"Political map of the world" - Types of countries. Island Peninsular Archipelagos Mainland. Country. The largest state of the Earth by area: a) Canada; b) Russia; To China; d) USA. political map world - a kind of mirror of the era. Political geography. China -1 Russia - 7. Conclusion. Typology of countries. Number and grouping of countries.
"Political fragmentation" - Monitored the collection of taxes, led the militia. Veche - People's Assembly. Bishop (archbishop) was in charge of church affairs, the treasury, supervised foreign policy. Map "Political fragmentation of Russia in XII - early XIII". Salt deposits were of great importance for the region. Main political centers Russia.
"The political system of Russia" - The only reason for refusing registration can be the extremist provisions of the party program. We are dealing with a crisis in the management of both the state and socio-political processes. 5 theses about the Russian welfare state. Who will drive modernization? Preface section i. Russian modernization in 21st century: short course section ii.
"Forms of political behavior" - 1. Variety of forms of political behavior. 2. Political terrorism. 3. Regulation of political behavior. political terrorism. political behavior. MARGINAL (from French marginal - side, in the margins), insignificant, insignificant, secondary; intermediate. Causes of terrorism:
"Changing the political system" - Fill in the table. Until October 17, 1905, the emperor. Features of the Russian multi-party system. After October 17, 1905, the emperor. Changes in the political system. The electoral law of Russia: place the symbols on the diagram. Changes in the political system of the Russian Empire.
"Man in the political system" - Typology of political culture. Functions of political culture. Provincial (lack of interest in politics and knowledge of the political system). Vertical, reflecting the existing differences in the political orientations of the "masses" and "elites". Aspects of political socialization. Subservient (orientation towards political institutions with a low level of individual activity).
- 1 –The lesson was developed by a history teacher of the first category
MBOU "Secondary School No. 29", Norilsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory
Polenok Tatyana Mikhailovna
The lesson was developed according to the course "History of Russia" for grade 9
Lesson "Political Development in the 1920s"
The purpose of the lesson: to bring students to an understanding of the changes that have occurred in the political
sphere of the state in the 20s, to reveal the causes and results of the inner-party
struggle.
Type of lesson: combined (teacher's lecture combined with independent work
students in groups and individually with the text of the textbook, documents,
table, the performance of problematic tasks, students' performances on
preliminary tasks, filling in the table, holding a discussion)
Lesson equipment: textbook § 21 "History of Russia in the XX - early XXI century"
A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina, M.Yu. Brandt.
Reader on the history of Russia XX century
Table "Leaders of the party and state in the 20s."
Table "Struggle for power in the Bolshevik Party"
Lesson Plan
1. Splicing of the state and party apparatus
2. Approval of a one-party political system
3. Intra-party struggle for power
During the classes
1. Merging of the state and party apparatus.
The study of this issue begins with the formulation of a problematic assignment to the class, followed by a lecture by the teacher, the disclosure of the concept of "political system", the work of students with the text of the textbook, a table, work on the question of the conclusions of the students is completed.
Teacher
Assignment to the class The political system established during the years of the Civil War at the 12th Congress
The RCP(b) was called the "dictatorship of the party"
Why did the congress come to this conclusion?
Teacher
What do we mean by "political system"?
The political system is a set of institutions (ie bodies, organizations) that perform political functions. In the 1920s, separate links of the political system were: the Soviet state, the Bolshevik Party, public organizations, among which the most massive were the Komsomol and trade unions. It was believed that all bodies and organizations participate in public administration. But was it really so?
The work of students with the text of the textbook and the proposed table.
Assignment for students. Based on the text of the textbook (§21, p.155), study the composition of the Politburo, recall the most active party leaders and get acquainted with the contents of the table.
What conclusion can be drawn from these data?
2 -
table
Party and state leaders in the 20s.
chairmen
All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR and
Central Executive Committee of the USSR Heads
SNK RSFSR
and USSR Leaders
bodies
security
(VChK - OGPU - NKVD) Leaders
armed
forces
Kamenev L.B.
October-November 1917
Sverdlov Ya.M.
1917-1919
Kalinin M.I.
1919-1946 Lenin V.I.
1917-1924
Rykov A.I.
1924-1930
Molotov V.M.
1930-1941
Stalin I.V.
1941-1953 Dzerzhinsky F.E.
1917-1926
Menzhinsky V.R.
1926-1934
Yagoda G.G.
1934-1936
Ezhov N.I.
1936-1938
Beria L.P.
1938-1941 Trotsky L.D.
1918-1925
Frunze M.V.
January-October
1925
Voroshilov K.E.
1925-1940
Timoshenko S.K.
1940-1941
Stalin I.V.
1941-1947
Teacher (summarizes what students have said)
The main positions in the political system in the 1920s were occupied by the RCP(b) (since 1925 - the VKP(b)). The RCP(b) actually performed the functions of organs of the state. Political decisions were made first by the Central Committee of the party, and then fixed in the decisions of the Soviets. Party leaders also led state bodies. The party carried out "selection and placement of cadres."
Pupils formulate the answer to the task assigned to the class
A totalitarian state is being formed in the USSR, the most important features of which are the merging of the party and state apparatus and the monopoly of the political party on power. Having concentrated state and party power in its hands, the RCP (b) established complete control over the political system, which is why at the XII Congress of the RCP (b) it was called the dictatorship of the party
2. Approval of a one-party political system.
This issue is studied by combining the teacher's story, independent work students with documents, students' speeches on preliminary assignments are heard
Work of students with documents
Document
From the opening speech of V.I. Lenin at the Tenth Congress of the RCP (b)
…..We have experienced an exceptional year, we have allowed ourselves the luxury of discussions and disputes within our party. For a party that is surrounded by enemies, the most powerful, strongest enemies that unite the entire capitalist world, for a party that bears an unheard-of burden, this luxury was truly amazing!
Questions for the document
Against whom is Lenin's speech directed?
Why does he call discussions in the party a luxury?
What dangers inevitably arise from this?
Document
From the resolution of the Tenth Congress of the RCP(b) "On the Unity of the Party"
.... The congress orders the immediate dissolution of all, without exception, groups formed on one platform or another, and instructs all organizations to strictly monitor the prevention of any factional actions. Failure to comply with this decision of the congress should lead to unconditional expulsion from the party.
Questions for the document
What issue was raised in the resolution?
What measures should be taken against people who created or joined the opposition in the RCP(b)?
What benefits does the ban on the activities of factions give the party?
Teacher (summarizes students' answers)
The adoption by the congress of the resolution "On the Unity of the Party", which prohibited the creation of factions and groups in the RCP (b) that had a point of view different from the party leadership, opened up the possibility of reprisals against people objectionable to the party leadership and strengthening the party from within. The difficult economic and political situation in the country by the beginning of the 20s required the destruction of any manifestation and external ideological and political opposition. To this end, the RCP (b) begins a decisive struggle against the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks.
Students (student messages are heard on advanced tasks)
Material for the student's report: "The struggle of the Bolsheviks against the political opposition - the parties of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries"
After the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly until the summer of 1918, the Menshevik and Social Revolutionary parties were legal: their newspapers were published, and local party committees nominated candidates for elections to local Soviets, trade unions, cooperative organizations, etc. But the press organs were gradually closed, and where the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks won in the elections to the Soviets, the election results were declared invalid (this was the case in Tambov in the spring of 1918). -Left Socialist-Revolutionary coalition broke up, and the "left opposition" appeared in the ranks of the Bolsheviks. But the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries failed to find an ally in the person of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries or "Left Communists".
In May 1918, the Social Revolutionary squads took part in the speech of the Czechoslovak corps, in Samara the power of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) was proclaimed. By a resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 14, 1918, the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks were accused of organizing armed uprisings against the workers and
peasants, and it was proposed to remove them from the Soviets. Elections to the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets were to be held without the participation of Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries.
Representatives of Komuch in September 1918 participated in the creation of the Directory in the territory liberated from Bolshevism. November 18, 1918 Kolchak overthrew the Directory, establishing a military dictatorship. Caught in 1918 between two dictatorships - the Bolsheviks and the Whites - the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries were forced to choose the lesser of two evils and, under the circumstances, preferred cooperation with the Reds. The Menshevik Party was legalized in November 1918, the Socialist-Revolutionary Party - in February 1919. Despite this, full-fledged political organizations these parties never did.
The leaders of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries used the rostrums of the 7th and 8th All-Russian Congress of Soviets to criticize the policy of "war communism". Strikes in Petrograd, speeches in Kronstadt, the Tambov uprising, unrest in the Don, Kuban, and Siberia showed that the rebels spontaneously repeat the political slogans of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries. The Bolsheviks declared every anti-Bolshevik speech anti-Soviet, although the rebels did not oppose the Soviets. Thus, at the beginning of 1921, the Bolsheviks again went over to a ruthless struggle against the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, without abandoning their program of economic revival of the country. The Social Revolutionaries, in turn, took an active part in the armed opposition to Bolshevism.
In an attempt to explain the repressions against the socialist parties, the Bolsheviks held open trials, the most famous of which was the June-August 1922 trial in Moscow. The leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party were accused of organizing conspiracies to overthrow Soviet power, of complicity
White Guards and foreign interventionists, in counter-revolutionary propaganda and agitation. The Supreme Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee sentenced the defendants to death, but suspended the execution of the sentence. The convicts became political hostages in order to warn the SRs who remained at large from speaking out against the authorities.
In June 1923, the Central Committee of the RCP(b) developed a secret instruction "On Measures to Combat the Mensheviks", which set the task of crushing the Menshevik Party. During 1923, the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, suspected of illegal political activity subjected to systematic repression.
The best outcome for the repressed was emigration, but it extended only to the most famous figures of the opposition parties. Those who did not show remorse were doomed to exile in Siberia or in camps special purpose- Arkhangelsk, Kholmogorsk, Pertominsky. In the summer of 1923 these prisoners were sent to Solovki.
Material for a student's report on the topic: "The fate of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party"
The faction of the Left SRs was formed at the III Congress of the AKP in May 1917. In all subsequent events, including the preparation and conduct of the October Revolution, the Left SRs collaborated with the Bolsheviks. On November 19, the constituent congress of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party met in Petrograd, which confirmed the course for a coalition with the Bolsheviks, including on the question of the Constituent Assembly. At the Second Congress of Soviets, the Left Social Revolutionaries joined the All-Russian Central Executive Committee; acting as an opposition party, they used the tactics of inquiries to the SNK. On November 18, 1917, the PLSR decided to become part of the Council of People's Commissars, heading six people's commissariats. The cooperation of the parties continued until the ratification of the Brest Treaty. The PLSR withdrew from the Council of People's Commissars, but remained in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, collegiums of people's commissariats, and other institutions. In the late spring of 1918, the Socialist-Revolutionaries actively opposed the decrees "On the Food Dictatorship" and "On the Committees of the Poor". They also protested against the decision of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of June 14, 1918. The leaders of the PLSR believed that the policy of the Bolsheviks was due to their orientation towards Germany. On June 24, the Central Committee of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party decided to undertake a series of terrorist acts against the most prominent representatives of German imperialism.
At the Fifth Congress of Soviets, after the first meeting, it became clear that the Bolsheviks did not intend to revise the political line. Then the Central Committee of the PLSR decides on the murder the German ambassador Count Mirbach. This was, according to their plan, to persuade Germany to break the peace treaty. The consequences of this event were completely opposite. The July 6 action not only led to the arrest of prominent representatives of the party, but also split the party. The most irreconcilable part of it did not change its attitude towards the policy of the Bolsheviks.
In the summer of 1919, the Central Committee of the PLSR rejected the methods of armed struggle against the Soviet regime. However, not all party members agreed with this. In 1920, an independent center was formed, which did not submit to the majority. But on the whole, the ranks of the party were noticeably thinning. At the last conference of the Left SRs in June 1922, 23 delegates were present. By the end of 1922, the collapse of the organization became a fact. Some of its leaders went to the Bolsheviks, others were in exile and prisons, and others were in exile. The party completely lost the support of the people.
Teacher
With the defeat of the Menshevik and Socialist-Revolutionary parties, the political opposition outside the Bolshevik Party ceased to exist. The country has a one-party political system.
3. Intra-party struggle for power.
To study this issue, after introductory remarks teachers, the class is divided into four groups, each group receives a task, after the performance of each group a table is drawn up.
5 –
Teacher
In mid-December 1922, Lenin's health deteriorated sharply. Concerned about the fate of the party, Lenin, in late 1922 and early 1923, dictated a "Letter to the Congress", known as Lenin's "Testament", where he characterized the political and personal qualities of six prominent party figures: Stalin, Trotsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Bukharin and Pyatakov and warned of possible conflicts between Trotsky and Stalin, which could lead to a split in the party. Noting that Stalin had concentrated enormous power in his hands, Lenin expressed doubt whether Stalin would be able, by virtue of negative traits character, always use it carefully in the office of Secretary General. Lenin proposed to remove Stalin from the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). After Lenin's death, a sharp struggle for power flared up in the party leadership. The 13th Party Congress decided to leave Stalin in the post of General Secretary, since he promised to correct the shortcomings in his character.
After the end of the Civil War, the RCP(b) had to solve complex political and economic problems, in the solution of which different points of view arose in the party leadership, and opposition groups formed.
The task
Determine the reasons for the formation of opposition groups in the party, the essence of their differences (work of students in groups with the text of the textbook)
Group 1 considers the reasons for the formation of the "workers' opposition" (§ 21 p. 155, p. 1)
Group 2 considers the reasons for the confrontation between Stalin and Trotsky (§ 21 p. 158, p. 4)
Group 3 considers the reasons for the formation of a “new opposition” (§ 21 p. 159, p. 4)
Group 4 considers the reasons for the formation of the “right opposition” (§ 21 p. 160, p. 5)
The conclusions of each group are recorded by all students in a table.
Years Opponents The essence of disagreements
1921 "Workers' opposition"
Shaposhnikov A.G. Stalin I.V.
Kollontai A.M. and his supporters
Medvedev S.P. The "workers' opposition" opposed the intervention of the party in all spheres of society and the state (the party should engage in agitation and propaganda, the Soviets - the state)
At the 10th Party Congress, a resolution "On Party Unity" was adopted, and the views of the "workers' opposition" were condemned.
1923-1924
Trotsky L.D. Stalin I.V.
and his supporters and his supporters
. Trotsky L.D. - criticized the division of the party into professional party functionaries, elected from above, and into the party mass, not participating in party life.
Trotsky L.D. believed that without a world revolution the building of socialism in the USSR was impossible.
Stalin I.V. accused Trotsky L.D. and his supporters in that they do not believe in the possibility of building socialism in the USSR, anti-Leninism, in undermining the unity of the party.
1926
"New Opposition"
Kamenev L.B. Stalin I.V.
Zinoviev G.E. Bukharin N.I.
"New Opposition" - opposed the course of Bukharin N.I. in agriculture
(land lease, use of hired labor, tax incentives, enrichment course) called "village NEP"
Stalin I.V. supported Bukharin N.I.
1927
"Right Opposition"
Bukharin N.I. Stalin I.V.
Rykov A.I. and his supporters
Tomsky M.P. Political differences arose in connection with the grain procurement crisis.
The "Right Opposition" believed that the causes of the crisis were the mistakes of the party leadership
IV Stalin and his supporters considered the causes of the crisis to be a violation of economic proportions. Stalin suggested throwing all resources into industrialization and reorganization Agriculture, accelerating the creation of large collective farms.
Stalin accused Bukharin and all his supporters of a "right deviation" incompatible with being in the party
Teacher
By the end of the 20s. opposition groups were crushed by Stalin, and the participants were withdrawn from the party, some were expelled from the USSR as "enemies of the people and spies of foreign states."
Some historians believe that in 1929 there was a political coup. It was not accompanied by a change in forms of power, there were no violent events. The composition of the party leadership simply changed dramatically, Stalin's political opponents were eliminated from the Politburo, personnel changes began in the Center and in the localities; finally, only supporters of Stalin remained in the Politburo, who recognized him as the only leader of the party.
4. Why I.V. Stalin won in the struggle for power
Teacher
Question to the class
Were the internal party differences a dispute about the ways of the country's further development, or was it a struggle for power?
Teacher (summarizes student performances)
Between 1923 and 1928 in the Bolshevik Party, a struggle for power unfolded between Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin and Stalin. In 1929, I.V. Stalin won the internal party struggle. His main opponents - Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev and Bukharin were removed from leading party posts.
Possessing outstanding organizational skills, he managed to achieve promotion to key positions in the center and in the field of his associates in the revolutionary past - V.M. Molotov, S.M. Kirov, L.M. Kaganovich, G.K. Orzhonikidze and others.
The General Secretary of the Central Committee carried out insidious tactics against his opponents. Knowing full well their weaknesses, their rivalry with each other, he divided them, provoked conflicts and disputes between them on theoretical issues, in which he himself initially did not participate. So, in the fight against Trotsky, the main role in 1923-1925. played by Zinoviev and Kamenev. In turn, Bukharin was the most active in refuting their views.
JV Stalin and his entourage took advantage of the fact that the meaning of theoretical discussions was incomprehensible to the majority of members of the CPSU (b), who were accustomed to simple and clear slogans. It turned out to be easy for ordinary party members to convince that the "theoreticians" who imposed discussions on the CPSU(b) were in fact engaged in splitting activities and should be fought against.
7 –
Gradually, most members of the party began to perceive Stalin as a defender of the unity of the party, an implacable fighter against all kinds of "deviators".
Stalin put forward the thesis that became fundamental for his entire policy: as the country moves towards socialism class struggle will inevitably escalate. The thesis, convenient in that it easily explained why the old revolutionaries became enemies, led to the idea of the need to rally around the leader.
The lesson ends with a summary of the studied material.
Questions for students
What changes took place in the political system of the country in the 1920s? What significance did they have for the further political development of the country?
Homework
§ 21, questions and assignments p.162
Municipal budgetary educational institution
Fedorovskaya Secondary School No. 5
Plan - abstract of an open lesson
«POLITICAL SYSTEM IN THE 20-S. THE FIRST DECADES OF SOVIET POWER
IN THE OB-IRTYSH NORTH»
History and social studies teacher
Tsatsueva Nadezhda Vladimirovna
Fedorovsky
MBOU "Fedorovskaya secondary school No. 5"
Plan - summary of the lesson of the history of Russia in the 20th century.
Topic:“Political development in the 1920s. First decades Soviet power in the Ob-Irtysh North.
Target: to study the features of the political regime of the USSR in the 1920s. , their influence on the future life of Soviet society, as well as based on the materials of the school museum, to show their relationship with the history of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug.
Tasks:
1. To form in students an understanding of the features of the political regime of the 1920s. on the example of events and facts from the history of KhMAO;
2. To bring students to an understanding of the need for a humane approach to the study of the issues of the Civil War and the establishment of Soviet power in the KhMAO, and in general in Russia, in order to preserve the continuity of generations and take into account historical experience;
3. Continue the ability to give comparative characteristic historical events, work with historical sources and documents, draw conclusions.
Educational equipment:
interactive whiteboard, slide projector, presentations, materials and exhibits of the school museum.
Literature:
Collection scientific papers"History of Siberia in biographies" Surgut Publishing Center of SurSU 2009.
V.V. Kirilov, M.N. Chernova Lesson methodological developments and scenarios of lessons for the course of the history of Russia in the 20th century. A guide for the teacher. Moscow "Center for Humanitarian Education" 2000.
Scientific and methodological journal "Teaching History and Social Studies at School" No. 9 2009 Ya.V. Solovyov "Museum pedagogy at the present stage of development of historical education"
Mstory KhMAO from antiquity to the present day. Textbook for senior classes. Yekaterinburg NPMP "Volot" 1999
Internet resources.
During the classes:
Organizing time.
Updating of basic knowledge.
Today in the lesson we will study the topic “Political development in the 20s. The first decades of Soviet power in the Ob-Irtysh North.
To study the topic, we need to remember the meaning of the following concepts and terms:
1.intervention- armed interference in the internal affairs of foreign states
2.sovereignty t-complete independence of the state from other states 3. War communism- the economic policy of the Bolsheviks in the years civil war
4. rent-use of someone else's property under certain conditions
5.concession- leasing to foreign enterprises and persons of industrial enterprises
6 .food tax-tax from peasants
7.NEP.
Let's remember chronology of historical events. Task on the board:
TASK №1.
A Reforms of Stolypin P.A.
In Russo-Japanese War
D Civil War
D Bloody Sunday
(KEY: VDAGB)
TASK №2.
The beginning of the First World War
B Adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR
To the First State Duma
D Formation of the USSR
D Beginning of the NEP (key VABDG)
Exploring a new topic:
Merging of the state and party apparatus. Party dictatorship. Drawing up a diagram on the board.
(Serious government decisions adopted by the Central Committee of the RCP (b) after a preliminary discussion in a close circle of Bolshevik leaders in the Political Bureau (Politburo) of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) created in 1919. The composition included (independently according to the text of the textbook). The head of the party is also the head of the state. Who? (Lenin. Position Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars)SCHEME
RCP(b) PARTY GOVERNMENT SNK
Politburo (since 1919)
LENIN Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1918-1924) - (formally did not hold positions in the party, led the plenum)
Secretariat of the Central Committee
Stalin (Head of the Secretariat)
GENERAL SECRETARY (1922-1953)
Who manages the staff, he manages everything.
Presence of opposition (Shlyapnikov, Klontai, Medvedev)
In connection with the anti-Bolshevik uprising in Kronstadt, the participants in the suppression of which were delegates 10 Congress of the RCP (b) 1921, The main idea of the congress was the idea of party unity. Congress adopted resolution on the unity of the party. Beginning of approval....
Establishment of a one-party political system.
(accusation of complicity with the White Guards and interventionists, counter-revolutionary propaganda and agitation);
second stage 1923 Central Committee of the RCP(b) secret "Instruction on measures to combat the Mensheviks"
« Menshevik" negative ideological characterization.
The collapse and actual destruction of the Menshevik Party
3.Contradictions of the NEP.
Measures of the NEP? (Students: Freedom of trade and entrepreneurship, rent, concessions, etc.) In the economy, steps towards the market, towards freedom of economic relations, and in politics, on the contrary, a tightening of the regime.
At the end of 1922-beginning of 1923. Lenin "Letter to the Congress", containing a political description of Trotsky, Bukharin, Kamenev, Stalin. The receiver was not named. A special characteristic of Stalin. (More in the topic "Stalin's personality cult")
Stalin vs Trotsky. What are the contradictions between Stalin and Trotsky? (Find it yourself in the textbook pp. 158.-159)
Stalin accused Trotsky and his supporters of not believing in the victory of socialism in the USSR "in one single country."
1924 13th congress. The threat of the disintegration of the party from Trotsky. In 1925, the RCP (b) was renamed the VKP (b)
Bottom line: In 1927, Zinoviev was expelled from the party for trying to organize a demonstration, Kamenev and Trotsky were exiled to Alma-Ata in 1929.
"Right Deviation". Why did Stalin win?(ON ONE'S OWN)
Working with the source. (Attachment 1)
Establishment of a national district. Advance task: at students prepare their own message and presentation Appendix(Under the record, on December 10, 1930, the Ostyako-Vogulsky National District was formed, in 1940 it was renamed Khanty-Mansiysk.)
7. Word to the guides.
We will be introduced to other events of the district by the head. museum.
The first decades of Soviet power in the Ob-Irtysh north. Ideologization of the population - museum (slides and exhibits, music)
The processes that took place in the central regions of Russia, political, economic, social, did not bypass our district and the Surgut region. In our museum there are exhibits that can tell about the period that you are studying in history lessons.
Due to the growing role communist party, mass ideologization of the population began. In 1920 in Surgut, the first organization of the Komsomol was created, in the early 20s. pioneer and October, which developed under the leadership of the Komsomol. In the 1930s, the pioneer movement received a particularly broad development. If in October 1931 there were 1,200 pioneers in the Ostyako-Vogulsky district, then in April 1938 there were - almost 4 thousand 700. It should be noted that the pioneer organizations were engaged not only in the class education of children. Together with other schoolchildren, the pioneers worked on collective farms and at enterprises, were engaged in hunting, fishing and picking berries, helped those who were lagging behind in their studies, and participated in circles.
(exhibits - school uniform, tie, badges, diary of a pioneer leader, etc.)
(PHOTO - pioneers, Komsomol members, etc.)
The formation of the media. In enlightening the masses important role belonged to the periodical press. Shortly after the creation of the district, a printing house was opened in Samarovo, and on July 7, 1931. the first issue of the Khanty-Manchi shop (shoy) newspaper was published. Since 1935, it has become known as "Ostyako-Vogulskaya Pravda".
By 1940 6 regional newspapers in Russian and Khanty were published in the district. It must be borne in mind that all the organs of the press were then under strict Party control and steadily pursued the official line of mobilizing the masses for socialist construction, for the formation of a man of a new society.
(exhibits - "Pionerskaya Pravda", "Komsomolskaya Pravda", books about Lenin, etc.).
Student tour guide: Soon the Surgut region becomes one of the places of exile of the dispossessed, the so-called "enemies of the people", "kulaks". They made a significant contribution in the 30s. in the development and socio-economic development of the region. The productivity of the work of the special settlers would, of course, be even higher if it were not for the extremely difficult situation in which they found themselves through the fault of the local authorities, who were completely unprepared to accept such a large number of people (more than 1,700 families in the Surgut region alone). For the construction of housing in the allotted, as a rule, uninhabited places, special settlers, declared enemies of the people, did not have the most necessary things and often died in the very first winter. They were not allowed to move from one place to another. Every day they had to check in with the commandant. The special settlers were deprived of their civil rights, they were isolated from the local population at the place of residence and work. From the order: “It should be firmly remembered that special settlers are a socially dangerous element who is on a certain regime of people deprived of civil and political rights. They should not be regarded as the local population.”
Museum manager: So they wrote about people who did not commit any crimes, were simply evicted as supposedly "class alien elements." The authorities knew about the terrible living conditions, but deliberately did not take any measures. Working people were forced to starve, eat surrogates - sawdust, moss, wood rot, fish bones, fish scales, dust, grated hay ... People torn, almost barefoot, went to work in severe frost, frostbite on their feet. And the authorities wrote that they deliberately "roll in hospitals instead of working." Special settlers were forbidden to pick berries, mushrooms, cones, etc. in the forest. In many places they were forbidden to fish, they were deprived of medical care, they were mowed down by epidemics of typhus and other diseases. In general, everything was done that contributed to the physical destruction of the special settlers. Despite the injustice committed against them by the authorities, the special settlers worked in national economy, and during the Great Patriotic War Together with others, they defended their homeland.
(Exhibits - a samovar, a typewriter, wooden spoons, coasters, a gramophone).
This is our first meeting at the lesson, I hope, will develop into close cooperation. The museum has a wealth of material on recent history Russia, district, Surgut region, village, which can help you in educational process And extracurricular activities by history. Welcome to our museum, we are waiting for an invitation to the next history lessons.
Let's summarize the lesson:
Reflection. Attachment 1. SLIDE (3-5)
Today we got acquainted with the features of the political regime of the 20s.
Remember what political events are covered in the lesson? (according to the lesson plan)
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Lesson summary: on the board
D C.p. 21 learn the material of the lesson, using the materials of the textbook, independently identify the reasons for Stalin's victory, messages and presentations on the topics: “The Church in the first decades of the Soviets. power”, “Spiritual life in the 20s”
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Theme of the lesson: The main directions of the socio-political and state development of the USSR in the years of the twentieth century. The development of the economy of the USSR in the late 1990s. Forced modernization.
Lesson plan: 1. Soviet society in the 1900s. 2. The formation of the totalitarian system in the USSR in the 20-30s. 3. Adoption of the Constitution of the USSR.
1. Soviet society in the 1900s. The economic transformations of the late 1920s and early 1930s radically changed the structure of the population. 7% of rural residents worked at state agricultural enterprises - in state farms and MTS. Intensive industrial construction led to the birth of new cities. The number of urban population in the years. increased annually by 1.6 million people, in the years. by 2.04 million. By 1939, there were 56.1 million inhabitants in cities (32.9% of the total population).
The size of the working class increased significantly: from 8.7 million in 1928 to 20.6 million in 1937. Unemployment was eliminated. The main source of replenishment of the working class were the peasants who had left the countryside. The influx of yesterday's peasants replenished the ranks of unskilled labor, which led to staff turnover, a drop in discipline, industrial injuries, the production of defective products, and many negative moral and social consequences. However, part of the skilled workers, in connection with the transition to piecework wages, achieved high rates in the results of their work.
The structure of the rural population has changed. The number of peasants decreased several times. Over 90% of the total number of peasants worked on collective farms. They constituted a new social category of the population (“collectivist peasants”, the class of the collective farm peasantry).
In the years passed: the collectivization of agriculture and industrialization Collectivization is the process of uniting peasant farms into collective farms (collective farms in the USSR). The decision on collectivization was made at the XV Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1927. It was held in the USSR in the late 1920s and early 1930s (); in western regions Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova, in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania collectivization was completed in the years.
2. The formation of the totalitarian system in the USSR in the 20-30s. In the 20s. the formation of a one-party system was completed. Monarchist and liberal parties were liquidated in the first years after October revolution 1917 Intra-party struggle in the 1920s ended with the personal victory of Stalin, who by 1929 had seized absolute power in the party and state. A course was taken for industrialization, the collectivization of agriculture, and the establishment of a command economy.
What is totalitarianism? they call such a society in which 1) the multi-party system has been eliminated and there is a one-party political system; 2) the ruling party has grown together with the state apparatus and subjugated it to itself; 3) a single, obligatory ideology has been established; 4) there is no society independent of the control of the party and the state.
5) all public organizations and all public relations are directly controlled by the state; 6) there was a cult of the leader; 7) there is an extensive police apparatus that conducts repercussions against citizens; 8) civil rights, formally recognized, are in fact eliminated.
Signs of totalitarianism: the forcible imposition of public orders on citizens that affirm a single ideology; total control over all spheres of society; political monopoly of one party; ideological sterility and elimination of the opposition; the presence of an ideological leader; the presence of physical systems, socio-economic and psychological intimidation; mass terror;
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