Agriculture in southern Europe briefly. countries of southern europe

There are different classifications for dividing countries into regions. There are geographic ones, there is a UN classifier, there are copyright ones. Therefore, there is no doubt only that Southern Europe is the one that mediterranean sea, because this sea washes exactly the south of Europe. We will include in Southern Europe:

• Andorra, southern Spain and Portugal
• Monaco,
• states located on peninsula(Italy, Vatican, San Marino),
• Greece
• island states of Malta and Cyprus.

Sometimes Southern Europe also includes Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the southern regions of Ukraine and European part Turkey. But if memory serves, we have already entered them into.

important peculiarity of the situation of the countries of Southern Europe, which are located on the peninsulas and islands of the Mediterranean Sea, is that they are located on the main sea routes from Europe to Asia, Africa and Australia, and Spain and Portugal are also ports on the way to America. All these countries, their history and economy are closely connected with the sea.

Equally important is the fact that the region is located between the rest of Europe and the countries North Africa. Although the relations of the countries are carried out through the sea, these relations are multilateral and centuries-old. There were times when immigrants from Africa claimed leadership in this region, then vice versa - the north of Africa became colonies of Portugal, Italy and Spain. And Malta is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, led by Great Britain, i.e. still a colony (to put it bluntly).

The relief of the region is an alternation of lowlands, hilly ridges and individual mountain ranges up to 1000 m high.

Southern Europe. Climate

Southern Europe is a region dominated by a subtropical climate. The coast is dry and hot, especially in summer. Vegetation on the coast is practically absent, bare land and rocks. The waters of the Mediterranean Sea will delight you with pleasant temperatures starting from May. The average temperature in summer is about +24 °C, in winter it is quite cool - about +8C. Rainfall is about 1000-1500 mm per year.

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Inland waters

Southern Europe has a mountainous relief and a subtropical climate with dry summers, which form the peculiar conditions for the formation of a river network. Rivers are generally steep and shallow. On many of them, especially on the Iberian Peninsula, there are rapids in the lower reaches. The amount of water in the rivers fluctuates greatly throughout the year. In winter, during the rains, the rivers are quite muddy due to suspension from the banks and the bottom of the channel. In summer, the rivers become shallow, and some in the south of Italy and Greece dry up completely in the summer.

Flora and fauna

Even the names themselves are unusual: strawberry trees, holm oaks, myrtles, olives, grapes, citrus fruits, magnolia, cypresses, chestnuts, junipers. Animal world roe deer, servals, markhors, foxes, monitor lizards, wolves, badgers, raccoons. But the places where it all grows or runs to look for more - as it was written above, especially on the coast, the area is deserted from vegetation.

Population and economic activity

Traditionally, Southern Europe has a high birth rate, but the natural population growth is low. Peoples: Spaniards, Italians, Portuguese, Greeks. Population density, from 10 or more people per km² (someone wrote that this is a high density!?). The predominant religion is Catholicism.

List of countries in southern Europe. Tourism: capitals, cities and resorts. Maps of foreign states of the Southern Europe region.

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The sunniest, most cheerful and fertile region of the Old World, Southern Europe seems to have been created by the Creator exclusively for the tireless enjoyment of life. Absolutely everything that the soul and body needs is harmoniously combined in its open spaces: a wonderful climate, a warm sea and wonderful beaches - for any color and texture: pebble, white sand, and rocky, delicious, and most importantly, healthy cuisine, on whose ingredients they acquire a healthy blush even for slender young ladies, a variety of wines (also for every color and taste), and finally - an impressive number of sights and cultural objects, as well as (where without it!) Exciting and, importantly, high-quality shopping. In a word, there would be a desire - to realize anything is possible in Southern Europe.

It is easy to remember the countries of the region by reaffirming the rule: this includes everything related to the “southern shores”, primarily the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

These are the states located on the Iberian and Apennine Peninsulas: Portugal, Spain, Andorra and Italy, Vatican City, San Marino, respectively, plus the owners of their own access to the sea Monaco and Greece, the blessed Mediterranean islands of Malta and Cyprus and the countries of the Balkan Peninsula : Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, etc.

From a tourist point of view, Southern Europe is the most resort region of the “civilized” abroad, without focusing on the Arab surroundings or tropical exoticism. A high-quality beach holiday in a sedately noble European setting with a large share of spiritual food in the form of a rich “excursion”. Among other things, all the conditions for the “exchange of experience” are created here - thanks to a single Schengen visa, it costs nothing to combine a vacation somewhere on the Cote d'Azur with an excursion in the footsteps (and works) of da Vinci or a good time on the Alpine heights. As for the pricing policy, here Southern Europe offers simply mass coverage: if you want, go to the popular Greek resort for a couple of hundred EUR “from the nose”, or if you want, go to the pompous openwork palace on the Croisette. In this sense, South European beaches compare favorably with exotic ones - the shock of all five senses, of course, is not the same, but tourists with any scale of spending can afford to splash around in foreign territorial waters.

Somewhere in the Mediterranean

What else is good about Southern Europe is the climate that is pleasant for the domestic sense of touch. On the one hand, there are no sudden changes in the weather - summers are traditionally hot, winters are moderately cool. On the other hand, the longed-for warmth in the midst of the Russian winter (say, +18 ° C on the Italian "heel" in January) and the real Mediterranean summer, as opposed to the restless northern cyclones - with air trembling from the heat, cicadas torn in every way, piercing blue of the sea and sky and soothing warm evenings somewhere on the terrace of a fish restaurant in Cyprus.

And of course, one cannot fail to mention the mouth-watering dishes of South European cuisines, the mere sight of which makes even the staunchest adherents of gastronomic asceticism cloud their minds. All these soft cheeses, olives and new wine, juicy tomatoes and fresh herbs, a deafening variety of fish and seafood, an Edenic amount of ripe fruits, sweets, cakes and tartlets ... In general, you already understood that in Southern Europe you should definitely go into everything heavy, despite the conventions and despite the treacherously crawling to the next "top ten" arrow of the scales!

general characteristics economies of southern Europe. Long time In terms of economic development, the countries of Southern Europe were significantly inferior to the countries of Western and Northern Europe. However, at the end of the XX century. thanks to sound economic policies and assistance from the European Union, they managed to catch up. Today, the level of socio-economic development of the countries of Southern Europe is comparable to the average l / w of the EU. The main features of the economic development of the countries of Southern Europe are: good supply of labor resources and certain types of mineral resources; development of the economy in the conditions of a lack of own fuel and energy resources; a significant role in the economy of the countries of agriculture, and in it - the predominance of crop production over animal husbandry; the development of a powerful tourism business associated with the presence of a large number of historical and architectural monuments, as well as the exceptionally favorable natural conditions of the Mediterranean.

Industry. The formation of the industrial structure was affected almost complete absence of oil and natural gas in the region - the most important sources of energy and raw materials. Mineral fuels are supplied from the countries of Northern Europe, Russia, North Africa and the Middle East. As a result, the placement of industry is characterized by an attraction to the sea coasts. Most of the enterprises of the oil refining and petrochemical industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and light industry are concentrated here. The bulk of electricity is produced at thermal power plants running on fuel oil and natural gas. In Spain, 25% of electricity is produced by nuclear power plants. In conditions of shortage of mineral fuel, the use of renewable energy sources is relevant. In Italy and Spain, the role of hydropower is great. Numerous hydroelectric power plants, providing cheap energy, are built on mountain rivers in the Alps and the Pyrenees. Increasing development economies of southern Europe gets the use of solar energy.
In the port cities of Italy, Spain, Greece, where imported oil is delivered, a powerful oil refining and petrochemical industry has been formed. Ferrous metallurgy also depends on imported raw materials. Large deposits of coal and iron ore are only in Spain; however, their stocks are significantly depleted. Therefore, enterprises for the production of ferrous metals are also concentrated in port centers. Electrometallurgy prevails, as a result, the steel produced in these countries is of high quality. Leading industry in major countries ah of the region is engineering. Its basis is the production of vehicles - cars and trucks, marine vessels. Recently, electronics and electrical engineering, instrumentation has been developing at a high pace. The brands of Italian refrigerators and washing machines, computers of the Olivetti company are world famous. Machine tool building has reached a high level in Italy.
Traditionally important role in economic development economies of southern Europe play the light and food industries. The countries are major producers of cotton and woolen fabrics, knitwear, clothing and footwear, furniture, and jewelry. The food industry specializes in the production of pasta, olive oil, grape wines, canned vegetables and fruits, and juices. Rich reserves of various building stone and raw materials for the cement industry contribute to the development of production. A significant part of the products (facing tiles, marble, cement) is exported.
Agriculture. Feature of rural economies of southern Europe- the predominance of crop production over animal husbandry. The reason for this sectoral structure lies in natural conditions. The warm Mediterranean climate combined with artificial irrigation makes it possible to grow the most diverse range of agricultural plants in the world.. And the presence of a vast European market in the neighborhood contributes to the production of subtropical crops in large volumes. The disadvantage is the limited land suitable for the day of agriculture. The use of mountain slopes for agriculture is possible only with the help of terracing, which has been common in the Mediterranean countries for a long time. The most characteristic crops of the region are olives and grapes. A variety of vegetables and fruits are grown everywhere. Tomatoes stand out among vegetables, peaches, apricots, and cherries stand out among fruits. Most of typically subtropical crops - figs, citrus fruits - are exported. Cereals (wheat, barley, rice), legumes and gourds are produced for own needs. Of the industrial crops, sugar beets, tobacco and cotton are of the greatest importance.
The development of animal husbandry has always been hampered by a lack of food supply.. IN last years, unable to withstand the competition of highly specialized farms in Western and Northern Europe, livestock production is declining. All major branches of animal husbandry are represented in the region: breeding of large and small (sheep, goats) cattle, pigs, and poultry. Sheep are bred everywhere on natural pastures. Depending on the season, the herds are moved. Stable animal husbandry is combined with agriculture and is characteristic of the fertile lowlands, primarily of the Podan Plain in Italy. Here, as well as in the suburban areas of large cities, dairy farming, pig breeding and poultry farming are concentrated. Important role Seafood plays a major role in the diet of the inhabitants of the region.
Transport and services. On the transport system economies of southern Europe strongly influenced by the peninsular position. Maritime transport plays an important role in international and domestic transportation. All countries have a large merchant fleet, part of which is leased. The charter of sea vessels is especially developed in Greece. Air transport is developing intensively, carrying out both domestic and international transportation of passengers.. All major settlements The regions are interconnected by roads and railways. Through the tunnels built in the mountains, communications with the continental regions of Europe are carried out.
The development of the service sector is aimed at serving numerous foreign tourists. More than 100 million tourists from all over the world visit the countries of Southern Europe every year. They are attracted by favorable climate, warm sea combined with mountainous terrain, unique architectural ensembles of cities, high level services in numerous hotels and restaurants. Mountain resorts are very popular. The traditional place of pilgrimage for believers is the Vatican. Annual income from foreign tourism in each of the major countries in the region is tens of billions of dollars.

The article contains geographical characteristics region. Describes the economic features of the countries of Southern Europe. Contains interesting historical facts.

Briefly about the countries of Southern Europe

Southern Europe is the cradle of the greatest ancient civilizations, as well as the birthplace of the championing of Christianity throughout Europe. This region has produced the world's greatest explorers and conquerors. Southern Europe has a grandiose history. Evidence of this can be architectural structures and monuments of art.

The region's economy is based on:

• mining industry;
• animal husbandry;
• agriculture;
• the manufacture of machines and devices;
• skin;
• textiles;
• cultivation of agricultural and horticultural crops.

The main branch of specialization is agriculture. In addition, tourism infrastructure is actively developed in Southern Europe.

Rice. 1. San Marino.

The largest industrial centers are located in the northern regions of the region.

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Rice. 2. Italy on the map.

Also belongs to the region public education-Order of Malta, the current territory of which is only one mansion in Rome and a residence in Malta.

On the territory of the region, as a rule, the climate of subtropical Mediterranean orientation prevails.

List of Southern European countries and their capitals

Southern Europe is a region of the globe, which is localized in the southern European latitudes.

Rice. 3. Maltese representation in Rome.

The states that make up the content of the region are located for the most part on the Mediterranean coast.

Belgrade received city status in the 2nd century. This happened during the existence of the Roman Empire. Around the year 520, Slavic people began to inhabit the city.

The total population is close to 160 million people.

States of Southern Europe and their capitals:

• Albania - Tirana;
• Greece - Athens;
• Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo;
• Vatican - Vatican;
• Italy Rome;
• Spain Madrid;
• Macedonia - Skopje;
• Malta - Valletta;
• San Marino - San Marino;
• Portugal - Lisbon;
• Slovenia - Ljubljana;
• Serbia - Belgrade;
• Croatia - Zagreb;
• Montenegro - Podgorica.

The geographical specificity of the countries of Southern Europe, which are located on the peninsular and island areas of the Mediterranean, is that they are located on the main sea routes from Europe to Asia, Africa, and Australia. All states of the region are historically and economically closely connected with the sea.

What have we learned?

We found out which of the states that make up the region is the smallest, as well as which countries are included in Southern Europe. We learned the reason for the economic stability of some states of Southern Europe. Get an idea of ​​the geographic location of the region.

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If you do not take into account dependent regions and not fully recognized states, then Europe for 2017 covers 44 powers. Each of them has a capital in which not only its administration is located, but also the highest authority, that is, the government of the state.

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States of Europe

The territory of Europe stretches from east to west for more than 3 thousand kilometers, and from south to north (from the island of Crete to the island of Svalbard) for 5 thousand kilometers. The European powers are, for the most part, comparatively small. With such small sizes of territories and good transport accessibility, these states either closely border on each other or are separated by very small distances.

The European continent is divided territorially into parts:

• western;
• eastern;
• northern;
• southern.

All powers located on the European continent belong to one of these territories.

• IN western region located 11 countries.
• In the east - 10 (including Russia).
• In the north - 8.
• In the south - 15.

Let's list all the countries of Europe and their capitals. We will divide the list of countries and capitals of Europe into four parts according to the territorial and geographical position of the powers on the world map.

Western

List of states belonging to Western Europe, with a list of main cities:

The states of Western Europe are washed mainly by currents Atlantic Ocean and only in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula do they border on the waters of the Arctic Ocean. In general, these are highly developed and prosperous powers. But they are distinguished by an unfavorable demographic situation. This is a low birth rate and a low level of natural growth of inhabitants. In Germany, there is even a decline in population. All this has led to the development Western Europe began to play the role of a sub-region in the global system of population migration, it has become the main center of labor immigration.

Eastern

List of states located in the eastern zone of the European continent and their capitals:

States of Eastern Europe have a lower level of economic development than their western neighbors. But, they better preserved cultural and ethnic identity. Eastern Europe is more of a cultural and historical region than a geographical one. The Russian expanses can also be attributed to the eastern territory of Europe. And the geographical center of Eastern Europe is located approximately within Ukraine.

Northern

The list of states that make up northern Europe, including capitals, looks like this:

The territories of the states of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jutland, the Baltic States, the islands of Svalbard and Iceland are included in the northern part of Europe. The population of these regions is only 4% of the total European composition. Sweden is the largest country in the G8 and Iceland is the smallest. The population density in these lands is less in Europe - 22 people / m 2, and in Iceland - only 3 people / m 2. This is due to harsh conditions. climate zone. But the economic indicators of development distinguish northern Europe as the leader of the entire world economy.

South

And finally, the most numerous list of territories located in the southern part, and the capitals of European states:

The Balkan and Iberian Peninsulas are occupied by these South European powers. Industry is developed here, especially ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. countries are rich mineral resources. IN agriculture major efforts focused on the cultivation of food products, such as:

• grape;
• olives;
• pomegranate;
• dates.

It is known that Spain is the world's leading country in the collection of olives. It is here that 45% of all olive oil in the world is produced. Spain is also famous for its famous artists - Salvador Dali, Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro.

European Union

The idea of ​​creating a single community of European powers appeared in the middle of the twentieth century, or rather after the Second World War. The official unification of the countries of the European Union (EU) took place only in 1992, when this union was sealed by the legal consent of the parties. Over time, the number of members of the European Union has expanded, and now it includes 28 allies. And states that want to join these prosperous countries will have to prove their compliance with the European foundations and principles of the EU, such as:

• protection of the rights of citizens;
• democracy;
• freedom of trade in a developed economy.

Members of the EU

The European Union for 2017 includes the following states:

There are now applicant countries to join this foreign community. These include:

1. Albania.
2. Serbia.
3. Macedonia.
4. Montenegro.
5. Turkey.

On the map of the European Union, you can clearly see its geography, the countries of Europe and their capitals.

Regulations and prerogatives of EU partners

The EU has a customs policy under which its members can trade with each other without duties and without restrictions. And in relation to other powers, the adopted customs tariff applies. Having general laws, the EU countries have created a single market and introduced a single monetary currency - the euro. Many EU member states are part of the so-called Schengen zone, which allows their citizens to move freely through the territory of all allies.

The European Union has common governing bodies for member countries, which include:

• European Court.
• European Parliament.
• European Commission.
• The audit community that controls the EU budget.

Despite unity, the European states that have joined the community have full independence and state sovereignty. Each country uses its own national language and has its own governing bodies. But for all participants there are certain criteria, and they must meet them. For example, coordination of all important political decisions with the European Parliament.

It should be noted that since its founding, only one power has left the European community. It was Danish autonomy - Greenland. In 1985, she was outraged by the low quotas introduced by the European Union for fishing. You can also recall the sensational events in 2016 referendum in the UK, when the population voted to leave the country from the European Union. This suggests that even in such an influential and seemingly stable community, serious problems are brewing.