Autotrophic succession. Consistent natural change of biocenoses. Primary succession. Ability to manage the processes of self-development and self-healing of ecosystems. The degree of river flooding. Relationships between meadow clover in agrocenosis. Ecosystem stabilization factors. The reason for the instability of ecosystems. Species composition of climax ecosystems. Anthropogenic impacts. Self-development of ecosystems. Species composition. Forest fire.
“Parts of an ecosystem” - Ecosystem, its composition and type. Anthropogenic ecological system. Population biomass. Energy dissipates. Secondary succession. Types of ecosystem. Spatial structure. Tiering is the phenomenon of vertical stratification of biocenoses. Ecosystem = biocenosis + biotope. Ecosystem structure. Each ecosystem has a certain productivity. Types of ecological systems. Homeostasis and succession of an ecological system.
"State of Ecosystems" - Prospective Responses. Encouraging technology. Difficulties. Benefits and losses. Examples of changes in policies and approaches. Changes in immediate driving forces. Significant damage. Ecosystem changes. Status of providing services. Time interval. Direct driving forces. Decline in national wealth. Critical condition in dry areas. Ecosystem services. Nutrient load. Consequences of ecosystem changes.
"Succession" - Secondary succession. Change in the amount of biomass in an ecosystem. Duration of succession. Mature community and young community. Self-development of the ecosystem. Primary succession. What will happen to the community as the lake gradually becomes overgrown. It is important to be aware of the consequences of environmental violations. Target. [Electronic resource]. Secondary succession - develops on the site of a previously existing community.
“Natural Ecosystems” - Biomass Pyramid. Food web of a reservoir ecosystem. Producers. Food web of a mixed forest ecosystem. Accumulation of pollutants in food chains. Main types of natural ecosystems and biome. Energy flow in ecosystems. Zoning of ecosystems. Biogeocenosis. Natural systems. The concept of ecosystems. Ecosystems. Food web of a meadow ecosystem. The 10% rule. Major land biomes. Food chains and trophic levels.
“Changing ecosystems” - Leaves evaporate a lot of moisture. An impenetrable lake. Biological terms. Studying a new topic. Choose three correct answers. Consolidation of the studied material. Abiotic factors. Patterns of relationships between living organisms. Nodule bacteria. Establishing the sequence of processes. Ecosystems. Type of relationship. Interaction between leguminous plants. Changes in ecosystems. Comparison of biological objects.
The biological part of the biogeocenosis is represented by microorganisms, plants and animals and is called biocenosis. The biocenosis consists of plants (phytocenosis), animals (zoocenosis) and microorganisms (microbiocenosis).
Populations of different species living in the same general range are ecological community. Living organisms, being under the influence of other organisms and inanimate nature, in turn, influence them.
Ecotop
The abiotic part of the biogeocenosis is a part of the land or water basin with certain climatic conditions. It's called ecotope. Ecotopes are represented by atmospheric ( climatotop) and soil ( edaphotope) factors (Fig. 66).
The main characterizing indicators of biogeocenosis:
- species diversity;
- density of individuals of each species;
- biomass (the total amount of organic matter in a biogeocenosis).
Sustainability
Since life processes in biogeocenosis are provided by energy coming from outside, it is considered as an open, self-regulating system that is in a state of equilibrium.
Self-regulation
One of the most important features of biogeocenosis is self-regulation. Self-regulation is the ability of a natural system to restore its properties after exposure to any natural or anthropogenic factors. A striking example of self-regulation is biogeocenosis in broad-leaved forest. This is where plants compete for living space, for light and water. In biogeocenoses of this type, the phenomenon of tiering is observed, i.e., the arrangement of the plant community in several vertical rows.
Cycle of substances
The stability of biogeocenosis is ensured by the circulation of substances (the constant transition of substances from inanimate nature to the living, and from living to non-living). The source of energy in this case is the Sun, whose energy in the process of circulation is converted into energy chemical bonds substances, and then into mechanical and thermal.
Seasonal changes
In biogeocenoses of any type, changes associated with climatic rhythms are observed. Thus, as a result of lower temperatures, shorter daylight hours and changes in humidity in the fall, many plants shed their leaves. Nutrients accumulate in their storage organs, and plugs form on the trees. The water content in the cytoplasm of their cells begins to decrease. Animals are also actively preparing for winter: birds fly south, mammals begin molting, and they store food for the winter. Material from the site
Change of biogeocenoses
In biogeocenosis, as a result of the emergence of food connections between species, energy moves from one trophic level to another. At the same time, biomass and the amount of energy gradually decrease.
The concept of “ecosystem” was introduced in 1935 by A. Tansley, an English botanist. With this term he designated any collection of organisms living together, as well as their environment. Its definition emphasizes the presence of interdependence, relationships, cause-and-effect relationships that exist between the abiotic environment and the biological community, combining them into a certain functional whole. An ecosystem, according to biologists, is a collection of all kinds of populations of various species that live on common territory, as well as the inanimate environment surrounding them.
Biogeocenosis is a natural formation that has clear boundaries. It consists of a set of biocenoses (living beings) that occupy a certain place. For example, for aquatic organisms this place is water, for those living on land it is the atmosphere and soil. Below we will look at which will help you understand what it is. We will describe these systems in detail. You will learn about their structure, what types they exist and how they change.
Biogeocenosis and ecosystem: differences
To some extent, the concepts of “ecosystem” and “biogeocenosis” are unambiguous. However, they do not always coincide in volume. Biogeocenosis and ecosystem are related as a less broad and broader concept. An ecosystem is not connected to a certain limited area of the earth's surface. This concept can be applied to all stable systems of nonliving and living components in which internal and external circulation of energy and substances occurs. Ecosystems, for example, include a drop of water with microorganisms in it, a flower pot, an aquarium, a biofilter, an aeration tank, spaceship. But they cannot be called biogeocenoses. An ecosystem may also contain several biogeocenoses. Let's look at some examples. We can distinguish biogeocenoses of the ocean and biosphere as a whole, continent, belt, soil-climatic region, zone, province, district. Thus, not every ecosystem can be considered a biogeocenosis. We found this out by looking at examples. But any biogeocenosis can be called an ecological system. We hope you now understand the specifics of these concepts. “Biogeocenosis” and “ecosystem” are often used as synonyms, but there is still a difference between them.
Features of biogeocenosis
Many species usually live in any of the limited spaces. A complex and permanent relationship is established between them. In other words, different types organisms that exist in a certain space characterized by a complex of special physical and chemical conditions are complex system, which persists for a more or less long time in nature. To clarify the definition, we note that a biogeocenosis is a community of organisms of various species (historically established), which are closely related to each other and to their surroundings, the exchange of energy and substances. A specific characteristic of a biogeocenosis is that it is spatially limited and quite homogeneous in the species composition of the living creatures included in it, as well as in the complex of various Existence as an integral system ensures a constant supply of solar energy to this complex. As a rule, the boundary of a biogeocenosis is established along the boundary of a phytocenosis (plant community), which is its most important component. These are its main features. The role of biogeocenosis is great. At its level, all processes of energy flow and circulation of substances in the biosphere occur.
Three groups of biocenosis
The main role in the interaction between its various components belongs to the biocenosis, that is, living beings. They are divided according to their functions into 3 groups - decomposers, consumers and producers - and closely interact with the biotope (inanimate nature) and with each other. These living beings are united by the food connections that exist between them.
Producers are a group of autotrophic living organisms. Consuming energy sunlight and minerals from the biotope, they thereby create primary organic matter. This group includes some bacteria, as well as plants.
Decomposers decompose the remains of dead organisms, and also break down organic substances into inorganic substances, thereby returning mineral substances “removed” by producers to the biotope. These are, for example, some types of unicellular fungi and bacteria.
Dynamic equilibrium of the system
Types of biogeocenosis
Biogeocenosis can be natural and artificial. The types of the latter include agrobiocenoses and urban biogeocenoses. Let's take a closer look at each of them.
Natural biogeocenosis
Let us note that every natural biogeocenosis is a system that has developed over a long period of time - thousands and millions of years. Therefore, all its elements are “ground in” to each other. This leads to the fact that the resistance of the biogeocenosis to various changes occurring in the environment is very high. The "strength" of ecosystems is not unlimited. Profound and abrupt changes in living conditions, a reduction in the number of species of organisms (for example, as a result of large-scale fishing of commercial species) lead to the fact that the balance can be disturbed and it can be destroyed. In this case, a change in biogeocenoses occurs.
Agrobiocenoses
Agrobiocenoses are special communities of organisms that develop in territories used by people for agricultural purposes (plantings, sowing cultivated plants). Producers (plants), in contrast to natural biogeocenoses, are represented here by one type of crop grown by humans, as well as a certain number of weed species. Diversity (rodents, birds, insects, etc.) determines the vegetation cover. These are species that can feed on plants growing on the territory of agrobiocenoses, as well as be in conditions of their cultivation. These conditions determine the presence of other species of animals, plants, microorganisms and fungi.
Agrobiocenosis depends, first of all, on human activities (fertilization, mechanical tillage, irrigation, treatment with pesticides, etc.). The stability of the biogeocenosis of this species is weak - it will collapse very quickly without human intervention. This is partly due to the fact that cultivated plants are much more demanding than wild ones. Therefore, they cannot compete with them.
Urban biogeocenoses
Urban biogeocenoses are of particular interest. This is another type of anthropogenic ecosystem. An example is parks. The main ones, as in the case of agrobiocenoses, are anthropogenic. The species composition of plants is determined by humans. He plants them and also cares for and processes them. Changes in the external environment are most pronounced in cities - an increase in temperature (from 2 to 7 ° C), specific features of soil and atmospheric composition, a special regime of humidity, light, and wind action. All these factors form urban biogeocenoses. These are very interesting and specific systems.
Examples of biogeocenosis are numerous. Different systems differ from each other in the species composition of organisms, as well as in the properties of the environment in which they live. Examples of biogeocenosis, which we will dwell on in detail, are a deciduous forest and a pond.
Deciduous forest as an example of biogeocenosis
Deciduous forest is a complex ecological system. The biogeocenosis in our example includes plant species such as oaks, beeches, lindens, hornbeams, birches, maples, rowan trees, aspens and other trees whose leaves fall in the fall. Several of their tiers stand out in the forest: low and high trees, moss ground cover, grasses, shrubs. Plants inhabiting the upper tiers are more light-loving. They withstand fluctuations in humidity and temperature better than representatives of the lower tiers. Mosses, grasses and shrubs are shade-tolerant. They exist in the summer in the twilight formed after the leaves of the trees unfold. The litter lies on the surface of the soil. It is formed from semi-decomposed remains, twigs of bushes and trees, fallen leaves, and dead grass.
Forest biogeocenoses, including deciduous forests, are characterized by a rich fauna. They are inhabited by many burrowing rodents, predators (bear, badger, fox), and burrowing insectivores. There are also tree-dwelling mammals (chipmunk, squirrel, lynx). Roe deer, moose, and deer are part of the group of large herbivores. Boars are widespread. Birds nest in different layers of the forest: on trunks, in bushes, on the ground or on the tops of trees and in hollows. There are many insects that feed on leaves (for example, caterpillars), as well as wood (bark beetles). IN upper layers soil, and also in the litter, in addition to insects, a huge number of other vertebrates (ticks, earthworms, insect larvae), many bacteria and fungi live.
Pond as a biogeocenosis
Let's now consider a pond. This is an example of a biogeocenosis, in which the living environment of organisms is water. Large floating or rooting plants (pondweed, water lilies, reeds) settle in the shallow waters of ponds. Small floating plants are distributed throughout the water column, to the depth where light penetrates. These are mainly algae called phytoplankton. Sometimes there are a lot of them, as a result of which the water turns green and “blooms.” A variety of blue-green, green and diatom algae are found in phytoplankton. Tadpoles, insect larvae, and crustaceans feed on plant debris or living plants. Fish and predatory insects eat small animals. And herbivorous and smaller predatory fish are hunted by large predatory fish. Organisms that decompose organic matter (fungi, flagella, bacteria) are widespread throughout the pond. There are especially many of them at the bottom, since the remains of dead animals and plants accumulate here.
Comparison of two examples
Having compared examples of biogeocenosis, we see how different they are both in species composition and in appearance pond and forest ecosystems. This is due to the fact that the organisms inhabiting them have different habitats. In a pond it is water and air, in a forest it is soil and air. Nevertheless, the functional groups of organisms are of the same type. In the forest, producers are mosses, grasses, shrubs, and trees; There are algae and floating plants in the pond. In the forest, consumers include insects, birds, animals and other invertebrates that inhabit the litter and soil. Consumers in the pond include various amphibians, insects, crustaceans, predatory and herbivorous fish. In the forest, decomposers (bacteria and fungi) are represented by terrestrial forms, and in a pond - by aquatic ones. Let us also note that both the pond and the deciduous forest are a natural biogeocenosis. We gave examples of artificial ones above.
Why do biogeocenoses replace each other?
Biogeocenosis cannot exist forever. It will inevitably sooner or later be replaced by another. This occurs as a result of changes in the environment by living organisms, under the influence of humans, in the process of evolution, and with changing climatic conditions.
An example of a change in biogeocenosis
Let us consider, as an example, the case when living organisms themselves cause a change in ecosystems. This is the colonization of rocks with vegetation. Weathering of rocks is of great importance in the first stages of this process: partial dissolution of minerals and their change chemical properties, destruction. On initial stages The first settlers play a very important role: algae, bacteria, blue-greens. The producers are free-living algae and lichens. They create organic matter. Blue-greens take nitrogen from the air and enrich it with it in an environment that is still unsuitable for habitation. Lichens dissolve rock with secretions of organic acids. They contribute to the gradual accumulation of mineral nutrition elements. Fungi and bacteria destroy organic substances created by producers. The latter are not completely mineralized. A mixture consisting of mineral and organic compounds and nitrogen-enriched plant residues. Conditions are created for the existence of bushy lichens and mosses. The process of accumulation of nitrogen and organic matter accelerates, and a thin layer of soil is formed.
A primitive community is formed that can exist in this unfavorable environment. The first settlers were well adapted to the harsh conditions of the rocks - they withstood frost, heat, and dryness. Gradually they change their habitat, creating conditions for the formation of new populations. After herbaceous plants (clover, grasses, sedges, bellflowers, etc.) appear, competition for nutrients, light, and water becomes more intense. In this struggle, the pioneer settlers are replaced by new species. Shrubs settle behind herbs. They hold the emerging soil together with their roots. Forest communities are replaced by grass and shrub communities.
During the long process of development and change of biogeocenosis, the number of species of living organisms included in it gradually increases. The community becomes more complex, it becomes more and more branched. The variety of connections that exist between organisms increases. The community uses the resources of the environment more and more fully. This is how it turns into a mature one, which is well adapted to environmental conditions and has self-regulation. In it, species populations reproduce well and are not replaced by other species. The described change of biogeocenoses lasts for thousands of years. However, there are changes that occur before the eyes of just one generation of people. For example, this is the overgrowing of small bodies of water.
So, we talked about what biogeocenosis is. The examples with descriptions presented above give a clear idea of it. Everything we have talked about is important for understanding this topic. Types of biogeocenoses, their structure, features, examples - all this should be studied in order to have a complete understanding of them.
Natural complexes in which vegetation has fully formed, and which can exist on their own, without human intervention, and if a person or something else disturbs them, they will be restored, and according to certain laws. Such natural complexes are biogeocenoses. The most complex and important natural biogeocenoses are forests. None natural complex, in no other type of vegetation are these relationships expressed so sharply and so multifacetedly as in the forest.
Biogeocenosis is a set of homogeneous natural phenomena (atmosphere, rock, vegetation, fauna and the world of microorganisms, soil and hydrological conditions) over a certain extent of the earth’s surface, which has a special specificity of interactions between these components that make it up and a certain type of metabolism and energy: among themselves and with other natural phenomena and representing an internal contradictory unity, in constant movement and development...”
This definition reflects all the essence of biogeocenosis, features and characteristics inherent only to it:
The biogeocenosis must be homogeneous in all respects: living and nonliving matter: vegetation, fauna, soil population, relief, parent rock, soil properties, depth and groundwater regimes;
Each biogeocenosis is characterized by the presence of a special, unique type of metabolism and energy,
All components of biogeocenosis are characterized by the unity of life and its environment, i.e. the features and patterns of life activity of a biogeocenosis are determined by its habitat, thus, biogeocenosis is a geographical concept.
In addition, each specific biogeocenosis must:
Be homogeneous in its history;
Be a fairly long-term established education;
Clearly differ in vegetation from neighboring biogeocenoses, and these differences must be natural and environmentally explainable.
Examples of biogeocenoses:
Mixed oak forest at the foot of the deluvial slope of southern exposure on mountain brown-forest medium-loamy soil;
Grass meadow in a hollow on loamy peaty soils,
A mixed-grass meadow on a high river floodplain on a floodplain soddy-gleyish medium loamy soil,
Larch lichen on Al-Fe-humus-podzolic soils,
Mixed broad-leaved forest with liana vegetation on the northern slope on brown forest soils, etc.
Biogeocenosis is the entire set of species and the entire set of components of inanimate nature that determine the existence of a given ecosystem, taking into account the inevitable anthropogenic impact."
The field of knowledge about biogeocenoses is called biogeocenology. To control natural processes, you need to know the laws to which they are subject. These patterns are studied by a number of sciences: meteorology, climatology, geology, soil science, hydrology, various departments of botany and zoology, microbiology, etc. Biogeocenology generalizes, synthesizes the results of the listed sciences from a certain angle, paying primary attention to the interactions of the components of biogeocenoses with each other and revealing general patterns governing these interactions.
2.Definition of biogeocenosis
"Biogeocenosis– this is a section of the earth’s surface on which, in close interaction, the following develop: vegetation that is homogeneous in composition and productivity, a homogeneous complex of animals and microorganisms, and soil that is homogeneous in physical and chemical composition; a homogeneous gas and climate situation is maintained, the same material and energy exchange is established between all components of the biogeocenosis" (V.N. Sukachev).
3.Component composition of biogeocenosis
Components of biogeocenosis– material bodies (components of biogeocenosis). They are divided into 2 groups:
1.Living (biotic, biocenosis)
2. Inert (abiotic substance, raw material) – ecotope, biotope.
These include carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, etc.
Biotic components of biogeocenosis:
1.Producers
2.Consumers
3. Decomposers (detritivores, destructors of organic substances).
Producers – organisms that produce (synthesize) organic substances from inorganic ones (green plants).
Consumers– organisms that consume ready-made organic substances. Primary consumers are herbivores. Secondary consumers are carnivores.
Decomposers – organisms that decompose organic substances to final decay products (bacteria of rotting and fermentation).
In biogeocenosis it is established ecological homeostasis– dynamic balance between all components of biogeocenosis.
Happens periodically ecological succession- natural change of communities in biogeocenosis.
There are several classifications of biogeocenoses.
I.1. Land, Freshwater, 2. Water, Marine
II. By geographical area:
1. Forest, 2. Swamp, 3. Steppe, 4. Meadow, 5. Tundra, etc.
III. Lobachev in 1978 identified biogeocenoses:
1) Natural 2) Rural (agrocenoses)
3) Urbanocenoses (urban, industrial)
4. Borders between biogeocenoses.
The configuration and boundaries of a biogeocenosis are determined, according to Sukachev, by the boundaries of its inherent phytocenosis, as its autotrophic base, physiognomically more clearly than other components that express it in space.
Horizontal boundaries between biogeocenoses, as well as between plant communities, according to J. Leme (1976), can be sharp, especially under conditions of human intervention, but they can also be vague, as if smeared in the case of interpenetration of components of neighboring biogeocenoses.
B. A Bykov (1970) distinguishes the following types of boundaries between plant communities and, consequently, between biogeocenoses
A) sharp boundaries observed when there is a sharp difference in adjacent cenoses of environmental conditions or in the presence of dominants with powerful environment-forming properties;
b) mosaic boundaries, in contrast to sharp ones, are characterized by the inclusion in the transitional strip of adjacent cenoses of their individual fragments, forming a kind of complexity;
c) border boundaries - when in the contact zone of adjacent cenoses a narrow border of a cenosis develops that differs from both of them;
d) diffuse boundaries between adjacent cenoses are characterized by a gradual spatial change in species composition in the contact zone during the transition from one to another
The vertical boundaries of the biogeocenosis, as well as the horizontal ones, are determined by the location of the living plant biomass of the phytocenosis in space - the upper limit is determined by the maximum height of above-ground plant organs - phototrophs - above the soil surface, the lower limit is determined by the maximum depth of penetration of the root system into the soil.
At the same time, in tree and shrub biogeocenoses, vertical boundaries, as T. A. Rabotnov writes (1974a), do not change during the growing season, while in grass biogeocenoses (meadow, steppe, etc.) they vary by season, as occurs either an increase in grass stand, or a decrease in it, or complete alienation in hayfields and pastures. only their lower boundaries are not subject to seasonal changes.
The term “biogeocenosis” is often used in both ecology and biology. This is a set of objects of biological and non-biological origin, limited to a certain territory and characterized by the mutual exchange of substances and energy.
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Definition
When they remember which scientist introduced the concept of biogeocenoses into science, they talk about the Soviet academician V.N. Sukachev. The term biogeocenosis was proposed by him in 1940. The author of the doctrine of biogeocenosis not only proposed the term, but also created a coherent and detailed theory about these communities.
In Western science, the definition of “biogeocenosis” is not very common. The doctrine of ecosystems is more popular there. Sometimes ecosystems are called biocenosis, but this is incorrect.
There are differences between the concepts of “biogeocenosis” and “ecosystem”. Ecosystem is a broader concept. It can be limited to a drop of water, or it can spread over thousands of hectares. The boundaries of a biogeocenosis are usually the area of a single plant complex. An example of a biogeocenosis could be a deciduous forest or a pond.
Properties
The main components of biogeocenosis of inorganic origin are air, water, minerals and other elements. Living organisms include plants, animals and microorganisms. Some live in the terrestrial world, others underground or underwater. True, from the point of view of the functions they perform, the characteristics of biogeocenosis look different. The biogeocenosis includes:
- producers;
- consumers;
- decomposers.
These main components of biogeocenosis are involved in metabolic processes. There is a close connection between them.
The role of producers of organic substances in biogeocenoses is played by producers. They convert solar energy and minerals into organic matter, which serves as a building material for them. The main process organizing biogeocenosis is photosynthesis. We are talking about plants that convert solar energy and soil nutrients into organic matter.
After death, even a formidable predator becomes prey for fungi and bacteria that decompose the body, turning organic substances into inorganics. These participants in the process are called decomposers. Thus, a circle consisting of interconnected species of plants and animals is closed.
Briefly, the biogeocenosis diagram looks like this. Plants consume energy from the sun. These are the main producers of glucose in the biogeocenosis. Animals and other consumers transfer and transform energy and organic matter. Biogeocenosis also includes bacteria that mineralize organic matter and help plants absorb nitrogen. Every chemical element, present on the planet, the entire periodic table participates in this cycle. Biogeocenosis is characterized by a complex, self-regulating structure. And everyone who participates in its processes is important and necessary.
The mechanism of self-regulation, which is also called dynamic balance, will be explained with an example. Let's say favorable weather conditions lead to an increase in the amount of plant food. This largely caused the growth of the herbivore population. Predators began to actively hunt them, reducing the number of herbivores, but increasing their population. There is not enough food for everyone, so some of the predators have died out. As a result, the system returned to a state of equilibrium again.
Here are the signs that indicate the stability of biogeocenoses:
- a large number of species of living organisms;
- their participation in the synthesis of inorganic substances;
- wide living space;
- absence of negative anthropogenic impact;
- a wide range of types of interspecific interaction.
Kinds
Natural biogeocenosis is of natural origin. Examples of artificial biogeocenoses are city parks or agrobiocenoses. In the second case, the main process organizing the biogeocenosis is human agricultural activity. The state of the system is determined by a number of anthropogenic characteristics.
The main properties of biogeocenoses created by man in the agricultural sector depend on what the field is sown with, how successful the control of weeds and pests is, what fertilizers and in what quantity are applied, and how often watering is done.
If the treated crops are suddenly abandoned, without human intervention they will die, and weeds and pests will begin to actively multiply. Then the properties of the biogeocenosis will become different.
Artificial biogeocenosis created by man is not capable of self-regulation. The stability of biogeocenosis depends on the person. Its existence is possible only with active human intervention. The abiotic component of biogeocenosis is often also included in its composition. An example would be an aquarium. In this small artificial reservoir they live and develop various organisms, each of which is included in the biogeocenosis.
Most natural communities are formed over a long period of time, sometimes hundreds and thousands of years. The participants spend a long time getting used to each other. Such biogeocenoses are characterized by high stability. Equilibrium rests on the interconnection of populations. The stability of biogeocenosis is determined by the relationships between the participants in the process and is stable. If no significant natural or man-made disasters, associated with destruction, gross human intervention, biogeocenosis, as a rule, is constantly in a state of dynamic equilibrium.
Each type of relationship is an important limiting factor in maintaining balance in the system.
Examples
Let's consider what biogeocenosis is, taking a meadow as an example. Since the primary link in the food webs of biogeocenoses is producers, meadow grasses play this role here. The initial source of energy in the biogeocenosis of the meadow is the energy of the Sun. Herbs and shrubs, these main producers of glucose in the biogeocenosis, grow and serve as food for animals, birds and insects, which, in turn, become prey for predators. Dead remains fall into the soil and are processed by microorganisms.
A feature of the phytocenosis (plant world) of deciduous forests, in contrast to meadows or steppes, is the presence of several tiers. The inhabitants of the upper tiers, which include taller trees, have the opportunity to consume more solar energy than the lower ones, which are able to exist in the shade. Then there is a layer of shrubs, then grasses, then, under a layer of dry leaves and near tree trunks, mushrooms grow.
Biogeocenosis has a wide variety of plant species and other living organisms. Animal habitats are also divided into several tiers. Some live in the treetops, while others are underground.
Such a biogeocenosis as a pond is characterized by the fact that the habitat is water, the bottom of the reservoir and the surface surface. Here vegetable world represented by algae. Some of them float on the surface, and some are constantly hidden under water. They feed on fish, insects, and crustaceans. Predatory fish and insects easily find prey, and bacteria and other microorganisms live at the bottom of the reservoir and in the water column.
Despite the relative stability of natural biogeocenoses, over time the properties of the biogeocenosis change, turning from one to another. Sometimes biological system reorganizes quickly, as in the case of overgrowing of small reservoirs. They can turn into swamps or meadows in a short time.
The formation of a biogeocenosis can last for centuries. For example, rocky, almost bare rocks are gradually covered with mosses, then other vegetation appears, destroying the rock and changing the landscape and fauna. The properties of biogeocenosis are changing slowly but steadily. Only people are able to dramatically accelerate these changes and not always for the better.
A person must treat nature with care, preserve its wealth, and prevent pollution environment and barbaric attitude towards its inhabitants. He must not forget that this is his home, where his descendants will have to live. And it depends only on him in what condition they will receive it. Understand this yourself and explain it to others.
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