increased needs often overtakes production. It is noteworthy that workers in garment factories strive to find out in advance what new clothing items have been developed in fashion houses taking into account the new level of needs.

3. The elevation of needs gives them lead role in the progressive development of production - from its lowest level to ever higher ones.

The development of needs directly depends in several directions on the level of production. The latter experiences a variety of backfire from the demands of society.

Studying the interaction of production and needs allows us to understand the place and role of new needs of people in the circulation of economic goods.

What is the role of needs in the circulation of goods?

First of all, it is important to pay attention to the special nature of economic development - its circular movement.

Just as the cycle of substances constantly occurs on Earth, in economic activity there is a continuous circulation of economic goods. Manufactured useful things disappear during the process of consumption and are created again in the same or modified form. Such a circulation is a prerequisite for the continuous maintenance and renewal of human life.

The circuit under consideration consists of five main links that are inextricably linked:

Rice. 1.2. Circulation of economic goods

Production;

Distribution;

Consumption of goods;

K update needs.

Now let's look at how the economic cycle occurs. The chain of inextricable dependencies between its individual links is clearly depicted in Fig. 1.2.

Let us consider the circulation of created goods at specific example peasant farming. The producer first grows, for example, vegetables. Then he distributes them: he keeps some for himself and his family, and the rest goes for sale. At the market, vegetables that are surplus to the family's needs are exchanged for products needed in the household (for example, meat, shoes). Finally, material goods reach their final destination - personal consumption. If the needs of a peasant family increase (due, say, to an increase in the family), then the production of vegetables will probably expand.

Now we can imagine the circulation of products in the most general form.

The beginning of the cycle is production - the process of creating useful goods. At this time, workers adapt the matter and energy of nature to meet human needs.

Distribution income from production activities is subject to. During the distribution process, the share of all participants in such activities in the created wealth is determined.

The benefits received from distribution are often not needed for personal consumption in the amount received. Since people need completely different things, it happens exchange, during which the benefits received are exchanged for other things needed by a person.

Consumption – The final stage movement of a product that goes to meet people's needs. As previously established needs are satisfied, new ones arise.

Needs are interconnected with all links circulation of goods. In the process of consumption there are new requests, which cause production renewal.

It may seem that the theoretically described circulation of goods here unambiguously characterizes the relationship between production and needs. However, in practice, in many countries there are different options for the relationship between production and needs. What are these options?

What are the modern options for changing production and the needs of society?

Throughout the world economy at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, there are three main types of relationships between production, on the one hand, and the needs and consumption of the population, on the other.

First option. In some countries, prolonged economic decline leads to a decrease in both consumption and needs. This process can be likened to a spiral movement with decreasing circles, such as we observe, say, in the funnel of a whirlpool. This plight can be seen, in particular, in certain African countries (for example, the Republic of Congo, Ethiopia), where at the end of the 20th century. society's per capita income declined.

Second option. In some countries in Africa and Asia, the production of a relatively limited range of diverse products is growing very slowly. In this case, the needs are traditional and only gradually expand.

The first and second options characterize a clearly abnormal relationship between changes in production and needs.

Third option. The simultaneous growth in the production of a national product and an increase in the level of needs and consumption can be considered normal. The natural increase in needs in this case occurs in two directions: vertically and horizontally.

Improving people's lives is manifested in growing needs vertically.

Long-term economic disruption in a number of Commonwealth countries Independent States in the 1990s had a negative impact on the value of the national product (domestic production) per capita and on household consumption expenditures. For example, in 2002 (as a percentage of 1990), such expenses were: in Belarus - 131, Kazakhstan - 60, Ukraine - 59%.

Rice. 1. . Increasing automobile needs

This change can be seen in the example of people’s attitude towards buying a car (Fig. 1.3).

Rising needs horizontally associated with the expansion of consumption by an increasingly wider population of higher quality products. This change becomes more noticeable the longer the time period studied. We find confirmation of this in Table. 1.4.

Table 1.4

Provision of the Russian population with durable goods (per 100 families, units)

As the German statistician E. Engel established, if the income of the population grows, then it spends relatively less money on food products, buys more industrial consumer goods (shoes, clothing, etc.), and with a further increase in income, it acquires high-quality things and durable goods.

The most rapid increase in needs vertically and horizontally in the 20th century. typical for Western – economically most developed countries. Here, the growth of production and consumption can be likened to an upward spiral with expanding speed.

All considered options for changing production and needs have a common feature. They express in one form or another contradiction between what people would like to have and what the real economy gives them.

Contradiction between needs and production - main contradiction economic activity in any society.

In the next paragraph we will find out by what methods and means the main contradiction of economics is resolved.

This text is an introductory fragment. From the book Finance and Credit author Shevchuk Denis Alexandrovich

100. Priority for satisfaction of creditors' claims. Out of turn, legal costs, expenses associated with the payment of remuneration to arbitration managers, current utility and operating payments of the debtor are covered, and claims are also satisfied

From the book Innovation Management: tutorial author Mukhamedyarov A. M.

1.1. Innovation as a source of satisfying social needs Scientific and technological progress, especially its modern stage - the scientific and technological revolution, contributes to the development of mass production of many types of products while simultaneously reducing

From the book Foundations of Political Economy by Karl Menger

§ 6. The totality of goods at the disposal of an individual to satisfy his needs. The needs of people are diverse, and their life and well-being are not ensured if they have at their disposal the means to satisfy only one need, although

From the book Economic Theory. Textbook for universities author Popov Alexander Ivanovich

Topic 2 SOCIAL PRODUCTION – THE ECONOMIC BASIS OF SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT. PERIODIZATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY 2.1. Social production. Simple moments of the labor process. Productive forces and economic relationsSocial

From the book Organizing a business from scratch. Where to start and how to succeed author Semenikhin Vitaly Viktorovich

8. WITHDRAWAL OF A PARTICIPANT OF THE SOCIETY FROM THE SOCIETY 8.1. A Member of the Society has the right to leave the Society at any time, regardless of the consent of other Members.8.2. If a Participant leaves the Company, his share passes to the Company from the moment the application for withdrawal is submitted. At the same time, the Society

author

Chapter 2 Material needs and economic resources of society. Theory of production The purpose of this chapter is to: – introduce the reader to the natural and social conditions of life; – consider the conditions for the functioning of production; – find out

From the book Economic Theory: Textbook author Makhovikova Galina Afanasyevna

Chapter 2 Material needs and economic resources of society. Production Theory Lesson 3 Natural and social conditions life. Law of rarity. Production possibility frontier Seminar Educational laboratory: discussing, answering,

From the book The Founder and His Company [From the creation of an LLC to its exit] author Anishchenko Alexander Vladimirovich

Chapter III. AUTHORIZED CAPITAL OF THE COMPANY. PROPERTY OF THE COMPANY Article 14. Authorized capital of the company. Shares in the authorized capital of the company1. The authorized capital of a company is made up of the nominal value of the shares of its participants. The size of the authorized capital of the company must be at least

From the book No motive - no work. Motivation for us and for them author Snezhinskaya Marina

2.3. Social needs (belonging and involvement needs) After physiological and safety needs are satisfied, social needs come to the fore. In this group? needs for friendship, love, communication and

author Armstrong Michael

NEED SATISFACTION THEORY This theory is based on the belief that unsatisfied needs create tension and disequilibrium. In order to restore balance, a goal is set that will satisfy this need and a

From the book The Practice of Human Resource Management author Armstrong Michael

MEASUREMENT OF JOB SATISFACTION The level of job satisfaction can be measured by measuring collective group attitudes. This can be done in four ways:1. Use of structured questionnaires. This method can be used for everyone

From the book The Velvet Revolution in Advertising author Zimen Sergio

From the book Key Strategic Tools by Evans Vaughan

54. Product Quality and Satisfaction (Kano) Tool Does your product make customers care? This question and related aspects are discussed in detail in the product development and customer satisfaction model created by Noriaki Kano. If

author Sugarman Joseph

From the book The Art of Creating Advertising Messages author Sugarman Joseph

22. Immediate Satisfaction Immediate gratification is the biggest benefit of purchasing goods and services from retailers. Think about it. In retail you can pick up a product, hold it in your hands, touch it

From the book It's Time to Wake Up. Effective methods unlocking the potential of employees by Klock Kenneth

Step 4. Think through possible options to satisfy the interests of all parties Ask questions that would clarify everyone's hidden interests in maintaining or resolving the problem. Explore the paradoxes, contradictions, mysteries and poles of the problem. Summarize the unspoken

Human needs.

Lack of motivation is the greatest spiritual tragedy that destroys all the foundations of life. G. Selye.

Need- this is a need, the necessity of something for human life.

The manifestation of needs in animals is associated with a complex of corresponding unconditioned reflexes, called instincts (food, sexual, orientation, protective).

The most striking example of human needs is cognitive. A person strives to get to know the world not only in his immediate environment, but also in remote areas of time and space, to understand the causal relationships of phenomena. He strives to explore phenomena and facts, to penetrate the micro- and macrocosm. IN age development Human cognitive needs go through the following stages:

Orientations,

Curiosities,

Directed interest

Tendencies

Conscious self-education,

Creative search.

Need is a state of a living being, expressing its dependence on what constitutes the conditions of its existence.

The state of needing something causes discomfort, a psychological feeling of dissatisfaction. This tension forces a person to be active, to do something to relieve the tension.

Only unsatisfied needs have motivating power.

Satisfying needs- the process of returning the body to a state of balance.

You can select three types of needs:

Natural, or physiological, or organic needs that reflect the needs of our body.

Material, or objectively - material,

Spiritual - generated by life in society, associated with the development of personality, with the desire to express through creative activity everything that a person is capable of.

The first who developed and understood the structure of needs, identified their role and significance, was the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. His teaching is called the “hierarchical theory of needs.” A. Maslow arranged the needs in ascending order, from the lowest - biological, to the highest - spiritual.

This scheme is called "Pyramid of Needs" or "Maslow's Pyramid"

Physiological needs - food, breathing, sleep, etc.
The need for security is the desire to protect one's life.
Social needs - friendship, love, communication.
prestigious needs - respect, recognition by members of society.
Spiritual needs - self-expression, self-realization, self-actualization, self-realization.

Exist various classifications human needs. One of them was developed by the American social psychologist A. Maslow. It is a hierarchy and includes two groups of needs:

primary needs (innate) - in particular, physiological needs, the need for safety, secondary needs (acquired)-social, prestigious, spiritual. From Maslow's point of view, a need at a higher level can only appear if the needs lying at lower levels of the hierarchy are satisfied. Only after satisfying his needs of the first level (the most extensive in content and meaning), a person develops needs of the second level.

Needs are only one motive for activity. There are also:

Social attitudes.
Beliefs.
Interests.

Under interests It is customary to understand such an attitude towards an object that creates a tendency to primarily pay attention to it.
When we say that a person has an interest in cinema, this means that he tries to watch films as often as possible, read special books and magazines, discuss the works of cinema he has watched, etc. It is necessary to distinguish from interests inclinations. Interest expresses focus on a specific item, and inclination - to a certain activity. Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity). For example, an interest in cinema does not necessarily entail the opportunity to work as a film director, actor or cinematographer.
A person's interests and inclinations are expressed focus his personality, which largely determines him life path, nature of activity, etc.

Beliefs- stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through one’s actions and deeds

German scientist Max Weber notes that differences in actions depend on wealth or poverty personal experience, education and upbringing, the originality of the spiritual make-up of the individual.

This article fully meets the needs of all those who are confused in life, who have Lately the thought “I don’t know what I want from life” arose.

All our desires are rooted in 7 human needs. I divided them into 2 large categories: physical and psychological.

And if you dig deeper into these needs, you can really find out what you need from life. Everything, absolutely everything that you have ever wanted or may want, falls under one of the human needs outlined below.

These 7 human needs underlie all our feelings, thoughts and actions and explain all behavior, ours or others. They summarize our entire complex and sometimes inexplicable psychology.

So, it’s high time to get to know yourself:

Human physical needs

We live guided by the main instinct - the instinct of self-preservation. The more life-threatening the situation we find ourselves in, the more discomfort it will cause us. So, as far as our physiological needs are concerned, nature has set priorities for us.

Lack of oxygen will kill a person in seconds, which is why we want to breathe more than anything. Extreme cold can destroy us within hours. Thirst will take a little longer. A little more “nicer” on this list of human needs would be hunger...

Physical comfort is so hardwired into human needs that even when all our basic needs are met, we will still try to improve them. People will “by inertia” move to b O larger homes, even when there is no need for it. We will eat long before the onset of famine, and some of us still spend 4 hours a day on polluted highways, returning from work to the dacha, thinking that this is better for their body - the air is cleaner in the dacha...

Conclusion: Knowing how hypertrophied comfort is in our understanding, you can stop improving what is already good (the comfort of your life) and pay attention to other needs that are still absolutely not satisfied.

You will be able to understand why the quality of your life does not improve with the addition of comfort - comfort is already enough, you must pay attention to other human needs that you have completely neglected.

Psychological needs of a person

We will live at the same time. One of them is real, small, physical. The other is lived in our consciousness, in our thoughts – psychological. It is much larger than real life. All fears, dreams, desires and experiences are basically invented by us, are massaged by our brain dutifully and in large quantities and do not exist at all in real world.

Human psychological needs require more attention in modern world, since the physiological ones are already easily satisfied, thanks to the achievements of mankind and the increased standard of living.

Stability is a basic psychological need of a person. It can be generalized a simple sentence: belief that things will not get worse. Unlike the previous point, stability is psychological concept, based on our thoughts, not on objective reality. Stability is the mirror image of physical comfort in our minds, the belief that our main need, physical comfort, will continue.

3. Novelty

Novelty is a constant human need, which, if not satisfied, causes us serious discomfort in the form of boredom. We love to study, watch different movies, travel to new places, experience new sensations and even get nervous when the dishes on our plate are repeated throughout the day! Novelty is one of the strongest human needs, which increases in importance immediately after stability is achieved and begins to conflict with it.

In search of stability, people get married and find permanence. But after it comes the need for novelty and their future together is no longer so predictable. We often don't know what we want, not because of stupidity, but because our needs contradict each other. And at different periods of time, our desires change, balancing between stability and novelty. This should be accepted as a normal phenomenon, and not ask yourself the question: “What’s wrong with me?”

By the way, the older we get, the more we learn about this world, which means the less new things surround us, and over the years, boredom can become a serious problem. Adults, instead of self-knowledge that has increased with experience, due to boredom, begin to “search for themselves” more and more, while in fact they are not looking for themselves, but for novelty, which is rapidly disappearing from their lives with each new sensation they experience.

4. Significance

The human need that is perhaps the most insatiable is our significance, importance. We are ready to forgive the person who accidentally gave us a bruise and at the same time apologized, but we can grab the throat of someone who thought bad things about us. Deep in our minds we think that the ratio of us to all humanity is not 1:5,000,000,000 (billions), but 1:1. Me and the world.

At the same time, we must understand that our significance performs a most important function in human evolution. The psychological need to be significant poses for us high standard and we strive to be better. We come up with an image for ourselves and bend over backwards to live up to it. We try to gain the respect of others and are willing to pay a high price for it. We are ready to work and study 12 hours a day, just to be better than others or to surpass ourselves yesterday.

Since childhood, we dream of becoming firefighters, astronauts or surgeons because we think that what we will do will make us significant. We believe that our dream profession will make us important in the eyes of other people.

Remember yourself as a child. For me, when I was 5 years old, a fireman in a helmet and boots looked more significant than the president of the country.

Today's human evolution, about which I will no doubt write separate posts, owes much to the human need for significance.

5. Communication

The human need for communication explains the huge number of languages that have formed on the planet. If you analyze your life, you will notice that the best feelings in your life are associated with other people. We can't do it alone. We fear imprisonment not so much because it will restrict our freedom of movement, but because we will be torn out of our usual social circle. Communication is a human need that can either conflict with all other needs or help satisfy them if it happens with the right people. That is why our happiest moments and greatest misfortunes are connected with other people - communication with them is intertwined with several basic human needs.

6. Height

If you combine the two human needs of significance and novelty, you get growth. Personal growth, bank account growth, improvements. This need is so strong in us that it exists separately from the rest. We want to develop, we think about how to change ourselves and we cannot even stop at 1-2 glasses during the celebration, because the feeling of intoxication is growing. There's never enough for us. We need to improve everything. Improving oneself is a separate need that exists in each of us.

7. Desire to help others

The last human need is the desire to help others. I put it last because it is least associated with the instinct of self-preservation and therefore works weaker than the others. In addition, we cannot give to another what we ourselves do not have.

People make money first and then engage in philanthropy.

The desire to help people comes last on the list of human needs, but this does not mean that we must live to old age to engage in philanthropy. Helping others develops many other qualities that are beneficial for success and manifests itself in our behavior to varying degrees from an early age.

To summarize, it is necessary to recall that all our desires are rooted in the 7 human needs mentioned above. And if the thought “I don’t know what I want” still bothers you, then you need

break down the needs mentioned above down to the smallest detail
detect multiple conflicts between them and
set your priorities.

It's not as difficult as it seems if you do it methodically and spend some time on it. You are simpler than you think.

Man is a socio-biological being, and accordingly, needs have different natures, or rather levels. Needs determine motives and personalities. This is the fundamental basis of human life as an individual, personality and individuality. From the article you will learn what needs are and what their differences are, how they develop, what they depend on and what depends on them.

Needs are a mental state expressed in discomfort, tension, dissatisfaction with some desire.

Needs can be conscious or unconscious:

The perceived needs of a person or group become interests.
Unconscious ones make themselves known in the form of emotions.

The situation of discomfort is resolved by satisfying the desire or, if satisfaction is impossible, by suppressing or replacing it with a similar but accessible need. It encourages activity, search activity, the purpose of which is to eliminate discomfort and tension.

The needs have several characteristics:

dynamism;
variability;
development of new needs as early ones are satisfied;
the dependence of the development of needs on the individual’s involvement in different spheres and types of activity;
the return of a person to previous stages of development if lower needs again become unsatisfied.

Needs represent the structure of personality; they can be characterized as “a source of activity of living beings, indicating the lack of resources (both biological and sociocultural) necessary for the existence and development of the personality” (A. N. Leontyev).

Need Development

Any need develops in two stages:

It appears as an internal, hidden condition for activity, acts as an ideal. A person compares knowledge about the ideal and the real world, that is, he looks for ways to achieve it.
The need is concretized and objectified, it is driving force activities. For example, a person may first recognize the need for love and then look for the object of love.

Needs give rise to motives, against which the goal emerges. The choice of means to achieve a goal (need) depends on a person’s value orientations. Needs and motives shape the orientation of the individual.

Basic needs are formed by the age of 18-20 and do not undergo significant changes in the future. The exception is crisis situations.

Sometimes the system of needs and motives develops disharmoniously, which leads to mental disorders and personality dysfunction.

Types of needs

In general, we can distinguish bodily (biological), personal (social) and spiritual (existential) needs:

The bodily ones include instincts, reflexes, that is, everything physiological. The maintenance of human life as a species depends on their satisfaction.
Personal includes everything spiritual and social. What allows a person to be a person, an individual and a subject of society.
Existential includes everything that is connected with maintaining the life of all humanity and with the cosmos. This includes the need for self-improvement, development, creation of new things, knowledge, and creativity.

Thus, some of the needs are innate and they are identical for people of all nations and races. The other part is acquired needs, which depend on the culture and history of a particular society or group of people. Even a person’s age makes a contribution.

A. Maslow's theory

The most popular classification of needs (also known as hierarchy) is Maslow’s pyramid. The American psychologist ranked needs from lower to higher, or from biological to spiritual.

Physiological needs (food, water, sleep, that is, everything related to the body and organism).
The need for emotional and physical security (stability, order).
The need for love and belonging (family, friendship), or social needs.
The need for self-esteem (respect, recognition), or the need for evaluation.
The need for self-actualization (self-development, self-education, other “self”).

The first two needs are considered lower, the rest are higher. Lower needs are characteristic of a person as an individual (biological being), higher needs are characteristic of personality and individuality (social being). The development of higher needs is impossible without satisfying the primary ones. However, after their satisfaction, spiritual needs do not always develop.

Higher needs and the desire for their realization determine the freedom of human individuality. The formation of spiritual needs is closely related to culture and value orientations society, historical experience, which gradually becomes the experience of the individual. In this regard, material and cultural needs can be distinguished.

There are several differences between lower and higher needs:

Higher needs develop genetically later (the first echoes appear in late adolescence).
The higher the need, the easier it is to push it aside for a while.
Life on high level needs means good sleep and appetite, absence of diseases, that is, a good quality of biological life.
Higher needs are perceived by a person as less urgent.
Satisfaction of higher needs brings great joy and happiness, ensures personal development, enriches inner world, makes wishes come true.

According to Maslow, the higher a person climbs on this pyramid, the healthier he is mentally and the more developed as a person and individual he can be considered. The higher the need, the more people ready for action.

K. Alderfer's theory

existence (physiological and the need for safety according to Maslow);
connectedness (social needs and external evaluation according to Maslow);
development ( internal assessment and self-actualization according to Maslow).

The theory is distinguished by two more provisions:

several needs may be involved at the same time;
the lower the satisfaction of the highest need, the stronger the desire to satisfy the lower (we are talking about replacing the inaccessible with the accessible, for example, love with something sweet).

E. Fromm's theory

In Fromm's concept, needs are classified based on the unity of man and nature. The author identifies the following needs:

The need for communication and inter-individual bonds (love, friendship).
The need for creativity. Regardless of the type of specific activity, a person creates the world around him and society itself.
The need for a sense of deep roots that guarantee the strength and security of existence, that is, an appeal to the history of society, the family.
The need for the desire for similarity, the search for an ideal, that is, the identification of a person with someone or something.
The need for knowledge and mastery of the world.

It is worth noting that Fromm adhered to the concept of the influence of the unconscious on a person and attributed needs precisely to this. But in Fromm’s concept, the unconscious is the hidden potential of the individual, the spiritual powers allocated to each person initially. And also the element of community, the unity of all people is brought into the subconscious. But the subconscious, like the described needs, is broken by the logic and rationality of the world, clichés and taboos, stereotypes. And most of the needs remain unfulfilled.

D. McClelland's theory of acquired needs

need for achievement or accomplishment;
the need for human connection or affiliation;
need for power.

if children are encouraged to control others, then the need for power is formed;
with independence – the need for achievement;
when establishing friendship, there is a need for affiliation.

Need for achievement

A person strives to surpass other people, stand out, achieve established standards, be successful, and solve complex problems. Such people themselves choose situations where they will be responsible for everyone, but at the same time avoid being too simple or too complex.

Need for joining

A person strives to have friendly, close interpersonal relationships based on a close psychological connection and avoids conflicts. Such people are focused on situations of cooperation.

Need for power

A person strives to create conditions and requirements for the activities of other people, to manage them, control them, use authority, and decide for other people. A person gains satisfaction from being in a position of influence and control. Such people choose situations of competition, competition. They care about status, not performance.

Afterword

Satisfying needs is important for adequate personality development. If biological needs are ignored, a person can get sick and die, and if higher needs are unsatisfied, neuroses develop and other psychological problems arise.

It is worth noting that there are exceptions to the rule “first satisfying some needs - then developing others.” We are talking about creators and warriors who can set higher goals, despite unmet physical needs, such as hunger and lack of sleep. But for the average person the following data is typical:

physiological needs are satisfied by 85%;
in safety and security – by 70%;
in love and belonging – by 50%;
in self-esteem – by 40%;
in self-actualization – by 10%.

Needs are closely related to the social situation of human development and the level of socialization. Interestingly, this connection is interdependent.

Total:0
In contact with 0
Google+ 0
OK 0
Facebook 0