Who invented time. Does time really exist? At the moment it appears

The end is approaching, soul, the end is approaching, and don't care, don't get ready,
time is shortening Arise, the Judge is near at the door.
Like a dream, like a color, the time of life flows: why are we restless in vain?

(Monday of the 1st week of Great Lent, from Canto 4 of the Great Canon)

Many people in recent years, began to notice that something strange was happening with time. Days run like hours, weeks like days, months like weeks, and years like months. The speed of the passage of time is such that a person has less and less time to do. It would seem that the day has just begun, you don’t have time to look back, and it’s already night outside the window! And what is typical, if earlier only people of age noticed the fact that time for them began to flow faster over the years, now the situation with a sense of the transience of time has changed and even teenagers and children have begun to complain about its lack.

Speaking about modern children, the famous Moscow priest Alexander Shumsky told the Russian Line news agency: “Children's sense of time is changing. As children, it seemed to us that time flows very slowly, while in an adult, by definition, time flows quickly. I ask small children, but they say that time flies very quickly. My grandson went to first grade, and he says that time flies very quickly. The priest is perplexed: why is this happening? He makes guesses: “Is the substance of time objectively changing, because it is the most incomprehensible substance, or is such an impression formed from information overload? But in any case, time subjectively passes faster than before. Yes, subjectively, the days have become shorter and the most different people, complaining about the decrease in the productivity of their labor, and noting the fact that in a day they do not have time to do what they previously easily managed to do ...

And here is what the monks from Athos say about the reduction of time. During the night prayer, they noticed such a strange thing. Since ancient times, they had a special prayer rule: in a certain period of time they had to read a certain number of prayers, and so every day, strictly by the hour. Previously, the monks had time to complete this “program” overnight, and before the early morning service they even had a little time to rest. And now, with the same number of prayers, the elders no longer have enough night to finish them. No less amazing discovery was made by Jerusalem monks serving in the Holy Land. It turns out that for several years the lamps at the Holy Sepulcher have been burning longer than before. Previously, oil was added to large lamps at the same time, on the eve of Easter. It burned out completely within a year. But now, for the umpteenth time, before the main Christian holiday, there is still a lot of oil left. It turns out that time is ahead of even the physical laws of combustion.

Various sources claim that according to the real, and not the calendar duration, if we take the old time that has not changed for centuries as a standard, the modern day lasts only 18 hours against the previous 24 hours. It turns out that every day we lose about 6 hours, and that is why we constantly do not have enough time, the days fly by in an accelerated mode. The shortening of the day was especially noticeable at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries.

What do scientists say about this, in general, little-studied topic of time? Studying the "chronosphere", interesting explanations of the variability of time were given by the famous physicist, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Belarusian Academy of Sciences, now deceased Viktor Iozefovich Veinik. Academician Veinik put forward a scientific hypothesis that time, as a physical phenomenon, has a material carrier - a kind of time substance, which he called the "chronal field". In the course of the scientist's experiments, an electronic wrist watch placed in the experimental setup he created could slow down or speed up. Based on his experiments with the substance of time, Veinik concluded that there is a time field of the planet - the "chronosphere", which controls the transition of the past into the future.

The scientist believed that time is also represented at the level of microparticles and called these microparticles chronons - quanta of physical time. And the field in which these microparticles of time exist is called chronal. He believed that the chronal potential (chronal) decreases with time. The decrease in the chronal is accompanied by a decrease in the rates of all processes - the radioactive decay of atoms, nuclear and chemical reactions etc. in any bodies: small (atoms and molecules) and large (planets, suns and galaxies), inanimate and living, including plants, insects, animals and humans. The noted pattern of chronal decrease over time is universal and is observed in all the listed bodies, living organisms and their populations. For example, in humans, the newborn has the highest chronal value; with age, it decreases many times over. In particular, in infants, all metabolic processes are carried out much more intensively than in an adult: per kilogram of body weight, the need for nutrients is 2-2.5 times higher, oxygen consumption is 2 times higher. They have all the processes going quickly - kids grow quickly, quickly gain weight, quickly learn to understand the world and the life around them, respectively, it seems to them very slow. If a child is only two days old, then for him one day is half his life! By old age, all processes slow down, this is noticeable even in the subjective perception of time: the weeks begin to flicker as quickly as in youth - the days of the calendar. The lower the intensity of the processes, the faster time flies.

But that is not all. It turns out that not only people age. Of particular interest is the problem of decreasing the chronal (aging) of planets, stars, galaxies and the entire Universe. Here we will pay attention only to the process of natural aging of the Earth. It does not develop at all, as is sometimes thought, but decays. TO today its chronal, which determines the intensity of all processes on it, has greatly decreased. In ancient times, with a high chronal, life on Earth "boiled", dinosaurs were from a three-story house, grass - like today's trees, the process of radioactive decay of the atom was extremely intense. Now everything has grown old, although there are still separate places on earth with a slightly higher chronal, for example, Sakhalin Island, where burdocks are like large umbrellas, grass is like a bush. The French tried to transplant this "gigantomania" to their home, but a year later everything degenerated - the wrong chronal. On our planet, the speed of life processes is steadily decreasing, which is why the running of time is accelerating for everything that exists on Earth.

But back to the theory of temporal acceleration. Why did time on earth begin to run faster? It is known that in order to slow down the passage of time, you need to increase the speed, therefore, to speed up time, the speed must be reduced. Our planet had to reduce its speed. American astrobiologists D. Brownlee and P. Ward came to the conclusion that the Sun is “guilty” of reducing the speed of the Earth. Our luminary is a young growing star. Expanding, the sun gradually absorbs our planet. Year after year, revolution after revolution, our planet continues to change its orbit and approaches the sun. If we compare solar system with a model of an atom, where at a certain distance from each other, around the nucleus, electrons rotate, it is possible to understand how the speed of the earth's movement has decreased. Electrons that are closer to the nucleus rotate more slowly than those that are farther from the nucleus. How closer planet towards the sun, the slower it will rotate around it, slowed down by the more powerful gravitational field of the sun. As the speed decreases, time will speed up. It will just go faster. This does not mean that the day will become 23 or 22 hours. No. The smaller trajectory of the orbit is compensated by the lower speed of rotation along this orbit. There are 24 hours left in the day, but these are not the 24 hours that were before.

THE UNIVERSE IS EXPANDING, BUT TIME… IS ACCELERATED!- such a conclusion was made by the researchers of the Kiev Institute quantum physics Dmitro Stary and Irina Soldatenko, having carried out a scientific experiment that they started back in the 70s, and it lasted for almost thirty years: link .

This conclusion of scientists echoes and is significantly supplemented in the books of A. Novykh:

In the near future, humanity will face another phenomenon of the universe. Due to the increasing acceleration of the Universe, due to the depletion of the power of Allat, humanity will feel a rapid reduction in time. The phenomenon will be that the conditional twenty-four hours a day will remain the same, but time will fly by much faster. And people will feel this rapid reduction of time intervals, both at the physical level and at the level of intuitive perception.
- So it will be connected precisely with the expansion of the universe? - said Nikolai Andreevich.
- Yes. With increasing acceleration. The more the Universe expands, the faster time runs, and so on until the complete annihilation of matter.

For a deeper understanding of time and the creative power of God, I recommend Allata to read the books by A. Novykh (“Ezoosmos”, “AllatTRA”, “Sensei IV. Primordial Shambhala”, - link)

And finally, I will give excerpts from the Holy Scriptures of Islam and Orthodoxy about the acceleration of time, as a sign of the approach of the Day of Judgment. According to this knowledge, some Orthodox believers and Muslims tend to believe that metamorphosis over time is a clear indication that we are entering into end times and before the end of the world there were only a few decades or even years. No one can speak about this confidently, because no one knows “about that day and hour” except the Creator himself, but nevertheless, the signs of the approach of this day in the Holy Scriptures are given for a reason:

... For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom; and there will be famines, plagues and earthquakes in places ... then there will be a great tribulation, such as has not been from the beginning of the world until now, and will not be. And if those days had not been shortened, no flesh would have been saved; but for the sake of the elect those days will be shortened (Matthew 24:7-22).

There are Christian prophecies, according to which, before the end of the world, time will change dramatically. The “Posthumous broadcasts of the Monk Nil the Myrrh-streaming Athos” says that in the very last era of the existence of mankind, when the tyrant - Antichrist reigns, something incomprehensible will happen with time.

The day will turn like an hour, a week like a day, a month like a week and a year like a month, - said the Monk Neil. “For human cunning made the elements become tense, began to rush and strain even more, so that the number prophesied by God for the eighth number of centuries would end as soon as possible” (here we mean the eighth millennium from the creation of the world).

Twenty-Third Minor Sign of Signs doomsday in Islam: Acceleration of time Abu Hurayrah, may Allah be pleased with him, reports from the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him:

The Day of Judgment will not come until time (Bukhari) speeds up (approaches).

Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) also reported:

The Day of Judgment will not come until time accelerates, and the year will be like a month, and a month like a week, and a week like a day, and a day like an hour, and an hour like burning a leaf (Ahmad).

As for these words, scientists disagreed, and we list the main interpretations:
First Opinion. This refers to the decrease of the barakah in time.
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani writes in Al-Fath: "We notice in our time how the days pass faster, which was not the case in the eras before us." And even more we see this in our time, when we constantly do not have time to do anything. Therefore, for us, the stories in which it is reported that the companions and tabiins could read the entire Quran in two rak'ahs seem like a fantasy or an exaggeration, but this is a reality, and they really could read the entire Quran overnight. This was their greatness, their lofty aspiration, because of which Allah gave them barakah, thanks to which they left us such a great heritage.
Second Opinion. This refers to the time of the arrival of Imam Mahdi and Isa, peace be upon him, when people will enjoy life, peace and abundance, because for people, time with abundance and peace passes very quickly (see Al-Fath).
Third Opinion. This refers to the convergence of time due to progress in the means of communication between people and the spread of fast vehicles. This opinion has been expressed by some modern scholars.
fourth opinion. This refers to the literal decrease of time and its acceleration, and this will happen at the time of the Dajjal, and in this understanding the sign has not yet manifested.

And finally, I would like to add that this article was not written in order to scare people with the imminent end of the world and plunge them into apathy and despondency. For everything, the Will of God and the timing of the fulfillment of the signs are in his hands! The purpose of writing this article is to remind people that life is very fleeting and there is simply no time to waste it on the transient, empty and unnecessary.

Time is fleeting, you need to be quick for every good and firm in your intention to save the Soul. AllatRa. A. New.

Wherever the values ​​​​of a person are, there he is, if the thoughts of a person and all his deeds are devoted to material dust alone, he will be dust. If a person’s thoughts are about the Eternal: God and the Soul, then he himself becomes a part of the Eternal:

Lay not up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy and where thieves break in and steal; but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust destroys, and where thieves do not break in and steal. For where your treasure is, there your heart will be also. Mt 6:19,20, 21.

Prepared by: niva (Russia)

Times are very different now. Of course, science has made tremendous progress in the study of time since then, but to this day scientists cannot say with certainty whether the past, present and future really exist.

The first scientist who decided to seriously tackle this problem was Isaac Newton.

At the end of the 17th century, he decided that it was time to decide what time is. In his famous work The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, he described it as an absolute phenomenon that exists independently of everything around. For Newton, time was linear and orderly, and we sail through it like a ship on the sea, leaving behind the past and striving for the future. And everything was simple and clear until Albert Einstein appeared on the horizon.

He presented his theory of relativity, which dispelled the myth of time as a universal concept. He stated that there is no way to define events as occurring simultaneously and, not only the perception of time, but it itself is different for each of us. For example, for people moving at different speeds, the present also flows differently. Each of us perceives the concept of "now", based only on our own feelings.

But even if the concept of "now" is subjective, how to define what is "yesterday". Since then, there has been confusion over time. The situation worsened even more when general theory Einstein's relativity, which describes the laws of physics on a global scale, collided with quantum physics, which studies the smallest particles. Logically, everything in the universe should be interconnected and work according to general laws and it doesn't matter what it is: a microscopic particle or a huge galaxy. But it was not there.

Scientists have already gone off their feet in search of a way to solve this problem. Until it occurred to them that they needed to derive the so-called grand unifying equation. Two physicists, John Wheeler and Bryce-de Witt, managed to solve this problem, but the resulting equation baffled the entire scientific world.

The fact is that if the equation is correct, then at the fundamental level of matter, time, in principle, does not exist, which means that there is no past, present, or future.

But Wheeler and Bryce did not see any problem in this: the past and the future are only our interpretation of reality and the changes taking place in it, and at the level of photons and protons, time is generally irrelevant.

British scientist Julian Barbour also believes that time is nothing more than our own illusion.

In his book The End of Time, he writes that the universe is a collection of solid, complete, statistical moments. He calls out "now".

Imagine a stack of photographs, each picture is the "now" of the whole universe, a unique set of everything that is in it, from the smallest particles to galaxies, somewhere we flicker with our memories, plans and hopes. In this world, the past, present and future exist at the same time, and if you put all these pictures into an album, you get a story. Many modern physicists adhere to a similar theory, the so-called block universe. It is actively promoted to the masses by the professor of philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Bradford Skou. He is sure that our past, present and future coexist side by side, like many points of one four-dimensional space.

Then why do we perceive time as irreversible and moving forward? The fact is that the brain needs to divide life into some time intervals so that we live easier and more understandably, but in nature everything is possible in a completely different way. After all, we can't know for sure what's really going on. We only have what our brain produces as a result of information processing. Perhaps there is nothing at all: neither time nor matter, but only our thoughts. But what about our memories of the past, we remember it! The fact is that memories are just our thoughts about what happened. Thought itself exists now, not in the past. So is it worth it to believe the memories in this case, and can they be replaced?

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Faktrum examines each one in turn.

1. St. Augustine's theory of time

St. Augustine, a Christian philosopher, had peculiar ideas about time. First of all, he believed that time is not infinite. Time, according to him, was created by God, in addition, it is absolutely impossible to create something infinite.

When something stays in the past, it no longer has any properties of being, because it no longer exists

Augustine also believed that time actually exists only in our minds and depends only on how we interpret it. We can say that something lasts a long time or not too long, but Augustine argued that there is no real way to evaluate it objectively.

When something remains in the past, it no longer has any properties of being, because now it does not exist. And when we say that something "took too long" - it's because we remember this "something" in this way.

And since we measure time based only on how we remember it, therefore, it should exist only in our memory. As for the future, it does not yet exist, so it is impossible to measure it. There is only the present, so the only logical conclusion is that the concept of time lives exclusively in our heads.

2. Time topology

What does time look like? If you try to imagine it, do you imagine it as a straight line that never ends? Or maybe you think about something like a clock, the hands of which go round and round every day and every year?

Obviously there is no right answer, but there are some intriguing ideas associated with it.

Aristotle believed that time cannot exist as a line. By at least, it has neither beginning nor end, despite the fact that there must be a time when everything began. And if you imagine the moment when it all began, then you have to mark the point up to this moment. And if the world ceases to exist, then another point will appear, after this moment.

It is also completely incomprehensible how many timelines can be. Can it be just one line of time directed forward, or are there many of these lines, they are directed parallel to each other, or vice versa - intersect? Can time be one line divided into many segments? Could it be that the moments in the flow of time exist completely independently of each other? There are many opinions about all this. And not a single answer.

3. Believable present

The idea of ​​a "plausible present" attempts to answer the question of how long this present lasts. The usual response associated with this is "now", but it's not very informative.

Suppose, when in the course of a conversation we reach the middle of a sentence, does this mean that we have already finished the beginning of the sentence, and it has remained in the past? And the conversation itself - is it in the present tense? Or is there only a part of the conversation in the present, and part of it is already in the past?

E. R. Clay and William James came up with the idea of ​​a "plausible present" - a period of time that we experience as the present. According to Clay and James, this moment lasts only a few seconds and cannot last longer than a minute, and this is the amount of time that we are consciously aware of.

But even within these limits there is something to argue about.

Theoretically, all of the above can be associated with a person's short-term memory - the better this memory, the longer the present. Still there is an opinion that all this is just a matter of instantaneous perception. And once you rely on your short-term memory, that moment can no longer be part of the present. That is, there is the problem of the "plausible present", and something like an "extended present" that occurs immediately after the "plausible present" has disappeared.

In fact, the present should not have duration at all, because if it does, a part of the present immediately turns into the past, and a part in the future, and a contradiction arises. And the "plausible present" tries to explain the present as a certain long interval of time, and this is very controversial.

4. Short people perceive "now" before tall people.

It sounds weird, but it makes sense. This theory was put forward by neuroscientist David Eagleman, and he called it "time binding".

All this is based on the idea that we perceive the world by receiving certain information packets that are collected by our senses and then processed by the brain. Information from different parts of the body reaches the brain in different time. Let's say you're walking, texting someone as you go, and you suddenly hit your head on a telegraph pole. At the same time, you injure your big toe on the same pillar. In theory, information about a head injury should enter your brain faster than information about a big toe injury. However, you will think that you felt it all at the same time.

And all because the brain is a kind of sensory structure with a clear organization. And this structure arranges things for us in ascending order of their meaning.

The delay in information processing mentioned above plays into the hands of short people. Because a short person feels a more accurate version of time, since in his case the information takes less time to get into the brain.

5. Time is slowing down and we can see it

One of the longstanding problems of physics is related to the existence of dark energy. We can see the effects of this energy, but we have no idea what it is.

A team of professors from Spain believe that all efforts to search for dark energy were in vain simply because it does not exist. They believe that all the effects of dark energy can be explained by the alternative idea that we are actually seeing time slow down before it might stop.

Let's take astronomical phenomenon, known as "redshift". When we see stars glowing red, we know they are accelerating. A group of Spanish professors explains the phenomenon of the acceleration of the universe not as a result of the presence of dark energy in it, but as an illusion created by time dilation.

The light has enough time to reach us. And when it finally does, time slows down, giving the illusion that everything is speeding up. Time stops extremely, unimaginably slowly, but given the vastness of outer space and its mind-boggling distances, it turns out that we can see how time slows down just by looking at the stars.

6. Time doesn't exist

There is also an opinion that time does not exist at all. This is what the philosopher J.M.E. McTaggart argued at the beginning of the last century. According to McTaggart, when considering time, two approaches are admissible.

The first approach is called A-Theory.

It says that time has a certain order and flows continuously, that things in it are organized as we see them. And that events move from the past to the present and then to the future.

B-Theory, on the contrary, argues that the acceptance of time frames and time itself is an illusion, and there is no way to make all events in the world happen in a strictly defined order.

This version of "time" is maintained only by our memories, and in our memory, as a rule, individual events are fixed, and we remember them as separate "time pockets", and not as a continuous stream.

Given this theory, it can be proved that time does not exist, since in order for time to exist, a continuous change in events, the world and circumstances is required. B-theory, by definition, does not refer to the passage of time, and there is no question of changes there either. Thus, time does not exist.

However, if the A-Theory is correct, then the claim that there is no time seems too hasty. For example, let's take the day you turn 21. On the one hand, this day was once in the future. On the other hand, the same day will someday be in the past. But the same moment cannot be in the past, present and future at the same time. That is why McTaggart says that A-Theory is contradictory, and therefore impossible, like time itself.

7. Theory of four dimensions and the block of the Universe

The theory of four dimensions and the block of the Universe is connected with the idea of ​​time as a real dimension. There is a version that all objects exist in four dimensions, not three. The fourth dimension is time.

And in it, objects can also be considered in terms of their three dimensions, that is, three dimensions. The theory of the block of the Universe represents the entire Universe as a block of measurements separated by "layers" of time.

This block has a length, width and height, and for everything in this block, for each event, there are certain layers of time. Each person is a four-dimensional object that exists in different layers of time. There is a layer of time for infancy, there is a layer for childhood, for adolescence, and so on.

Thus, the time layer has no past, present or future. However, each point within a block of the Universe can be either past, present, or future in relation to other points in time in this block.

8. Time dilation effect

Sometimes we hear stories of people who find themselves in a life-threatening or terrible situation. And these people swear that time slows down in such situations. Such a slowdown is often felt during events that defy explanation or events that happen suddenly. This is a common phenomenon and has already been the subject of much discussion about what we really experience.

The researchers decided to find out what would happen if time really slowed down. For example, we would be able to see many things better because our brain has a bad habit of mixing similar stimuli into one common event if the interval between stimuli is less than 80 milliseconds.

One experiment was carried out.

The subjects were asked to look at the numbers that were blinking and constantly changing. So scientists wanted to determine the point at which the brain stops paying attention to time and a person begins to distinguish between different series of numbers.

At first, the experiment was carried out under normal conditions, and then they decided to repeat it under extreme conditions: the participants were asked to look at a series of flashing numbers while falling from a tower 46 m high.

They were then asked to watch other people fall from the same tower and rate how long those falls were compared to their own.

The subject's own fall seemed 36% longer. Besides, in extreme situation people were better at identifying flashing numbers. And all this suggests that it is not some moment of time that is slowing down for us, but our memory of this moment is slowing down.

And while the practical benefits of the time dilation effect may be surprising, we should not forget that the same effect may well make terrible events in our memory last forever.

9. Chronos, Kronos and Time

Even before the attempts of Greek philosophers to explain time, time had a mythological explanation.

Before the beginning of time, there were only primordial gods - Chronos and Ananke. Chronos was the god of time, and was part man, part lion and part bull.

Ananke was a serpent coiled around the egg of the world and a symbol of eternity. Even Chronos in Greco-Roman mythology is often depicted as standing in the zodiac circle, where he is depicted as a man, and this man can be both young and old.

Chronos was the father of the Titans and is often confused with Kronos, who was also associated with time. It was Kronos who dethroned and then castrated his own father, and was later killed by his own son, Zeus.

Chronos was the one who was responsible for the change of seasons and for the passage of time in general. But for the things that happen to men and women during this time, it was not Chronos who was responsible, but someone else.

The life cycle of a person, his birth, growing up, aging and death, was the responsibility of those who were called the goddesses of fate - Moira. Clotho spun the thread of life, Lachesis determined human destiny, and finally, Atropos cut the thread, and the life of a person ended there.

10. We don't measure time well.

When it comes to the physics of space, time, dimensions, and everything that comes with them, time is perhaps the most difficult to explain.

We're not really good at measuring time.

On the one hand, there is sidereal time, that is, time measured using the position of the stars and the rotation of the Earth. It is obvious that although this time varies, it is very insignificant.

However, in the 20th century, astronomers found that the rotation of the planet was slowing down, so another scale was created - ephemeris time.

Even later, the so-called topocentric time (TDT) appeared, which was considered the most accurate, since it was based on international atomic time (IAT). In 1991, atomic time was renamed Earth time (TT). And if tracking time zones today may seem difficult to someone, then we should not forget that even today the position of stars and other celestial bodies is used in conjunction with Earth Time, as this is how its maximum accuracy is achieved.

All this says only one thing: we still have no idea what to do with time, despite the fact that we live by it every day.

A ticking clock on my wrist, an alarm clock beside my bed, empty calendar boxes. It may seem that time is whole and unified, and we all live in this stream, trying not to be late for work and picking up children from school on time. Sometimes we just look at the clock and wish there was more time in the day. There are sixty seconds in a minute, sixty minutes in an hour, twenty-four hours in a day and three hundred and sixty-five days in a year. Time is one and absolute, according to Sir Isaac Newton. But what if I told you that time is an illusion, a manifestation of our notions of causality?

If your scientific school worth something, you probably know that there are three supposed dimensions of space and a fourth, time dimension. Four dimensions make up the completeness of the space-time continuum. Isaac Newton, one of the forefathers of modern mathematics and the inventor (or rather, the discoverer) of calculus, introduced a lot of invaluable ideas into physics. Among the most important of these are the three laws of motion, which describe the relationship between objects and the forces of nature that interact with them. Another important idea - important to our discussion - is the concept of absolute space and absolute time.

Newton's laws suggest that time is a constant in the universe, it flows without any external influence and is always the same for all its observers. But we know that Einstein's theory of relativity contradicts Newton's opinion. Time flows differently in Moscow and on Mars. It behaves differently at the foot of Mount Fuji and at the event horizon of a black hole. Time changes as you move faster. And when Einstein first got it, his vision literally changed everything we knew about physics. However, a few individuals decided to take his ideas to the extreme.

Three physicists, Amrit Sorli, David Fiscaletti, and Duzan Klinar, ask you to represent time as the x-axis on a graph; the variable will help visualize the evolution of a physical system (a physical system in our universe). We measure the frequency and speed of an object, but time is usually not measured. In addition, its mathematical value is usually not taken into account. Essentially, we are not dealing with time as a variable, but using the movement of an object to obtain other information. According to the scientists, this would mean that the Minkowski space is not three-dimensional, but four-dimensional, without the need to separate one dimension under time. One more time:

“The view that time is represented by a physical entity in which material changes take place is replaced by a more convenient view that time will be simply the numerical order of material change. This look is better physical world and better explains instant physical phenomena: gravity, electrostatic interaction, information transfer during the EPR experiment and others.

They believe that this view is better suited for now:

“The idea that time is the fourth dimension of space has not brought much progress to physics and is in conflict with the formalism of special relativity. We are now developing a formalism for a three-dimensional quantum space based on Planck's work. It seems that the universe is three-dimensional at the macro and micro levels in Planck volumes. In such a three-dimensional space there is no "length contraction", no "time dilation". What is there is speed. material changes, which is "relative" in the Einsteinian sense."

When they talk about Einsteinian meaning, they are referring in part to Einstein's commentary in his own book on the theory of relativity.

“Because there is no longer any section in this four-dimensional structure in which “now” is presented objectively, the concepts of “happening” and “happening” do not yet disappear completely, but become very complicated. It seems more natural to think of physical reality as a four-dimensional being, rather than as an evolution of a three-dimensional being."

And one more time. Let's imagine a mental .

You have a photon that moves back and forth between two points in space. The space between them consists entirely of Planck lengths, that is, of the smallest distances that a photon can travel at a moment in time. When a photon travels the Planck length, it is described as traveling solely in space and not entirely in time.

The photon can be thought of as moving from point 1 to point 2, and its position at point 1 is "before" the position at point 2 in the sense that the number 1 comes before the number 2 in number series. The numerical order is not equivalent to the temporal order, that is, the number 1 in time does not exist before the number 2, only numerically.

This experiment shows that time may simply be a numerical order of change, and not a fourth dimension. Viewing time in this way - as a way of tracking change over time - will not only resolve Zeno's paradoxes about motion (Achilles and the tortoise, for example), but will also allow a better description of the characteristics of the natural world.

“The theory of time as the fourth dimension in space is a falsification, and its latest work we show that there is a high probability of this falsification. Experimental evidence shows that time is what we measure with clocks. And by the clock we measure the numerical order of material changes, that is, the movement in space.

No time. There is a movement of matter in space, which is perceived by us as time. Time is the same artificial notion of physicists as energy. After all, there is no energy! Energy does not exist "in pure form". There is a movement perceived as a measure kinetic energy. There is a body height perceived as potential energy. There is electromagnetic radiation, which physicists sometimes really call energy. But this is just a figure of speech. The same as "the kettle boiled." The kettle is not boiling, the water is boiling in the kettle. It's just that after Einstein wrote his great formula, E=mc2, people began to say that science had established a connection between energy and mass. In fact, with the help of Einstein's formula, it became possible to express any energy in units of mass (kilograms), and any mass in units of energy (joules). No more. And in the physical sense, the formula established a connection between matter and radiation. Radiation is not energy. Radiation is matter. Matter has three hypostases - substance, field, vacuum. And the fictitious energy of physics was invented to calculate processes. And so they got used to it that they began to perceive it as something independently existing.

So time is just a certain invented value, convenient for calculations. There is no energy in the world. There is no time in the world, there is only moving matter. Actually, time is always measured by uniform motion - by the course of the hands in the clock, by the pouring of sand in a glass flask, by the revolutions of the Earth around the Sun.

Why is time directed? Indeed, in space you can move both to the right and to the left, both forward and backward, and in time - only forward. Why does the arrow of time exist? For the same reason: there is no time. Time is manifested through the laws of motion of matter. And they are such that some processes are directed. This, in fact, is perceived by us as an arrow of time.

For example, heat from a hot body is transferred to a less heated one. Why? But purely statistical. After all, heat is a measure of the speed of body particles. Hot, that is, fast particles, knocking with cold ones, transfer part of their momentum to them, the velocities are equalized. Of course, a variant is theoretically possible when a slow particle hits a fast one so successfully that the speed of the fast one increases even more, and the slow one stops completely. But this is an extremely unlikely spatial combination of speeds and directions of movement (the slow atom "caught up" behind the fast one and pushed it at a certain angle). Most often, ordinary chaotic collisions occur, equalizing the speeds. So the famous Second Law of Thermodynamics, which prohibits the transfer of heat from cold bodies to hot ones, is purely statistical in nature. And the heat death of the Universe, predicted by Clausius, is a child of statistical physics... This is the thermodynamic component of the arrow of time. There are other components as well.

When two protons collide, a nucleus of "heavy hydrogen", a positron and a neutrino is obtained. This is one of those reactions that take place in the depths of stars of small mass. Theoretically, all reactions in nature are reversible. But! After the collision, the neutrino flew away from the star at the speed of light - and remember your name. Theoretically, one can imagine a meeting of heavy hydrogen, a positron, and a stray neutrino. However, the probability of this meeting, firstly, is extremely small. And secondly, neutrinos practically do not interact with matter. This stray particle can easily pierce a lead slab as thick as the Earth to the Sun. So for this reason, the likelihood of a backlash is negligible. That is why the stars shine because directed (irreversible) reactions go into them.