The message is the problem of human impact on the environment. Essay on the topic “Human impact on the environment

The nature of our planet is very diverse and inhabited by unique species of plants, animals, birds and microorganisms. All this diversity is closely interconnected and allows our planet to preserve and maintain a unique balance between various life forms.

In contact with

classmates

Human impact on the environment

From the very first days of the appearance of man, he began to influence the environment. And with the invention of more and more new tools, human civilization has increased its impact to a truly enormous scale. And at present, several important questions have arisen before humanity: how does a person affect nature? What human actions harm the soil that provides us with basic food? What is the influence of man on the atmosphere we breathe?

At present, the impact of man on the world around him not only contributes to the development of our civilization, but often leads to the fact that appearance the planet is undergoing significant changes: rivers are drained and dry up, forests are cut down, new cities and factories appear in place of the plains, mountains are destroyed for the sake of new transport routes.

With the rapid increase in the population of the Earth, humanity needs more and more food, and with the rapid growth of production technologies, the production capacities of our civilization are growing, requiring more and more resources for processing and consumption, the development of more and more new territories.

Cities are growing, capturing more and more new lands from nature and displacing their natural inhabitants from there: plants and animals.

This is interesting: in the chest?

Main reasons

The reasons for the negative impact of man on nature are:

All these factors have a significant and sometimes irreversible impact on the world around us. And more and more often a question arises before a person: what consequences will such an influence eventually lead to? Will we eventually turn our planet into a waterless desert, unsuitable for existence? How can a person minimize the negative effects of his influence on the world? The inconsistency of human impact on the natural environment in our time is becoming a subject of discussion at the international level.

Negative and controversial factors

In addition to the obvious positive influence of man on surrounding nature, there are significant disadvantages of such interaction:

1. Destruction of large areas of forests by cutting them out. This influence is connected, first of all, with the development of the transport industry - a person needs more and more new highways. In addition, wood is actively used in the paper industry and other industries.
2. wide application of chemical fertilizers in agriculture actively contributes to the rapid contamination of the soil.
3. Widely developed network of industrial productions with its own emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and water are not only the cause of environmental pollution, but also contribute to the death of entire species of fish, birds and plants.
4. Rapidly growing cities and industrial centers significantly affect the change in the external living conditions of animals, the reduction of their natural habitat and the reduction of the populations of various species themselves.

Also not to be ignored man-made disasters, which are capable of causing irreversible harm not just to a separate species of flora or fauna, but to entire regions of the planet. For example, after the famous accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, to date, a large region of Ukraine is uninhabitable. The level of radiation in this area exceeds the maximum permissible norms by dozens of times.

Also, the leakage of water contaminated with radiation from the reactor of a nuclear power plant in the city of Fukushima could lead to an environmental catastrophe on a global scale. The damage that this heavy contaminated water could cause to the ecological system of the world's oceans would be simply irreparable.

And the construction of conventional hydroelectric power plants does no less harm to the environment. Indeed, for their construction it is necessary to build a dam and flood a large area of ​​adjacent fields and forests. As a result of such human activity, not only the river and adjacent territories suffer, but also animal world living in these areas.

In addition, many mindlessly throw away garbage, polluting not only the soil, but also the waters of the oceans with their waste products. After all, light debris does not sink and remains on the surface of the water. And given that the decomposition period of some types of plastic is more than a dozen years, such floating "dirt islands" make it much more difficult to obtain oxygen and sunlight sea ​​and river inhabitants. Therefore, entire populations of fish and animals have to migrate in search of new, more habitable territories. And many of them die in the process of searching.

Deforestation on the slopes of mountains makes them susceptible to erosion, as a result, the soil becomes loose, which can lead to destruction of the mountain range.

Yes, and to vital supplies fresh water people are negligent - daily polluting freshwater rivers with sewage and industrial waste.

Of course, the existence of a person on the planet brings her considerable benefits. In particular, it is people who carry out activities aimed at improving the ecological situation in the environment. On the territory of many countries, people organize nature reserves, parks and reserves, which allow not only to preserve the surrounding nature in its natural original form, but also contribute to the preservation and increase in the populations of rare and endangered species of animals and birds.

Special laws have been created to protect rare representatives of the nature around us from destruction. There are special services, funds and centers that fight against the destruction of animals and birds. Specialized associations of ecologists are also being created, the task of which is to fight for the reduction of emissions into the atmosphere that are harmful to the environment.

Security organizations

One of the most famous organizations fighting for the conservation of nature is Greenpeace- international organization created to save the environment for our descendants. The employees of Greenpease set themselves several main tasks:

1. The fight against pollution of the world's oceans.
2. Significant restriction on whaling.
3. Reducing the scale of deforestation of the taiga in Siberia and much more.

With the development of civilization, humanity must look for alternative sources of energy: solar or space, to save life on Earth. Also of great importance for the conservation of the nature around us are the construction of new canals and artificial water systems aimed at maintaining soil fertility. And to keep the air clean, many factories install specially designed filters to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere.

Such reasonable and careful attitude to the world around us definitely has a positive impact on nature.

Every day positive influence human interaction with nature is increasing, and this cannot but affect the ecology of our entire planet. Therefore, the struggle of man for the preservation of rare species of flora and fauna, the preservation of rare species of plants is so important.

Mankind has no right to violate the natural balance of nature and lead to depletion through its activities. natural resources. To do this, it is necessary to control the extraction of minerals, carefully monitor and carefully treat the fresh water reserves on our planet. And it is very important to remember that it is we who are responsible for the world around us and it depends on us how our children and grandchildren will live!

What are the three forms of negative human impact on the environment mentioned in the text? Give examples of each of the forms of negative environmental impact indicated in the text.

Read the text and complete tasks 21-24.

In our century, the solution of a number of problems can no longer be limited to the scale of one country, they have to be solved on the scale of our entire planet. Such a perception of the planetary nature of man's relationship with nature first arose in connection with the advent of atomic bomb and the threat of a global nuclear war. It is generally accepted that such a war, wherever it may arise, in a few hours could poison the entire globe and end the life of a person. This threat is what makes people refuse to use nuclear weapons.

Now the world population is estimated at 3.7 billion people. If it continues to grow at the same rate (on average 2% per year) as in this century, then in 700 years our planet will be so densely populated that for every square meter the entire surface of the globe will account for one person. Of course, this is impossible, and the process of increasing human reproduction must be interrupted long before that. When and under what factors this will happen and what civilization will turn into is the most important global problem of the near future.

One of the most important global problems is related to energy, since the use of natural energy resources by people is the main factor determining the level of modern civilization and the well-being of mankind. Now the largest source of raw materials in energy is coal, and if its consumption stops at the current level, then coal reserves will be enough for about a thousand years. Even if humanity does not grow, but per capita energy consumption grows at the same rate as in the last 100 years, then coal reserves will only last 100-150 years. An even closer crisis can be foreseen for other types of raw materials. For example, silver will last within 13-40 years, lead - 20-60 years, etc. (taking into account the use of new, not yet found natural reserves on a fivefold scale).

The depletion of raw materials of some important substances already threatens our generation. And therefore, the solution of issues related to the technical and economic aspect of the problem of "man and nature" should be considered urgent. But here the socio-political aspect immediately arises: due to the global nature, the solution of these issues is impossible on a national scale, it is real only with broad international cooperation based on the principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different social systems.

The next problem - ecological - arises as a result of imbalance in nature due to environmental pollution on the same global scale. The difficulty in solving this problem lies in the fact that the global scale of technical processes at the current level of civilization began to change the environment around us in such a way - pollute the air, water and soil, destroy forests, change natural landscapes - that the biological balance that existed in nature until now can no longer be preserved, and this begins to lead to the death of fauna and flora, which are necessary for the existence of people.

When a shortage of materials and energy resources begins to arise on a global scale and this begins to catastrophically affect the level of people's well-being, then humanity will have no other choice but to start reducing weapons, since the risk of death from aggression will be less real than the danger of death from lack material resources. In addition, since the solution of global problems should take place with close international cooperation, people will begin to feel that they live in a common apartment and that all of humanity has only one common enemy: this is the upcoming global crisis, with which, forgetting all strife, we must begin fight together.

(according to P. L. Kapitsa)

Explanation.

A correct answer must contain the following elements:

Three forms of negative human impact on the environment in the text with examples;

1) air, water and soil pollution (for example, air, water and soil pollution as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant);

2) deforestation (for example, deforestation of the Amazon);

3) change in natural landscapes (for example, the reduction in the area of ​​the Aral Sea; soil erosion as a result of improper management during the development of virgin lands in the USSR).

The standards of environmental legislation have been in force in all regions of the Russian Federation since 2002. But in 2016, Federal Law No. 7 has undergone some changes. As follows from the legislative provisions, all jur. persons and individual entrepreneurs using NV objects (adversely affecting nature) in their management are required to replenish the State Treasury with appropriate deductions (NVOS). Payment for the negative impact on the environment is a mandatory annual contribution of nature users, characterized as a cover for the damage caused to the nature and ecology of the country as a result of the use of NV objects in their management. The obligation to make mandatory contributions to the Treasury is established by Article 16 of the Federal Law No. 7.

The concept of compensation for polluting nature implies financial contributions by nature users to the country's budget, acting as compensation for damage from causing environmental damage. The payment is made once a year or every quarter, depending on the form of ownership of the company. The established contributions are aimed at encouraging legal entities. individuals and individual entrepreneurs to take appropriate measures to reduce the degree of adverse impact emanating from the use of NV facilities, including the erection of environmental structures. the federal law No. 7 contains some generalized requirements for contributions for negative environmental impact, as well as the rules and frequency of their deductions (Article 16 of the Federal Law No. 7). Reimbursements of users of natural resources are subject to transfer to the State Treasury of the Russian Federation.

Guided by the same article 16 of the Federal Law No. 7, it is customary to consider the following as an adverse effect:

• release of radioactive and other polluting components and compounds into the atmosphere by permanent resources;
• discharges of radioactive and other polluting substances into drains, as well as drainage channels;
• conservation and disposal of waste materials obtained in the course of production activities.

For the above types of negative impact on the environment, both Federal Law No. 7 and Government Decree No. 255 provide for a fee.

The procedure for filing a declaration-calculation for NV and the deadlines for paying contributions

The calculation of compensation is reflected in the NVOS declaration, which is submitted to the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The document submission deadline is March 10 of the year following the reporting period. That is, the declaration-calculation for 2017, users of natural resources should be sent no later than March 10, 2018.

The document reflects the calculation of the mandatory reimbursement, the payment deadline for which is determined before March 1 of the year following the tax period. At the same time, it should be pointed out that the payment for negative impact has a different frequency, depending on the type of management. For example:

1. Large businesses must pay quarterly. The payment deadline is the 20th day of the month following the reporting quarter.
2. Small and medium-sized businesses make payments every 12 months. Deadline not later than March 1 of the year following the tax period.
3. If the entity has only been registered at the start of entrepreneurial activity, regardless of its business class, it must make payments for the negative impact on the environment in the current period based on the results of the past year, that is, before March 1 of the year following the reporting period.

The obligation to submit the calculation of the NVOS and pay it

According to the rules of environmental legislation, all legal entities are required to pay the NVOS and submit a declaration. persons and individual entrepreneurs performing their production activities using facilities that have an adverse impact on the environment. Taking into account the degree of environmental damage, the NV property is divided into categories, respectively, and the calculation of contributions for them will be excellent. The calculation method and the result obtained are reflected in the declaration.

It should be noted that objects belonging to category IV are not subject to the calculation of the NEI, that is, users of natural resources are completely exempted from paying the fee. This means that such objects have distinctive features in terms of causing environmental damage:

• do not produce radioactive emissions;
• the volume of pollution entering the atmosphere does not exceed 10 tons per year;
• the economic activity of the enterprise does not affect the clogging of wastewater.

The level of danger of objects is determined by Rosprirodnadzor after an appropriate assessment of the property of the enterprise.

As with all obligatory payments made to the budget, their own CBCs have been developed for negative environmental impacts, which reflect the direction of budget funds.

For late filing of the declaration and payment of contributions, the legislation provides for penalties.

The amount of fines is set as follows

• officials - from 3,000 to 6,000 rubles;
• legal entities - from 50,000 to 100,000 rubles.

Contributions for NVOS

For enterprises making contributions to the budget for environmental damage, the relevant CSC codes are provided, the negative impact on the environment in 2018 will be transferred by users of natural resources according to the 20-digit codes given in the Letter of Rosprirodnadzor No. AC-06-01-36 / 6155 dated April 11, 2016 of the year.

Table. CSC for NVOS.

In conclusion, we note that the main task of legislators in relation to the payment for NVOS is to encourage enterprises to preserve and restore environmental facilities. In addition, the calculation of the fee regulates the efficiency of the use of resource-saving sources.

Natural environment (nature) - a set of components natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects. Components of the natural environment - earth, bowels, soils, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere

and near-Earth outer space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth.

By the end of the XX century. pollution of the environment with waste, emissions, wastewater from all types of industrial production, Agriculture, public utilities of cities have become global, which has brought humanity to the brink of ecological disaster. The sources of pollutants are diverse, as well as the types of waste and the nature of their impact on the components of the biosphere. The biosphere is polluted with solid waste, gas emissions and wastewater from metallurgical, machine-building and metal-working plants. Great harm is done water resources wastewater pulp and paper, food, woodworking, petrochemical industries. Development road transport led to the pollution of the atmosphere of cities and transport communications with toxic metals and toxic hydrocarbons, and the constant increase in the scale of shipping caused almost universal pollution of the seas and oceans with oil and oil products, especially in the center of Europe.

The massive use of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products has led to the appearance of pesticides in the atmosphere, soils and natural waters, pollution of water bodies and agricultural products with biogenic elements. During development, millions of tons of various rocks are extracted to the surface of the earth, forming dusty and burning waste heaps and dumps. During the operation of chemical plants and thermal power plants, a huge amount of solid waste (calcine, slag, ash) is also generated, which are stored over large areas, having a negative impact on the atmosphere, surface and groundwater. The replacement of natural materials with synthetic ones leads to a number of unintended consequences. Biochemical cycles include a large list of synthetic compounds that are not typical for virgin natural environments. For example, if soap gets into a reservoir, the basis of which is natural compounds - fats, then the water is self-purifying. If synthetic detergents containing phosphates enter the water, this leads to the reproduction of blue-green algae and the reservoir dies.

The development of road transport has led to the pollution of the atmosphere of cities and transport communications with toxic metals and toxic hydrocarbons, and the constant increase in the scale of maritime transport has caused almost universal pollution of the seas and oceans with oil and oil products. The massive use of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products has led to the appearance of pesticides in the atmosphere, soils and natural waters, pollution of reservoirs and agricultural products with biogenic elements.

The main sources of oil and oil products pollution of soils and surface water are oilfields on land and the continental shelf.

The cause of pollution is, as a rule, gross violations of the technology of extraction, processing and distribution of oil and oil products, various emergency situations. total weight Oil products that annually enter the seas and oceans are approximately estimated at 5-10 million tons. Oil products, getting into the water, cause serious damage to aquatic living organisms. The oil refining industry pollutes the atmosphere with such a dangerous compound as sulfuric acid, which is used in large quantities in petrochemical technologies.

Human impact on the natural environment - all types of human activities and objects created by him, causing certain changes in nature.

Diverse impacts on the natural environment can be conditionally combined into several groups:

• - removal from nature of matter (mineral, organic, water, air) and energy (thermal, hydraulic, wind, sun, etc.);
• - introduction of artificial substances and emissions into nature, including industrial and non-industrial consumption waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, chemically active, toxic, radioactive, as well as more inert substances, emissions of thermal, sound energy, etc.;
• - redistribution of natural matter due to plowing and land reclamation, engineering preparation of land for construction, development, use;
• - transformation of components or processes of nature, construction of technical objects, accompanied by changes in landscapes (desiccation, waterlogging, watering, etc.), changes in the regimes of natural processes (wind speeds, temperatures, precipitation, etc.).

In the territorial aspect, the following types of impacts may differ:

• * point-focal (impact of industry and settlements);
• * linear network (impact of transport);
• * areal (impacts of agriculture).

Consequences of the impact - changes in the state of the economy or the life of the population, occurring under the influence of a changed natural environment. Such consequences, as already noted, can be both positive for society and negative. Many changes in the natural environment are perceived by us as a deterioration in its quality, as well as in the quantity of natural resources (primary consequences). They entail the deterioration of the health of the population and working conditions, the working conditions of equipment, the deterioration in quality and the decrease in the quantity of products of nature management industries, etc. The analysis of the consequences of the impact of anthropogenic activities on the natural environment pursues the following goals:

• - identification of the main types, scales, nature and trends in the manifestation of consequences in the social and economic spheres, the intensity of the manifestation of consequences in the territorial and sectoral structure of the economy, especially in land use systems, as well as in settlement systems
• - establishing links between changes in the natural environment and natural resources and the consequences in the social and economic spheres;
• - zoning according to the nature and scale of consequences, identification of areas with the most pronounced economic and social consequences.

The most important task facing all mankind is to preserve the diversity of all organisms living on Earth. All species (vegetation, animals) are closely interconnected. The destruction of even one of them leads to the disappearance of other species interconnected with it.

From the very moment when man invented tools and became more or less intelligent, his comprehensive influence on the nature of the planet began. The more man developed, the greater the impact he had on the Earth's environment. How does man influence nature? What is positive and what is negative?

Negative points

There are pluses and minuses of human influence on nature. First, let's look at negative examples of detrimental:

1. Deforestation associated with the construction of highways, etc.
2. Soil pollution occurs due to the use of fertilizers and chemicals.
3. Reducing the number of populations due to the expansion of areas for fields with the help of deforestation (animals, losing their normal habitat, die).
4. The destruction of plants and animals due to the difficulties of their adaptation to a new life, greatly changed by man, or simply their extermination by people.
5. and water by diverse and by people themselves. For example, in pacific ocean there is a "dead zone" where a huge amount of garbage floats.

Examples of human influence on the nature of the ocean and mountains, on the state of fresh water

The change in nature under the influence of man is very significant. The flora and fauna of the Earth suffer greatly, water resources are polluted.

As a rule, light debris remains on the surface of the ocean. In this regard, the access of air (oxygen) and light to the inhabitants of these territories is hindered. Numerous species of living creatures are trying to look for new places for their habitat, which, unfortunately, not everyone succeeds.

Every year, ocean currents bring millions of tons of garbage. This is the real disaster.

Deforestation on mountain slopes also has a negative impact. They become bare, which contributes to the occurrence of erosion, as a result, loosening of the soil occurs. And this leads to destructive collapses.

Pollution occurs not only in the oceans, but also in fresh water. Every day, thousands of cubic meters of sewage or industrial waste enter the rivers.
And contaminated with pesticides, chemical fertilizers.

The terrible consequences of oil spills, mining

Just one drop of oil renders approximately 25 liters of water unfit for drinking. But this is not the worst. A fairly thin film of oil covers the surface of a huge area of ​​water - about 20 m 2 of water. It is detrimental to all living things. All organisms under such a film are doomed to a slow death, because it prevents the access of oxygen to the water. This is also a direct human influence on the nature of the Earth.

People extract minerals from the bowels of the Earth, formed over several million years - oil, coal, and so on. Such industrial production, together with cars, is emitted into the atmosphere carbon dioxide in huge quantities, which leads to a catastrophic decrease in the ozone layer of the atmosphere - the protector of the Earth's surface from the death-bearing ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

Over the past 50 years, the air temperature on Earth has increased by only 0.6 degrees. But this is a lot.

Such warming will lead to an increase in the temperature of the World Ocean, which will contribute to the melting of polar glaciers in the Arctic. Thus, the most global problem- the ecosystem of the Earth's poles is disturbed. Glaciers are the most important and voluminous sources of clean fresh water.

benefit of people

It should be noted that people bring some benefit, and considerable.

From this point of view, it is also necessary to note the influence of man on nature. The positive lies in the activities carried out by people to improve the ecology of the environment.

In many vast areas of the earth, different countries protected areas, reserves and parks are organized - places where everything is preserved in its original form. This is the most reasonable influence of man on nature, positive. In such protected areas, people contribute to the conservation of flora and fauna.

Thanks to their creation, many species of animals and plants have survived on Earth. Rare and already endangered species are necessarily listed in the Red Book created by man, according to which fishing and collection are prohibited.

Also, people create artificial water channels and irrigation systems that help maintain and increase

On a large scale, activities are also carried out for the planting of diverse vegetation.

Ways to solve emerging problems in nature

To solve problems, it is necessary and important, first of all, the active influence of man on nature (positive).

What about biological resources(animals and plants), then they should be used (extracted) in such a way that individuals always remain in nature in quantities that contribute to the restoration of the previous population size.

It is also necessary to continue work on the organization of reserves and planting forests.

Carrying out all these activities to restore and improve the environment is a positive impact of man on nature. All this is necessary for the good of oneself.

After all, the well-being of human life, like all biological organisms, depends on the state of nature. Now all mankind faces the most important problem - the creation of a favorable state and stability of the living environment.