The work of Leo Tolstoy is full of military actions. Together with the author, following him, the reader on the pages of the work “War and Peace” will see incredible pictures of battles and battles: Borodino, Shengrabensky, Austerlitsky. But the writer not only shows fighting, but, above all, he wants to show each person as a person, separately, how he, a soldier or a general, involved in a noisy flow of hostilities, will manifest and show himself.
There are many participants in these events. These are the commanders-in-chief of the army, both on the one hand and on the other. This is all the headquarters, generals, officers and, of course, military personnel and partisans. In order for the reader to see them more fully, to realize not only the scale of the whole event, but also to see each individual person, the author tries to put them in the most various situations: military and peaceful life. It is known that Leo Tolstoy himself also fought, he participated in the hostilities in the Caucasus and proved himself in the defense of Sevastopol. That is why he tries to show the real and harsh military truth, without embellishing it. And it consists of suffering, and of blood, and of death.
But it is in such conditions that the wonderful qualities of a person are manifested: courage, courage, heroism. Tolstoy's epic shows two wars: 1805 - 1807, which took place abroad, and in Russia in 1812. Different participants with different characters meet on one front and on the other. For example, a heroic transition is made by Bagration's detachment, heroism and a talented commander are shown Russian army Kutuzov. But they are opposed by the mediocre and conceited Maka, an Austrian general.
But ordinary Russian peasants who have become military personnel, their honest commanders, show special courage. But among the staff commanders there are many cowards and traitors. Zherkov stands out in particular. After he was expelled from the Russian regiment, he was able to easily attach himself to Bagration himself as an orderly. He told everyone that he did not want to fight, but you can get much more medals and orders, even without doing anything for this.
But the real heroes who were able to show courage and bravery on the battlefield are modest and simple. They reveal themselves in battle, showing strength of character and spirit. Persistent and solid in execution, they cause only admiration. One of these heroes is Timokhin. He is a company commander who successfully retained his company. But for his soldiers, he will always be examples. He himself, by his example, inspired the rank and file of his company to a surprise attack by the French. This made it possible to push back the enemy and give the other battalions a chance to come to their senses and put themselves in order.
The author tries to show everything truthfully, so the pictures of confusion and heroic deeds just intertwined. A vivid example of this is the description on the pages of the novel of the battle that took place near Austerlitz. Everywhere there was disorder, and there was some kind of stupidity. Some troops were bored in anticipation of the battle, while others were dying, receiving many injuries and injuries. And those who were waiting, seeing all this stupidity, gradually lost heart. And this is the real picture.
Bright battles in the novel, where courage and daring were manifested, are Shengraben and Austerlitz. They were conducted outside the Russian state, and its goals were not at all clear to the common people. The war of 1812 looks completely different, when it contains the greatest meaning and purpose - to defend your homeland. These battles of 1812 were popular, as they were fought against those enemies who encroached on the independence of Russia.
A huge French regiment, in which there were five hundred people, fell upon the country. There was already fame about this power of Napoleon, as about the most invincible and strong. But in Russian state this formidable power received powerful resistance. Not only the military stood up as a wall, but the whole people rose up to defend their country and independence.
The author truthfully shows how the entire population, forgetting about their property, leaving it, leaving Moscow, which could just about pass into the hands of the French. But this happened not only in Moscow, but also in other villages and cities.
To resist this strongest Napoleonic army, partisan detachments begin to be created. The largest and most heroic on the pages of Tolstoy's epic novel are the detachments of Dolokhov and Denisov. The writer also tells about a deacon who heads one of the detachments. In his narrative there is also a place for Vasilisa, the elder, who was able to beat many Frenchmen. More than a hundred of the enemy died at her hands. The partisans did not act openly, they tried to destroy the huge French army in parts. Fighting bravely, they gradually destroyed the enemies, freeing their land.
As a result, the war, which on the part of the French army was predatory, on the part of Russia, liberation and popular, ended. It was the people who did everything to win. Only he showed unprecedented courage and courage. Heroism was shown by both the commanders and the generals, who also influenced the fact that the vast, countless force of Napoleon was defeated.
Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is one of the most famous works of Russian literature, the action of which is closely connected with the history of Russia early XIX century. That was the time Napoleonic Wars when the French army marched victoriously across Europe, advancing to the borders of our Motherland. The only force capable of stopping this movement was the Russian people, who had risen to fight the invaders. Teme Patriotic War 1812 dedicated most of novel "War and Peace", on the pages of which the author draws images of Russian soldiers who stood up for the defense of the Motherland, their exceptional heroism, courage, loyalty to the oath.
But all these wonderful qualities appear only when the soldiers understand what they are fighting for. That's why it failed military campaign 1805-1807. It was a war on foreign territory for foreign interests. Started for the sake of glory, for the sake of the ambitious interests of the court circles, it was incomprehensible and not needed by the people. Russian soldiers, being far from their homeland, not realizing the goals of the campaign, do not want to lay down their lives in vain. As a result, during the battle of Austerlitz, the Russian troops fled back in a panic.
If the battle turns out to be inevitable, the Russian soldiers are ready to fight to the death. This is what happened during the Battle of Shengraben. Having shown miracles of courage, the Russian troops took the brunt. A small detachment under the command of Bagration held back the onslaught of the enemy, "eight times" outnumbering him. The unit of officer Timokhin also showed great courage. It not only did not retreat, but also struck back, which saved a significant part of the army.
The author has great sympathy for Captain Tushin. His portrait is unremarkable: "a small, dirty, thin artillery officer without boots ... wearing only stockings." There was something "completely unmilitary, somewhat comical, but extremely attractive" in his "figurine". The captain lives the same life with the soldiers: he eats and drinks with them, sings their songs, participates in their conversations. Tushin is shy in front of everyone: in front of the authorities, in front of senior officers. But during the battle of Shengraben, he is transformed: together with a handful of soldiers, he shows amazing courage and heroism, bravely fulfilling his military duty. His special attitude to combat is striking. The captain calls the guns by name, speaks affectionately to them, it seems to him that he is throwing the cannonballs at the enemy. The example of a commander makes soldiers fight merrily and die merrily, laugh at the adjutant who orders to leave the position and cowardly hides from the cannonballs. They all know that they are saving the retreating army, but they do not realize own exploit. On the example of such modest heroes, Tolstoy showed the true patriotism of Russian soldiers, based on a sense of duty and loyalty to the oath.
But the patriotism of Russian soldiers manifested itself especially strongly during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy invaded the territory of Russia.
According to Andrei Bolkonsky, the outcome of the battle depends on the feeling that lives in all participants in the battle. This feeling is popular patriotism, the huge rise of which on the day of Borodin convinces Bolkonsky that the Russians will certainly win: “Tomorrow, whatever it is, we will win the battle!” Realizing the importance of the upcoming battle, the soldiers even refuse to drink the vodka they are supposed to, because it is "not such a day."
Describing the battle through the eyes of Pierre Bezukhov, the author notes a high sense of camaraderie, a sense of duty, the physical and moral strength of soldiers and militias. On the Borodino field, the French army first encountered an enemy whose morale was so high. Tolstoy believes that this is why the French were defeated.
The author shows us that the more formidable the danger becomes, the stronger the fire of patriotism flares up and the stronger the strength of popular resistance becomes.
The consequence of this was a guerrilla war that unfolded in the territories occupied by the French. The whole people rose up against the invaders - soldiers, men, Cossacks and even women. A prominent representative of the partisan war in the novel, a person who embodied the main moods and feelings of the Russian people, is the partisan of the Denisov detachment Tikhon Shcherbaty. This is "the most right person"in the squad. He is brave, brave, the French are enemies for him, and he destroys them. It is Tikhon Shcherbaty who combines those features of the people that were especially manifested in a terrible time for the Fatherland: hatred of the invaders, unconscious, but deep patriotism, courage and heroism in battle, steadfastness and selflessness. guerrilla war in the understanding of Tikhon Shcherbaty, Denisov, Dolokhov and others, this is retribution for the ruin and death of the Russian people, this is a club that “with all its formidable and majestic power ... rose, fell and nailed the French until the whole invasion died.” This is the embodiment of "a sense of insult and revenge."
But the quick-witted Russian heart cannot keep hatred and bitterness in itself for long. They are quickly replaced by mercy towards the former invaders. So, having met in the forest hungry and frozen Captain Rambal and his batman Morel, the Russians show compassion: "the soldiers surrounded the French, laid out an overcoat for the sick man and brought both porridge and vodka." At the same time, one of the privates says: “They are also people ... And wormwood grows on its root.” Former enemies, despite the evil they have caused, in their present miserable and helpless state deserve indulgence.
So, recreating pictures of the past, Tolstoy showed us a lot of very different, sometimes unfamiliar to each other, Russian soldiers. We see that most of them are united by hatred of the invaders, deep patriotism, fidelity to duty and oath, boundless courage and steadfastness. But most importantly, each of them is ready to sacrifice his life in the name of saving the Motherland. This is the strength of the Russian warrior.
Thus, L.N. Tolstoy, in his novel “War and Peace”, argues that a people with such defenders cannot be enslaved.
The image of a Russian warrior in the novel "War and Peace" (version 2)
LN Tolstoy was a member of the Sevastopol defense. In these tragic months of the shameful defeat of the Russian army, he understood a lot, realized how terrible war is, what suffering it brings to people, how a person behaves in war. He became convinced that true patriotism and heroism is manifested not in beautiful phrases or bright deeds, but in the honest fulfillment of duty, military and human, no matter what. This experience was reflected in the novel "War and Peace". It depicts two wars that are in many ways opposed to each other. The war on foreign territory for alien interests went on in 1805-1807. And soldiers and officers showed true heroism only when they understood the moral purpose of the battle. That is why they stood heroically at Shengraben and shamefully fled at Austerlitz, as Prince Andrei recalls on the eve of the Battle of Borodino. The war of 1812 in the image of Tolstoy has a completely different character. Mortal danger hung over Russia, and the forces that the author and Kutuzov call "people's feeling, the hidden warmth of patriotism" came into play. Kutuzov, on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, while circling the positions, saw the militia wearing white shirts: they were ready to die for the Motherland. “Wonderful, incomparable people,” Kutuzov said with excitement and tears. Tolstoy put words into the mouth of the people's commander that express his thoughts. Tolstoy emphasizes that in 1812 Russia was saved not by individuals, but by the efforts of the entire people as a whole. In his opinion, the Russians won a moral victory in the Battle of Borodino. Tolstoy writes that not only Napoleon, but all the soldiers and officers of the French army experienced the same feeling of horror before the enemy, who, having lost half of his troops, stood at the end of the battle just as at the beginning of it. The French were morally broken: it turns out that Russians can be killed, but not defeated. The adjutant reports to Napoleon with hidden fear that the French artillery is hitting point-blank, while the Russians continue to stand. What did this unshakable strength of the Russians consist of? From the joint actions of the army and the whole people, from the wisdom of Kutuzov, whose tactics are "patience and time", whose stake is primarily on the spirit in the troops. This force was made up of the heroism of the soldiers and the best officers of the Russian army. Remember how the soldiers of Prince Andrei's regiment behave when they are placed in reserve on the targeted field. Their situation is tragic: under the constant horror of death, they stand for more than eight hours without food, idle, losing people. But Prince Andrei “had nothing to do and order. Everything was done by itself. Here is an example of how the fulfillment of duty develops into a feat. This force was made up of patriotism not in words, but in deeds. the best people from the nobility, such as Prince Andrei. He refused to serve in the headquarters, and took the regiment and received a mortal wound during the battle. And Pierre Bezukhov, a purely civilian, goes to Mozhaisk, and then to the battlefield. He understood the meaning of the phrase he heard from the old soldier: "They want to pile on all the people ... One end to make. One word - Moscow." Through the eyes of Pierre, a picture of the battle is drawn, the heroism of the gunners on the Raevsky battery. This invincible force was made up of the heroism and patriotism of Muscovites who leave their native city, no matter how sorry they are to leave their property to perish. Let us recall how the Rostovs left Moscow, trying to take away the most valuable things from home on carts: carpets, porcelain, clothes. And then Natasha and the old count decide to give the carts to the wounded and unload all the good and leave it for the enemy to plunder. At the same time, the insignificant Berg asks for one cart to take out of Moscow a beautiful wardrobe, which he bought cheaply ... Even during a patriotic upsurge, he never does without bergs. The invincible power of the Russians was made up of the actions of partisan detachments. Some of them are described in detail by Tolstoy. This is the Denisov detachment, where the most needed person is Tikhon Shcherbaty, the people's avenger. Partisan detachments destroyed Napoleonic army in parts. On the pages of volume IV, the image of "clubs people's war", which rose with all its formidable and majestic strength and nailed the French until their invasion ended, until in the soul of the people the feeling of insult and revenge was replaced by a feeling of contempt and pity for the defeated enemy. Tolstoy hates war, and he paints not only pictures of battles, but and the suffering of all people in the war, whether they are enemies or not. The quick-witted Russian heart suggested that one can pity the frostbitten, dirty, hungry Frenchmen taken prisoner. The same feeling is in the soul of old Kutuzov. Addressing the soldiers of the Preobrazhensky regiment, he says, that while the French were strong, we beat them, and now you can feel sorry, because they are also people. In Tolstoy, patriotism is inseparable from humanism, and this is natural: ordinary people never needed war. So, Tolstoy draws the war of 1812 as a national, when all the people rose to defend the Motherland And the writer did it with great artistic power, creating a grandiose novel - an epic that has no equal in the world.
What is a feat in the understanding of L.N. Tolstoy?
(based on the epic novel "War and Peace")
Plutarch noted that “virtue or depravity is not always visible in the most important deeds, but often some insignificant deed, word or joke reveals a person’s character better than battles in which tens of thousands die.” Tolstoy in his novel not only condemns state-owned, official patriotism, but also overcomes the ceremonial idea of a feat. Showing the war, the writer depicts not galloping warriors with unfolded banners, not parades, not the brilliance of victories, but military everyday life, ordinary soldiers, their hard daily work. The heroes of Tolstoy are simple warriors-workers.
Let us recall the scene of the Battle of Shengraben and the feat of Captain Timokhin, who led the soldiers into the attack at the very moment when "the moral hesitation that decides the fate of the battles ... was resolved in favor of fear." “Timokhin, with such a desperate look, rushed at the French and with such insane and drunken determination, with one skewer, ran into the enemy that the French, not having time to come to their senses, threw down their weapons and ran.” Another hero of the Shengraben battle is Captain Tushin, whose battery the French tried to attack twice. The theme of true heroism is illustrated by Tolstoy and the scene on the Raevsky battery, where Pierre Bezukhov ends up during the Battle of Borodino. Pierre is seized by a feeling of horror, mortal fear. The soldiers seem to him devoid of these feelings. He is struck by the courage, firmness, simplicity of these people, devoid of everything external, superficial. Only now did he understand "the whole meaning and the whole meaning of this war and the forthcoming battle." “He understood that hidden ... warmth of patriotism, which was in all those people whom he saw, and which explained to him why all these people calmly and, as it were, thoughtlessly prepared for death.” On the eve of the battle, the soldiers put on white shirts and refused vodka, and in the very heat of the battle, “lighter and lighter flashed on the faces of all these people ... lightning of a hidden, flaring fire.” We can consider the behavior of Pierre Bezukhov during the French captivity and the participation of Prince Andrei in the Battle of Borodino a real feat.
The characteristic style of L.N. Tolstoy is the deepest psychologism. He deeply explores the feelings and emotions of a person in war. The real discovery for Prince Andrei, who dreamed of his Toulon, is the sky of Austerlitz. Personal ambitious dreams collide here with the sudden discovery of the surrounding world as eternity. And there is a revision of the aspirations of the hero, a revision of his views on the feat. In war, the hero has to face death. It is very painful and difficult for a person. And the writer portrays these feelings in the scene of the murder of a Frenchman by Petya Rostov. Over time, Nikolai Rostov's idea of war also changes.
A feat in the understanding of Tolstoy is the entire popular, guerrilla war that was waged by Russian people against the French. Tikhon Shcherbaty, the elder Vasilisa, and the merchant Ferapontov, who burns his shops when the French occupy Smolensk, become real heroes for him. The deed of the Rostovs, who give their carts to the wounded soldiers, also becomes a feat. The writer notes that the "hidden warmth of patriotism" embraced people of various social groups: soldier, peasantry, nobility, merchants. Russian people are leaving Moscow because they cannot remain under the control of the French. A feat is also the behavior of Kutuzov, the commander, who is vitally ill for the victory of the Russian people.
Thus, L.N. Tolstoy in his novel deromanticizes, in a certain sense reduces the concept of "feat". A feat in the understanding of the writer is a person following his duty, loyalty to the Motherland.
Searched here:
- human behavior in war Tolstoy's view of the nature of a feat
- pierre bezukhov about the feat
- a man at war Tolstoy's view of the nature of a feat
In general, no one else, perhaps, has portrayed human stamina and indestructibility in such grandeur and brilliance as the author of War and Peace.
N.I. Soloviev
Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is one of the most famous works of Russian literature, the action of which is closely connected with the history of Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. It was the time of the Napoleonic wars, when the French army marched victoriously across Europe, advancing to the borders of our Motherland. The only force capable of stopping this movement was the Russian people, who had risen to fight the invaders. The theme of the Patriotic War of 1812 is devoted to most of the novel "War and Peace", on the pages of which the author draws images of Russian soldiers who defended the Motherland, their exceptional heroism, courage, loyalty to the oath.
But all these wonderful qualities appear only when the soldiers understand what they are fighting for. Therefore, the military campaign of 1805-1807 failed. It was a war on foreign territory for foreign interests. Started for the sake of glory, for the sake of the ambitious interests of the court circles, it was incomprehensible and not needed by the people. Russian soldiers, being far from their homeland, not realizing the goals of the campaign, do not want to lay down their lives in vain. As a result, during the battle of Austerlitz, the Russian troops fled back in a panic.
If the battle turns out to be inevitable, the Russian soldiers are ready to fight to the death. This is what happened during the Battle of Shengraben. Having shown miracles of courage, the Russian troops took the brunt. A small detachment under the command of Bagration held back the onslaught of the enemy, "eight times" outnumbering him. The unit of officer Timokhin also showed great courage. It not only did not retreat, but also struck back, which saved a significant part of the army.
The author has great sympathy for Captain Tushin. His portrait is unremarkable: "a small, dirty, thin artillery officer without boots ... wearing only stockings." There was something "completely unmilitary, somewhat comical, but extremely attractive" in his "figurine". The captain lives the same life with the soldiers: he eats and drinks with them, sings their songs, participates in their conversations. Tushin is shy in front of everyone: in front of the authorities, in front of senior officers. But during the battle of Shengraben, he is transformed: together with a handful of soldiers, he shows amazing courage and heroism, bravely fulfilling his military duty. His special attitude to combat is striking. The captain calls the guns by name, speaks affectionately to them, it seems to him that he is throwing the cannonballs at the enemy. The example of a commander makes soldiers fight merrily and die merrily, laugh at the adjutant who orders to leave the position and cowardly hides from the cannonballs. They all know that they are saving the retreating army, but they do not realize their own feat. On the example of such modest heroes, Tolstoy showed the true patriotism of Russian soldiers, based on a sense of duty and loyalty to the oath.
But the patriotism of Russian soldiers manifested itself especially strongly during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy invaded the territory of Russia.
According to Andrei Bolkonsky, the outcome of the battle depends on the feeling that lives in all participants in the battle. This feeling is popular patriotism, the huge rise of which on the day of Borodin convinces Bolkonsky that the Russians will certainly win: “Tomorrow, whatever it is, we will win the battle!” Realizing the importance of the upcoming battle, the soldiers even refuse to drink the vodka they are supposed to, because it is "not such a day."
Describing the battle through the eyes of Pierre Bezukhov, the author notes a high sense of camaraderie, a sense of duty, the physical and moral strength of soldiers and militias. On the Borodino field, the French army first encountered an enemy whose morale was so high. Tolstoy believes that this is why the French were defeated.
The consequence of this was a guerrilla war that unfolded in the territories occupied by the French. The whole people rose up against the invaders - soldiers, men, Cossacks and even women. A prominent representative of the partisan war in the novel, a person who embodied the main moods and feelings of the Russian people, is the partisan of the Denisov detachment Tikhon Shcherbaty. This is the "most needed person" in the squad. He is brave, brave, the French are enemies for him, and he destroys them. It is Tikhon Shcherbaty who combines those features of the people that were especially manifested in a terrible time for the Fatherland: hatred of the invaders, unconscious, but deep patriotism, courage and heroism in battle, steadfastness and selflessness. Guerrilla warfare in the understanding of Tikhon Shcherbaty, Denisov, Dolokhov and others is retribution for the ruin and death of the Russian people, it is a club that "with all its formidable and majestic power ... rose, fell and nailed the French until the whole invasion died" . This is the embodiment of "a sense of insult and revenge."
But the quick-witted Russian heart cannot keep hatred and bitterness in itself for long. They are quickly replaced by mercy towards the former invaders. So, having met in the forest hungry and frozen Captain Rambal and his batman Morel, the Russians show compassion: "the soldiers surrounded the French, laid out an overcoat for the sick man and brought both porridge and vodka." At the same time, one of the privates says: “They are also people ... And wormwood grows on its root.” Former enemies, despite the evil they have caused, in their present miserable and helpless state deserve indulgence.
So, recreating pictures of the past, Tolstoy showed us a lot of very different, sometimes unfamiliar to each other, Russian soldiers. We see that most of them are united by hatred of the invaders, deep patriotism, fidelity to duty and oath, boundless courage and steadfastness. But most importantly, each of them is ready to sacrifice his life in the name of saving the Motherland. This is the strength of the Russian warrior.
Thus, L.N. Tolstoy, in his novel “War and Peace”, argues that a people with such defenders cannot be enslaved.
The famous novel by Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy "War and Peace" is filled with a detailed, accurate, realistic description of the military events that took place both on the territory of Russian lands and beyond. Due to the fact that the author himself once took part in hostilities in the Caucasus, and then in the defense of Sevastopol, he was able to talentedly, and, most importantly, truthfully describe the state of the war, its destructive power, the troubles that it brings with it .
In the novel "War and Peace" the reader watches the Shengraben, Austerlitz and Borodino battles. On the pages of the novel there is a description of the military operations of 1805-1807. Also paid attention to the author and the war on the territory of Russia in 1812.
Moments of military events acquaint readers with ordinary soldiers who do not know the concept of false patriotism, simulated deeds and actions. Also, we are watching the dubious military "top", which very often acted in their own interests, completely without thinking about the common people.
For example, staff officer Zherkov, after his expulsion, did not want to remain in the regiment, because he knew what and how was actually going on at the front. He was able to receive his numerous awards while sitting at the headquarters. Of course, simple, sincere, real and courageous warriors who were ready to defend the freedom of Russia to the end, contrasted perfectly against the background of such a low person as Zherkov.
With good reviews, Tolstoy describes the personality of company commander Timokhin. Having become an example for the rest of the battalions, Timokhin's company was able to stop the retreat of their own troops, who succumbed to panic and fled in different directions.
Of course, on the pages of the novel there are not only inspiring, heroic moments. After all, war is in many ways disastrous, destructive, chaotic. Such concepts can characterize the battle of Austerlitz, when boredom reigned in the ranks of the soldiers, when stupidity took place around, when the spirit of the soldiers fell down with every minute of the battle.
The war in Russia in 1812 was nationwide. With aggressive attacks, Napoleon's armies won glory in Europe. Now, it is the turn of the Russian lands. But, it was here that Napoleon felt the strength of a worthy opponent, whose troops rallied to defeat the enemy. And not only the soldiers showed their patriotic qualities. As soon as Napoleon began to enter Moscow, all the people, all its inhabitants, abandoned their homes and went away, showing the loyalty of the people.
Lev Nikolaevich paid enough attention to the description partisan detachments, which brought extraordinary benefits, played a role in the course of the war. The reader will learn about the detachments of Denisov and Dolokhov. A few, secret, inconspicuous gatherings of partisans gradually destroyed the enemy. The war is over. And Tolstoy gives preference, due to those simple soldiers, ordinary people who showed their best qualities and were able to be useful in the course of hostilities.
Love for the motherland, for the Russian lands forced the people to rally and meet with the powerful forces of the enemy. As a result, Napoleon was defeated and lost his authority.
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