"Peter I - a great reformer or a great tyrant?"
Peter the First was the most controversial ruler in Russian history. On the one hand, he did a lot of useful things, and on the other, his complex character is known to everyone. So what outweighed more? It's worth looking into this. A person needs to know the history of his country, because without a worthy past there cannot be a worthy future.
Supporters of the idea that Peter I is a great reformer. They justify their position by the fact that:
- Policy. As a result of the administrative, state reform carried out by Peter I, Russia received a clearer structure of government. The cumbersome system of orders was replaced by collegiums that were subordinate to the Senate. On January 24, 1722, the “Table of Ranks” was introduced, which introduced a new classification of serving people. The nobility of the family in itself, without service, means nothing, does not create any position for a person, thus, the aristocratic hierarchy of the breed, the genealogy book, was put in place.
- Economy. Under Peter there was a significant growth of the large manufacturing industry. By 1725, there were 220 manufactories in Russia (and “1690” only 21). Pig iron smelting increased 5 times, which made it possible to begin exporting abroad. Under Peter I, trade took a noticeable step forward (internal and external). Metalworking factories were built in the Urals, Karelia, near Tula. If before early XVIII c, Russia imported iron from abroad, then by the end of the reign of Peter I the country began to sell it. Copper ore deposits were discovered. (Ural.) New types of manufacturing appeared: textile, chemical, shipbuilding.
- Army. Announced by decree of 1699 on the beginning of recruitment. In the period from 1699 to 1725, an army (318 thousand people, including Cossack units) and a navy were formed. The army had a single principle of recruitment, uniform uniforms and weapons. Simultaneously with the creation of the army, the construction of the fleet continued. By the time of the Battle of Gangut (1714), the Baltic Fleet was created of 22 ships, 5 frigates and many small vessels. Russia had both a navy and a merchant fleet.
- Construction of St. Petersburg
Tsar Peter I founded the city on May 16 (27), 1703, and founded a fortress on one of the islands in the Neva delta. In 1712, the capital of Russia was moved from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The city officially remained the capital until 1918.
- On the issue of religion. Tsar Peter I proclaimed the principle of religious tolerance in the state. It was widely used in Russia by different religions: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Mohammedan, Jewish.
- Education and science. Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power. He paid great attention to education and science. Peter obliged all noble children to learn to read and write, not only sent many to study abroad, but also opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: maritime, engineering school, artillery school. By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began. It was called Vedomosti and was published in St. Petersburg since 1702. To make reading and writing easier, in 1708 he reformed the Russian alphabet, significantly simplifying it. In 1719, Peter founded the country's first museum, the Kunstkamera. And, at the end of his life, on January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia.
Counter-arguments are given to them by those who believe that “Peter I is not a great reformer.” And they support their position by the fact that:
- Policy. The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance, the number of officials and the costs of their maintenance increased. The burden of taxes fell on the shoulders of the people. The Northern War worsened the economic situation of the population, as it required huge material expenses. Numerous taxes were introduced, direct and indirect. All this worsened the situation of the tax-paying population (peasants, townspeople, merchants, etc.).
- Social side. The reforms of Peter I led to the strengthening of serfdom. A decree of Peter I in 1721 allowed manufacturers to buy villages with peasants for factories. The decree prohibited the sale of factory peasants separately from the factory. Manufactories using forced labor were unproductive. The people responded to the deterioration of their situation with resistance (Astrakhan uprising, K. Bulavin's uprising, Uprising in Bashkiria). Peter used mass executions, torture, exile as a means of punishment. For example, the Streletsky riot of 1698 was a brutal reprisal against the Streltsy, which was carried out by the sovereign. 799 archers were executed. Only those between 14 and 20 years old were spared their lives, and even then they were beaten with whips. Over the next six months, 1,182 archers were executed, 601 people were whipped, branded and exiled. The investigation and executions continued for almost ten years. total number those executed reached 2,000 people.
- Construction of St. Petersburg. In order to speed up the construction of stone houses, Peter even banned stone construction throughout Russia, except for St. Petersburg. Serfs were used on a large scale to work on the project. It is believed that around 30,000 died during construction.
- Church. Peter ordered the bells to be removed from churches, because... There was not enough metal for weapons for the army; up to 30 thousand pounds of bell copper were then brought to Moscow. Reform of the Synod of the Church: When Patriarch Adrian Peter died in 1700, he forbade the election of a successor. In 1721, the patriarchate was abolished, and the “Holy Governing Synod” was created to govern the church, subordinate to the Senate. The state strengthened control over church income from the monastery peasants, systematically withdrawing a significant part of it for the construction of the fleet, maintenance of the army, schools, etc. The creation of new monasteries was prohibited, and the number of monks in existing ones was limited.
- Old Believers. Tsar Peter allowed the Old Believers to live openly in cities and villages, but imposed a double tax on them. They took a tax from every man for wearing a beard, they also took a fine from them for the fact that the priests performed spiritual services with them. None civil rights they were not used in the state. For disobedience they were sent to hard labor as enemies of the church and state.
- Culture. Peter I's desire to turn Russians into Europeans overnight was carried out using violent methods. Shaving of beards, introduction of European-style clothing. Those who disagreed were threatened with fines, exile, hard labor, and confiscation of property. Petrine “Europeanization” marked the beginning of a deep gap between the way of life of the people and the privileged strata. Many years later, this turned into distrust of the peasantry towards any person from the “educated”, since a nobleman dressed in European style, speaking foreign language, seemed to the peasant a foreigner. Peter openly despised all folk customs. Peter, returning from Europe, ordered people to forcibly shave their beards and wear foreign clothes. At the city outposts there were special spies who cut off the beards of passers-by and cut off the hems of long, nationally cut clothes. Those who resisted had their beards simply torn out by the roots. On January 4, 1700, all residents of Moscow were ordered to dress in foreign dresses. Two days were given to carry out the order. It was forbidden to ride on Russian-style saddles. Merchants for selling Russian clothes were mercifully promised a whip, confiscation of property and hard labor.
If we divide the reign of Peter I into reformation and tyranny, it is easier to present it in a comparative table.
Peter was a reformer |
Peter was a tyrant |
1. Clear structure of public administration 2. The “Table of Ranks” was introduced. family nobility in itself, without service, means nothing 3. The growth of a large manufacturing industry and new types of manufactures appeared. 4. Under Peter I, trade (domestic and foreign) made significant progress. 5.New factories were built. 6. Russia began selling metal to Europe. 7.Creation of a new army. 8. Construction of a military and commercial fleet. 9. Construction of St. Petersburg, which in 1712 became the capital of Russia. 10. Tsar Peter I proclaimed the principle of religious tolerance in the state 11.Peter I paid great attention to education and science. opened schools and colleges in Moscow and St. Petersburg: naval and engineering schools, and an artillery school. 12.By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began On 13.1708 he carried out a reform of the Russian alphabet, significantly simplifying it. 14. . In 1719, Peter founded the country's first museum-Kunstkamera. On January 28, 1724, Peter I issued a decree establishing the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Russia. 15.Peter himself was engaged in any work and personally took part in all endeavors. 16.Under Peter I, Russia became a powerful European power |
1.The administrative reforms carried out by Peter I led to an increase in various malfeasance. |
Conclusion: History does not know the subjunctive mood. Peter the Great was and his deeds were great. I think that Tsar Peter I embodied so many different and sometimes contradictory qualities that it is difficult to characterize him unambiguously. The merits of Peter I are so great that they began to call him the Great, and the state turned into an empire. Peter was naturally a reformer, but the methods he chose to carry out reforms were radical. Yes, Peter I appears before us as frantic and cruel, but such was the age. The new was making its way. Just as fiercely and mercilessly as the outdated old clung to life.
The era of Peter the Great is in many ways instructive for us today, when it is necessary, as Peter the Great happened in his time, to create and protect on the old outdated basis new Russia, reform the army and navy, cultivate hard work, active patriotism, devotion to state interests and love for military affairs. Love your Fatherland and be proud of Russia.
Russia, 17th century. Worldview, customs and morals, as well as religious beliefs in the state are conservative and unchanged. They seemed frozen, like a fly in amber. And they could have remained this fly for another half a thousand years if... If an active and active, inquisitive and restless young man, interested in everything in the world and not afraid of work, had not come to the helm. Whom we, descendants, call “Peter I”. And abroad they call our sovereign nothing less than “Great.”
Regarding “or”.
It seems to me that the characterization is so
There shouldn’t be any “or” for a personality that is large-scale in cultural and historical terms for all of Russia. Oppositions are good in clear things. Stupid or smart, tall or short, black or white. “Reformer or tyrant” is a fundamentally incorrect definition. When reforming something, as well as restoring and repairing, you cannot do without “sacrifices”. To tidy up the walls in an old kitchen, wash off the old whitewash and tear off dirty wallpaper. At the end of the renovation, everything is beautiful, bright, clean and new. But do remnants of old wallpaper thrown in the trash think so?
Perhaps the above comparison is a bit harsh in relation to
global changes that Peter I made in Russian society, but it is quite eloquent. And then, why: “tyrant”? Did he, like the Bolshevik “reformers” of the 20th century, burn, shoot, slaughter, “nationalize” and execute “enemies of the people”? His “barbering” is mere trifle compared to genuine tyranny and authoritarianism.
All the reforms, carried out with such pressure and thirst for improvement by the young, maximalist-minded emperor, were aimed at “promoting” (as they say now) the country entrusted to him. To take it to a new level, to “bring it into the light,” to bring it closer to the benefits and achievements of civilization, which he himself had seen enough of since his youth in Europe.
For the most part, the people and the “bearded merchants” grumbled because external changes, not so important, fundamental. Changing the caftan, shortening beards, introducing foreign dishes into the diet and holidays into the calendar. That which split the “amber” and released the fly from the “crampedness, but no offense” into the fresh air.
Serious reforms affecting career advancement, some equalization in the rights of all worthy, smart and skillful people, could not bring anything other than real benefits for the cultural and intellectual life of the state.
If earlier “every cricket” not only knew, but also sat, as if glued, on its “pole,” now thousands of people were given the opportunity to find a use for themselves to their liking. Not only hereditary carpenters, in the 7th generation, could do carpentry. But the peasants, if they have their will, desire, and real abilities. The same goes for trade, jewelry, shipping, engineering... whatever you take on. Is it really worth arguing about the beneficial influence of Peter’s reforms on the development of all of the above crafts?
Marriages that could combine people of different classes. Isn't there any benefit here? This question, however, is more controversial.
In conclusion, I would like to say that Peter I, in my opinion, is not a tyrant or a despot. He tried to be fair. And, for the most part, he succeeded.
Other works on this topic:
- Peter the Great, one of the most majestic and controversial figures in the history of the Russian state, attracted the attention of many writers. Alexei Tolstoy did not compose...
- Praise be to Tsar Peter and to you, O Tsar! But above you, kings: bells. M. Tsvetaeva They have written about all Russian tsars works of art. But Peter the Great in...
- Klyuchevsky V.O. We are accustomed to imagining Peter the Great as more of a businessman than a thinker. This is how his contemporaries usually saw him. Peter's life turned out in such a way that it gave...
- The poem is dedicated to Lomonosov's patron, curator of Moscow University Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov. In the dedication, the author expresses the hope of coping with the subject of the poem, which is far superior in importance to the Iliad and...
- In this text, V. O. Klyuchevsky raises many global issues. Is it possible, using the power of government, to bring freedom and enlightenment to the people? Can an unfree society be...
- A strange time has come in the life of Nikolai Zabolotsky - a time of tied hands and relative prosperity. He lived with his family in the “writer’s superstructure” on Griboyedov Canal, 9....
- Russian literature XVIII century developed under the influence of the great changes that Peter’s reforms brought to the socio-political and cultural life of the country. At the origins of the new Russian artistic...
PETER I THE GREAT
(b. 1672 – d. 1725)
The first Russian emperor, known for his reforms of government.
On January 27, 1725, the Imperial Palace in St. Petersburg was surrounded by reinforced guards. Ended in terrible agony life path the first Russian Emperor Peter I. For the last ten days, convulsions gave way to delirium and deep fainting, and in those moments when the Tsar came to his senses, he screamed terribly from unbearable pain. Over the past week, in brief moments of relief, Peter received Holy Communion three times. By his order, all arrested debtors were released from prison and their debts were covered from the royal sums. In all churches, including those of other faiths, prayer services were held for him. Relief did not come, and on January 28, at the beginning of six in the morning, the emperor died.
Peter was the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his second wife Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina. He was born on May 30, 1672. From his first marriage to Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, the tsar had 13 children, but only two of the sons survived - Fedor and Ivan. After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1676, Peter’s upbringing took place under the supervision of his older brother, Tsar Fyodor, who was his godfather. For the young prince, he chose Nikita Zotov as a mentor, under whose influence he became addicted to books, especially historical works. Nikita told his pupil a lot about the past of the Fatherland, about the glorious deeds of his ancestors. Tsar Ivan the Terrible became a true idol for Peter. Subsequently, Peter spoke about his reign: “This sovereign is my predecessor and example; I always imagined him as a model for my rule in civil and military affairs, but I did not get as far in that as he did. Only those who do not know the circumstances of his time, the properties of his people and the greatness of his merit are fools and call him a tormentor.”
After the death of 22-year-old Tsar Feodor in 1682, the struggle for the throne between two families - the Miloslavskys and the Naryshkins - sharply intensified. The contender for the throne from the Miloslavskys was Ivan, who was in poor health; from the Naryshkins, the healthy but younger Peter. At the instigation of the Naryshkins, the patriarch proclaimed Peter Tsar. However, the Miloslavskys did not reconcile themselves and provoked a Streltsy riot, during which many people close to the Naryshkins died. This made an indelible impression on Peter and influenced his mental health and worldview. For the rest of his life he harbored hatred for the archers and the entire Miloslavsky family.
The result of the rebellion was a political compromise: both Ivan and Peter were placed on the throne, and Princess Sophia, the intelligent and ambitious daughter of Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage, became their regent (ruler). Peter and his mother did not play any role in the life of the state. They found themselves in a kind of exile in the village of Preobrazhenskoye. Peter had the opportunity to take part only in embassy ceremonies in the Kremlin. Here, in Preobrazhenskoye, the military “fun” of the young tsar began. Under the leadership of the Scotsman Menesius, a children's regiment was recruited from Peter's peers, mostly representatives of noble families, from which in the early 90s. Two guards regiments grew up - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky. The future field marshal M. M. Golitsyn, and a descendant of the noble family Buturlin, and the son of a groom, and in the future Peter’s friend and associate, A. D. Menshikov, served in them. The Tsar himself served here, starting as a drummer. The officers in the regiments were mostly foreigners. In general, foreigners who lived near Preobrazhensky in the German settlement (Kukui), who came to the country during the reign of Tsar Alexei, seekers of fortune and rank, craftsmen, military specialists, played a huge role in Peter’s life. From them he learned shipbuilding, military science, and also how to drink strong drinks, smoke, and wear foreign clothes. From them, one might say, he absorbed disdain for everything Russian. The Swiss F. Lefort became the closest to Peter.
In the summer of 1689, the struggle with the Miloslavskys intensified. Princess Sophia, realizing that Peter would soon push aside the sick Ivan and take the reins of government into his own hands, began to incite the archers, led by Shaklovity, to revolt. But this idea failed: the archers themselves handed over Shaklovity to Peter, and he, having named many of his like-minded people under torture, was executed along with them. Peter imprisoned Sophia in the Novodevichy Convent. Thus began his sole rule. Ivan ruled only in name, and after his death in 1696, Peter became autocrat.
In 1697, the Tsar, as part of the Great Embassy of 50 people, under the guise of Pyotr Mikhailov, a sergeant of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, went abroad. The purpose of the trip is an alliance against the Turks. In Holland and England, working as a carpenter in shipyards, the king mastered shipbuilding. On the way back, in Vienna, he was caught by the news of a new Streltsy riot. Peter hurried to Russia, but on the way he learned that the rebellion had been suppressed, 57 instigators had been executed, and 4 thousand archers had been exiled. Upon his return, considering that Miloslavsky’s “seed” had not been exterminated, the tsar ordered the investigation to be resumed. The already exiled archers were returned to Moscow. Peter personally participated in torture and executions. He himself cut off the heads of the archers and forced his associates and courtiers to do this. Many archers were executed in a new way - they were thrown on the wheel. The tsar's vindictiveness towards the Miloslavsky family knew no bounds. He ordered to dig up the coffin with Miloslavsky's body, bring it on pigs to the place of execution and place it near the scaffold so that the blood of the executed would flow onto Miloslavsky's remains. In total, over a thousand archers were executed. Their bodies were thrown into a pit where animal corpses were dumped. 195 archers were hanged at the gates of the Novodevichy Convent, and three - near the very windows of Sophia, and for five whole months the corpses were not removed from the place of execution. In that terrible thing, and in many others Peter surpassed his idol Ivan the Terrible in cruelty.
At the same time, the Tsar began reforms with the goal of transforming Russia along Western European lines, turning the country into an absolutist police state. He wanted “everything at once.” With his reforms, Peter I put Russia on its hind legs, but how many people stood on the rack, on the scaffold, on the gallows! How many were slaughtered, tortured... It all started with cultural innovations. It became mandatory for everyone except the peasants and the clergy to wear foreign dress, the army was dressed in uniforms according to the European model, and everyone, again except the peasants and the clergy, was obliged to shave their beards, and in Preobrazhenskoye Peter personally cut off the beards of the boyars. Since 1705, a tax on beards was introduced: 60 rubles from servicemen and clerks, merchants and townspeople. per year per person; from rich merchants of the living room hundreds - 100 rubles each; from people of lower rank, boyars, coachmen - 30 rubles each; from peasants - 2 money each time they entered or left the city.
Other innovations were also introduced. Training in crafts was encouraged, numerous workshops were created, young men from noble families were sent to study abroad, and the city government, a calendar reform was carried out, the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called Apostle was established, and the Navigation School was opened. To strengthen the centralization of government, instead of orders, collegiums and a senate were created. All these transformations were carried out using violent methods. Peter's relationship with the clergy occupied a special place. Day after day he led an attack on the independence of the church. After the death of his mother, Peter no longer participated in religious processions. The Patriarch ceased to be the Tsar's adviser and was expelled from the Tsar's Duma, and after his death in 1700, management of church affairs passed to a specially created Synod. And all these and other transformations were superimposed by the unbridled temper of the king. According to the historian Waliszewski: “In everything that Peter did, he brought too much impetuosity, too much personal rudeness, and especially, too much partiality. He hit left and right. And therefore, while correcting, he spoiled everything.” The king’s rage, reaching the point of rage, and his mockery of people could not be restrained. He could attack Generalissimo Shein with wild abuse, and inflict severe wounds on those who were trying to calm him down, people close to him, Romodanovsky and Zotov: one had his fingers cut off, another had wounds on his head; he could beat his friend Menshikov because he did not take off his sword at the assembly during the dances; could kill a servant with a stick for taking off his hat too slowly; he could order that the 80-year-old boyar M. Golovin be forced to sit naked, in a jester’s cap, on the Neva ice for an hour because he refused, dressed as the devil, to participate in the jester’s procession. After this, Golovin fell ill and soon died. The tsar behaved this way not only at home: in the Copenhagen museum, Peter mutilated a mummy because they refused to sell it to him for the Kunstkamera. Many such examples could be given.
The era of Peter the Great was a time of constant wars. Azov campaigns 1695–1696, Northern War 1700–1721, Prut campaign 1711, campaign to the Caspian Sea in 1722. All this required a huge number of people and money. A huge army and navy were created. Recruits were often brought into cities in chains. Many lands were depopulated. In general, during the reign of Peter I, Russia lost almost a third of its population. Throughout the state it was forbidden to cut down large trees, and for cutting down an oak there was generally a penalty the death penalty. To maintain the army, new taxes were introduced: recruit, dragoon, ship, household and stamp paper. New taxes were introduced: for fishing, home baths, mills, and inns. The sale of salt and tobacco passed into the hands of the treasury. Even oak coffins were transferred to the treasury and were then sold at 4 times the price. But there was still not enough money.
Peter's difficult character was reflected in his family life. At the age of 16, his mother, in order to discourage him from the German settlement, married him to Evdokia Lopukhina, whom he never loved. Evdokia bore him two sons: Alexander, who died in infancy, and Alexei. After the death of Natalya Kirillovna, relations between the spouses deteriorated sharply. Peter even wanted to execute his wife, but limited himself to only forcibly tonsuring her as a nun in the Intercession Monastery in Suzdal. The 26-year-old queen was not given a penny for her maintenance, and she was forced to ask her relatives for money. At the same time, Peter had two mistresses in the German settlement: the daughter of the silversmith Betticher and the daughter of the wine merchant Mons, Anna, who became the tsar’s first titled favorite. He gave her palaces and estates, but when her love affair with the Saxon envoy Keyserling was discovered, the vengeful Peter took away almost everything he gave and even kept her in prison for some time. A vindictive, but not inconsolable lover, he quickly found a replacement for her. Among his favorites at one time were Anisya Tolstaya, Varvara Arsenyeva, and a number of other representatives of noble families. Often the king’s choice also stopped at simple maidservants. In 1703, another woman appeared who played a special role in the life of the monarch - Marta Skavronskaya, who later became Peter’s wife under the name of Ekaterina Alekseevna. After the Russian troops occupied Marienburg, she was the servant and mistress of Field Marshal B. Sheremetev, then A. Menshikov, who introduced her to the Tsar. Martha converted to Orthodoxy, gave birth to Peter three daughters and a son, Peter Petrovich, who died in 1719. But only in 1724 did Peter crown her. At the same time, a scandal broke out: the tsar became aware of the love affair between Catherine and Willem Mons, the brother of the former favorite. Monet was executed, and his head in a jar of alcohol, by order of the king, was kept in his wife’s bedroom for several days.
Against the background of these events, the tragedy of Peter’s son, Alexei, stands out clearly. His fear of his father reached the point that, on the advice of friends, he even wanted to renounce the inheritance. Peter saw a conspiracy in this and ordered his son to be sent to a monastery. Alexei fled and took refuge with his mistress, first in Vienna and then in Naples. But they were found and lured to Russia. The father promised his son forgiveness if he named the accomplices. But instead of forgiveness, Peter sent him to the casemate of the Peter and Paul Fortress and ordered an investigation to begin. Within a week, the prince was tortured five times. The father himself was also present. To stop the torment, Alexey slandered himself: they say, he wanted to get the throne with the help of the troops of the Austrian emperor. On June 24, 1718, a court consisting of 127 people unanimously sentenced Alexei to death. The choice of execution was left to the discretion of the king. Little is known about how Alexei died: either from poison, or from strangulation, or his head was cut off, or he died under torture. However, the participants in the investigation received awards, titles, and villages. The next day, Peter magnificently celebrated the ninth anniversary of the Battle of Poltava.
With the end of the Northern War in 1721, Russia was proclaimed an empire, and the Senate awarded Peter the titles “Father of the Fatherland,” “Emperor,” and “Great.”
The tsar’s stormy life “gave” him a bunch of illnesses at the age of 50, but most of all he suffered from uremia. They didn't help either mineral water. Peter spent the last three months mostly in bed, although on days of relief he took part in festivities. In mid-January, attacks of the disease became more frequent. Impaired kidney function led to blockage of the urinary tract. The operation did not yield anything. Blood poisoning began. The question of succession to the throne arose acutely, since the king’s sons were no longer alive by this time. On January 27, Peter wanted to write a decree on the succession to the throne. They gave him a paper, but he could only write two words: “Give everything...” In addition, he lost his speech. The next day he died in terrible agony. His body remained unburied for 40 days. It was displayed on a velvet bed embroidered with gold in a palace hall, upholstered in carpets that Peter received as a gift from Louis XV during his stay in Paris. His wife Ekaterina Alekseevna was proclaimed empress.
This text is an introductory fragment.Peter I We strongly condemn A.S. Ter-Oganyan for his lack of perseverance. After all, he was the first to fight in the south, Azov, Taganrog. And the capital - at first I wanted to move it there! - So it was necessary to stand on this until the end! - says Ohanyan. - And how different everything would be
Bruce and Peter the Great Not everyone speaks the truth about Bruce: there are those who lie a lot. Some empty talkers will blow smoke just to make people faint... But the true story about Bruce is one of stories. Just think what a magnificent mind the man had! And he walked along science, and that’s all
Pyotr Aleinikov He was a man who was licked (kissed, that is) by a wolf at the zoo! He was very loved by the people. No one else was as popular as he was - no one! The desire of people to see him at home at the table (if only at home!), wide Russian treats
ALEINIKOV Petr ALEINIKOV Petr (film actor: “The Counter” (1932), “Peasants” (1935; Petka), “Seven Braves” (1936; the main role is the cook Petya Moliboga), “Komsomolsk” (1938; Komsomol member Pyotr Aleinikov), “Tractor Drivers” (Savka), “Noise, Town” (the main role is the inventor Vasya Zvyagin)
Chapter I. Peter the Great and the Tula blacksmiths Peter's era. – The Titan Tsar and Poor Rus'. – Mining in Rus' before Peter. - Founding of the first iron plant. – Peter’s concerns about mining. – The role of “random” people in history. – Nikita and Akinfiy Demidov. – Childhood and
“If Great Peter were alive...” In the early sixties, in the editorial office fiction Lenizdat kept a thick notebook, on the hard cover of which was written: “The Barn Book.” Soon this prosaic inscription was slightly corrected. “Cupid book” - so
Peter the Great Peter I the Great - the last Tsar of All Rus' and the first All-Russian Emperor, was born on May 30 (June 9), 1672, and died on January 28 (February 8), 1725. Peter ascended the throne in 1682, when he was only ten years old , and independent rule, without the help of a regent, Peter
Lesson topic: Peter 1: tyrant or Great Reformer.
Goals:
1. consolidate the knowledge gained in the process of studying the Peter the Great era, understand different points of view on the role of Peter1 in Russian history and the reforms he carried out.
2. Develop skills in working with additional literature, oral public speaking, to form a culture of speech.
3. Stimulate students to acquire new knowledge by participating in intellectual activities; cultivate a respectful attitude towards the country's past.
Lesson type: role-playing (game) project.
Lesson genre: lesson-judgment.
Teaching methods: partial search, research method, method of problem presentation.
Form of study: group.
Applicable educational technologies: technology problem-based learning, technology of learning in collaboration, technology of project activities.
Lesson equipment: art gallery of portraits of Peter 1.
Leading task:
Make a speech (2 – 3 min.) on behalf of a real historical person or conventional characters opposite in their attitude to the personality of Peter1.
Plan
1. introduction teacher.
Throughout history, since the time of Peter the Great, there have been disputes about the personality and deeds of the emperor. Some historians saw in him strong personality, which carried out progressive reforms, others believed that by interrupting traditions and forcibly changing the way of life of the Russian people, he imposed an alien and destructive path of development on Russia. There is no unambiguous assessment of his personality, as well as his transformations.
Moreover, this was the case from the beginning, and Peter’s contemporaries were already arguing among themselves. Peter's associates praised him and considered his deeds great (it was not without reason that during Peter's lifetime the Senate presented him with the official title "Great"). And opponents of the reforms called the king the Antichrist, who came to earth to destroy the Christian world.
The contradictory assessments of the personality of Peter 1 and his actions have remained to this day. The question arises: What was Peter1 like? What was he right about and what was he wrong about? To answer these questions, today we will conduct a lesson-trial of our time on Peter1 and try to answer the main question:
Who was Peter 1 - a tyrant or a great reformer?
2. Interactive part of the lesson.
The teacher announces characters:
Judge
Prosecutor
Advocate
Court Clerk
Jurors
Witnesses for the prosecution
Defense witnesses
Progress of the trial.
Judge: The case of Peter I, Russian Tsar from 1682 to 1725, is being heard.
The prosecution is represented by the prosecutor -
The defense is carried out by a lawyer -
Court Clerk -
The case is heard in front of a jury.
Chairman of the court -
The secretary reads out a certificate about the accused.
(options are possible, for example: Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov, born May 30, 1672, date of death - January 28, 1727. Russian Tsar from the Romanov dynasty (since 1682), sole ruler since 1696, Russian Emperor since 1721 etc.
Judge: We begin the court hearing. The floor is given to the prosecutor.
Prosecutor: Before Peter I, Russia developed naturally. We accuse Pyotr Alekseevich of destroying the unique, independent Russian world, which has its own traditions, its own culture, its own spiritual values. He is guilty of using too cruel methods to renew Russia, implanting Western European customs in the country, and changing the face of the Russian people. All his transformations are reactionary and borrowed from the West. He is also guilty of destroying the religious traditions of Russia, which tragically affected all subsequent Russian history.
Judge:(addressing the lawyer) What is your position on the charges brought forward?
Advocate: During the judicial investigation, we are ready to refute the position of the prosecution and prove that our client is not guilty of the charges brought against him.
Judge: We begin questioning witnesses. I ask the secretary to invite a witness for the prosecution.
Secretary invites witnesses one by one.
(various types of witnesses are possible)
First witness on the prosecution side - peasant Vanka Kosoy.
I, Vanka Kosoy, from the Arkhangelsk province was sent to build the Tsar’s new whimsy - the city of Petersburg. A bunch of other men from our village were sent along with me. They ordered to put carpenter's tools in the knapsack and some food for the road and to go on foot to distant lands, where they began to build a city by order of the king. Good people, how did cities usually arise in the old days? Many people immediately liked the place, so that the river and the bank were high and dry; They gather of their own free will and desire and build houses and take up various crafts. And here it’s all swamps, quagmires, and vermin that eat you alive—no one would voluntarily settle in such a place. They put us in barracks like cattle, 200-300 men each, food like slop, and work from dawn to dusk. After all, the king is our father; he must think about his people. And then, at the whim of the king, the people drove out the darkness, and destroyed them beyond count, that city grew on our bones. This is not a king, but an Antichrist, a murderer. It was not for nothing that the men interpreted that the tsar was not real, that they replaced him when he was abroad, and returned to Russia under the name of Peter the Antichrist in order to destroy the Christian world.
Second witness on the prosecution side - boyar Matvey Miloslavsky.
Our family is ancient, dating back to the Rurikovichs. We have always respected the traditions of our ancestors and lived according to the Law of God. What now? Shame and disgrace. The king destroyed centuries-old traditions. I ordered my beards to be shaved, my German dress to be worn: a short caftan, narrow ports, triangular jester hats, my natural hair to be hidden under other people's hair, and to be hidden. And the Tsar also decided to send my underage son abroad to study, and until he learns, he is not allowed to get married. Where has it been seen that a child is sent from his father’s home to a foreign land? What is the use of this study? It’s not fitting for us Miloslavskys to work. And the Tsar also ordered that his wife and daughters should appear at the Assembly as adults, and they should dress in shameful dresses like walking girls. He forced them to move from ancient Moscow to their new city, but this place is ruined, cursed, how can they live there? And Peter himself laid the foundation for all the atrocities: he removed the bells from the holy churches and poured them into cannons; He married a relativeless foreigner and smokes tobacco himself. For all this, God's punishment and human curse await him.
Third witness on the part of the prosecution - the widow of the archer Martha.
My husband, archer Vasily Naydenov, served faithfully, took part in many campaigns, was wounded during the capture of Azov, but received no honors, awards, or ranks. Our family is large; seven children have not seen their father for months. The fact that the archers went to revolt is understandable: they were not paid any money and the service was hard. So the king did not investigate, but planned to punish them cruelly. Torture chambers were set up in Preobrazhensky. My Vasily and other archers were subjected to terrible torture. And then, with other women, we learned that our husbands would be driven to Moscow for execution. I rushed to Preobrazhenskoye so that I could at least see my husband, so that I could say goodbye to him like a human being. I saw a terrible thing: when the archers were being led past the windows of the sovereign’s palace, Peter jumped out into the street and ordered their heads to be chopped off right on the road, he personally chopped off several of them, and with difficulty they calmed him down. I followed the column with other women, I wanted to see everything about Vasily. They never said goodbye in a Christian way. He was executed in Moscow at Lobnoye Mesto. I myself saw how the tsar personally chopped off heads, and even from the crowd he offered to work for the executioner. He is a terrible man, I curse him.
Prosecutor
Your Honor! I ask you to attach additional materials to the case, from which the scale of the execution is clear: more than 1 thousand people were executed, about 600 were sent to Siberia after torture. The Tsar did not even spare his own sister, who, after torture, was sent to the Novodevichy Convent, where she was forcibly tonsured a nun. And suspecting his own son, Tsarevich Alexei, of treason, he ordered to be imprisoned Peter and Paul Fortress, where he died after painful torture.
After witness testimony On the prosecution side, the secretary calls witnesses from the defense side one by one.
First witness on the defense side - architect Domenico Trezzini.
I, Domenico Trezzini, was born in Switzerland in 1670, studied architecture in Italy. To feed his family he looked for work in different countries. He worked as a mason in Denmark and there the Russian ambassador recruited various specialists to serve the Russian Tsar Peter. I was lucky because specialists in fortifications were needed. I signed an agreement as a master in the construction of stone fortresses with a salary of 1000 rubles a year (a lot of money at that time). I expected to work in Russia for one year, but I lived in St. Petersburg for 31 years and Russia became my home country. I consider Peter 1 a great emperor. I was amazed at his plans and dreams of the city that he began to build on the Neva among swamps and water. I am called the first architect of St. Petersburg, and the real first architect of the city was Peter himself. And Peter was also very simple in dealing with people. Could I imagine that the king would become the godfather of my son? And I also designed the Palace in the Summer Garden for Peter I. So the main condition on the part of the king was simplicity. Unlike the luxurious Menshikov Palace, the Summer Palace of Peter 1 looks like a small, two-story, modest building, because Peter never strived for personal luxury, but thought about the state. He is a great emperor and will forever remain in history.
Second witness on the defense side - Prince Menshikov.
I, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov, born in 1672, testify that Peter 1 is a great transformer, who laid down his life for Russia to become a powerful state. Let's remember his deeds: he created new army, built a military and merchant fleet, contributed to the rapid growth of manufactories and factories, Russia began to sell metal to Europe, St. Petersburg was built, which became the capital of a renewed Russia; By order of Peter, the publication of the first printed newspaper in Russia began; The country's first museum, the Kunstkamera, was founded; The Academy of Sciences was established, schools and colleges were opened. Under Peter, Russia became a powerful European country.
Y. Alexander Danilovich Menshikov is a Russian Generalissimo, His Serene Highness, and my father was a simple groom; I myself sold pies as a child and lived in poverty. Peter gave way to many humble people, putting in the first place not “breed”, but ability. They say about people like me “from rags to riches,” and there are many like me. Having adopted the “Table of Ranks”, Peter established the order civil service, when merit and length of service were placed above pedigree, and reaching the seventh grade automatically gave the status of hereditary nobility.
And as for the cruelty of the king, the time was cruel, everything new always finds its way with difficulty. You have to judge by the results.
Third witness on the defense side - the daughter of boyar Morozov.
I, Anastasia, the daughter of a boyar, can speak publicly in court. And all this thanks to Peter1. Until recently, we girls were not allowed to show ourselves unnecessarily in front of strangers; we had to live as recluses, sit in our little room, do handicrafts and wait for the priest to choose a suitable groom. It could have turned out that I would have only seen my chosen one at the wedding, and no one would ask if I liked him or not.
Now, thanks to Tsar Peter, different times have begun. The Tsar ordered the boyars to bring their wives and adult daughters to the Assembly, and so that everyone was dressed in German fashion and could hold conversations with the gentlemen, and be able to dance foreign dances. So, in order not to be embarrassed in front of the Tsar, our father had to hire a dance teacher for my sisters and me and order outfits from Europe.
The king also issued a decree according to which it is now forbidden to force someone into marriage, without the consent of the bride or groom. It is prescribed that the betrothal must first take place so that the bride and groom get to know each other better. The period between engagement and wedding must be at least six weeks, and if she does not fall in love, the bride has the right to terminate the engagement. Now I can marry the person I love, and not the one my father chooses.
Judge announces the transition to the debate of the parties. The prosecutor speaks.
Prosecutor
Peter 1 devoted his life to transforming the state, but he was cruel and did not value human life at all. Under him, per capita taxes increased 3 times, and the price of reforms, expressed in human lives, equal to one-seventh of the population. I believe that all the charges brought against him in the trial were proven and I ask the jury to convict Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov and recognize him as a tyrant, because no goals, even the right ones, can be justified by the sacrifices made by the country and people to achieve them.
Judge
Final word provided to the lawyer.
Advocate
The transformations carried out by Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov accelerated the development of Russia and elevated it to the rank of a European power. In Russia, neither before Peter nor after Peter, not a single statesman carried out reforms that would cover all spheres of life of society and the state. His work deserves praise and good memory from his descendants. As for the scale of the victims, I ask the jury to take into account what the international situation was like at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century, what the Russian reality was like at that time and the limited time frame allotted to Peter for transformations.
Judge
I consider the debate between the parties to be over. I ask the jury to reach a verdict.
Foreman of the Jury
Your Honor! The jurors could not reach a consensus on the case under consideration and therefore the jury cannot reach a verdict on the guilt or innocence of Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov.
Judge
Due to the lack of a jury verdict, the hearing of the case is postponed with an open date for a new hearing.
Teacher's final words
Summing up our lesson, we can conclude that the court’s verdict is symbolic. There is a famous expression by Socrates that “The fairest trial is history: sooner or later it puts everything in its place.” Peter I, both as a person and as a politician, was not unequivocally treated by his contemporaries. Some idolized him, others saw evil in him. But what Peter I did for Russia during his short life, and he lived for 53 years, evokes only respect. Russia turned into a great European power, and the Senate in 1721 awarded Peter the titles of Emperor, Great and Father of the Fatherland for particularly outstanding services. By the way, in the USSR, streets in many cities were named “Peter the Great”. A few years ago, for the publication of the encyclopedia “One Hundred People Who Changed the Course of History,” a survey was conducted in different countries. They named the names of Aristotle, Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Genghis Khan, Confucius, Copernicus, Roosevelt and thousands of other names of politicians, scientists, industrialists, generals, but among all these names they wrote the name of Peter I, Russian Emperor. You and I live in a city that is the living embodiment of the plan of Peter I. Each of you will probably name something related to the name of Peter I. But in the 21st century, it also makes us think: “All plans must be in good order, so as not to cause damage to the Fatherland. Whoever starts to blurt out plans anyhow, I will deprive him of his rank and order him to be beaten with a whip.’’ To whom can these words be addressed? And A.M. was right. Gorky, when he wrote: “The past is not perfect, but it is pointless to reproach it, but it is necessary to study it!”
3. Conclusion.
Grading.
Homework: The portraits of Peter I presented before you were painted by different authors and in different time. Through their works, the artists expressed their vision of the personality of Peter 1. Write a mini-essay on the topic “Peter1 through the eyes of an artist .....” (optional from one of the presented works).
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE PERM REGION
STATE BUDGETARY PROFESSIONAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
"Gornozavodsk Polytechnic College"
INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
discipline: "History"
Topic: "Peter the Great"
Student: Davletova Anna DmitrievnaSpecialty/profession: 02/38/05 Commodity research and examination of the quality of consumer goods
Group: TEK-113
Head: Poskina Olga Vladimirovna
Gornozavodsk, 2018
Content
Chapter 1.The first steps of the young emperorI.
Conclusion
Bibliography
Annex 1.
Appendix 2.
Appendix 3.
Introduction
Peter the Great is a contradictory and complex figure. This is how his era gave birth. From his father and grandfather he inherited character traits and behavior, worldview and plans for the future. At the same time, he was a bright individual in everything, and this is what allowed him to break established traditions, customs, habits, enrich old experience with new ideals and deeds, and borrow what was necessary and useful from other peoples.
Eyewitnesses told descendants that the Russian Tsar was distinguished by his ease of use, simplicity, and unpretentiousness in everyday life. The houses or palaces built for him were no different large sizes and pomp. He did not tolerate high ceilings and, where they existed, he ordered a second, lower one to be made from wood or, at worst, from canvas. A kind man by nature, he could kindly treat not only an efficient nobleman, but also a carpenter, blacksmith or sailor, sharing shelter and food with them, baptizing their children. He did not like any official ceremonies and thus amazed foreign observers, especially kings, princesses and other aristocrats.
However, the habit of power and the servility of those around him explains, but does not justify, such qualities in Peter as rudeness and cruelty, permissiveness and disregard for human dignity, arbitrariness in politics and in everyday life. He realized and emphasized more than once that he was an absolute monarch, and everything he did and said was not subject to human judgment, only God would ask him for everything, good and bad. Peter was sincerely convinced that everything coming from him was for the good of the state and people. And therefore, the laws created by him, the institutions that appeared at his will, are “a fortress (fortress) of truth.” It is impossible not to see that he himself worked tirelessly, building, according to his plans and plans, this “fortification” of the Russian state. But did he see that his efforts did not bring benefits to everyone (“the common good”) or, according to at least, not everyone equally? In any case, along with those who won a lot behind the walls of the fortification, built primarily by the labor and exploits of the people, the majority of these people received little or nothing, and part of them lost a lot: hundreds of thousands of people fell into serfdom, even more people were subject to increased taxes, levies, forced mobilizations, work, etc.
A notable feature of Peter the Great as a ruler, an absolute monarch, was his enormous personal contribution to the management of the state, his foreign policy, military actions, and the involvement of gifted, talented, capable people– administrators, generals, diplomats, organizers of various industries, masters of their craft. He tirelessly identified them, educated them, and guided them. Of course, Peter’s tough temper could not help but leave an imprint on his relationships with his associates and assistants. For all his democracy and playful humiliation, the tsar showed his will, iron and indestructible, in everything. He did not tolerate objections where he had already made a decision, and exploded with anger at the slightest trifle. Even the people closest to him, like-minded people and friends, feared him like fire.
The personality of Peter the Great interested me in particular, and not just historians, because indeed the history of Russia knew only a few such strong, powerful rulers, but pursuing the sole goal of the prosperity of their state.
Goal of the work: explore Peter's personalityIand the reforms he carried out.
Tasks posed by me to solve the problematic issue:
Study the activities of PeterI.
Study the points of view of various historians on the reform activities of PeterI.
Problem: Great reformer or great tyrant?
Chapter 1. The first steps of the young emperor.
An important condition for the start of reforms was the very personality of the king-transformer. established in historical conditions endXVIIcentury Pyotr Alekseevich was born in 1972 and was the fourteenth child in the family of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who died in 1676. Peter's elder half-brother, the sickly and pious Fyodor Alekseevich, ascended the throne. During his reign, tax and military reforms were carried out and localism was abolished. After the death of Fyodor in 1682, a struggle between various court groups unfolded for the proclamation of 10-year-old Peter, the son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife, N. Naryshkina, or 16-year-old, weakly healthy Ivan, the king’s son from his first wife, M. Mislavskaya, as tsar. The Mislavsky group, led by the energetic and power-hungry princess Sofia Alekseevna, achieved the approval of two brothers on the throne at once under the actual regency of Sophia.
Peter and his entourage were removed from the Kremlin and lived in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow. Peter's passion became military fun, in which the children of servicemen and ordinary people took part. It was from them that the “amusing regiments” were formed - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky, which later became the basis of the regular army and the first guards regiments. During his adolescence, Peter also became acquainted with foreigners for the first time. Visiting the German Settlement, he learned a different type of human relationships, became acquainted with other cultures and way of life.
In 1689, Sophia was removed from power and sent to the Novodevichy Convent. Direct government activity Petra began with the organization of the first Azov campaign in 1695. It was not possible to take the powerful Turkish fortress due to the lack of a fleet capable of blocking it from the sea. Peter began energetic preparations for the second campaign and, thanks to the actions of the galleys built at the Voronezh shipyards, managed to take Azov in 1696.
Peter's transformations were caused by a number of factors: a) the economic and military lag of Russia from the advanced ones increased European countries, which posed a threat to national sovereignty; b) the service class, in terms of its socio-political and cultural level, did not meet the requirements of the country’s social development and remained a patriarchal social community of the medieval era, which even had a vague idea of its class interests; c) social instability gave rise to the need to strengthen the positions of the ruling class, its mobilization and renewal, as well as the improvement of the state administrative apparatus and troops; d) it was necessary to achieve access to the sea.
Tsar Peter, who began to carry out radical reforms, was distinguished by unusual personal qualities. He grew up in Moscow, from where it took many weeks to get to any sea, but nevertheless, sailing became his favorite activity. He was brought up in the patriarchal atmosphere of the royal court (albeit not in the Kremlin), but in communicating with any person he rejected all pompous ceremonies and demanded that he be addressed without any titles, simply by name. Instead of “commanding”, as befitted a tsar, he got involved in everything himself - he worked as a carpenter, fired cannons, worked on a lathe, even pulled out bad teeth from courtiers.
It would be an exaggeration to say that Peter and his circle had any clear reform program. But, on the other hand, one cannot call his transformations spontaneous either - they had their own logic; some reforms required others, military issues were intertwined with economic ones, changes in the state apparatus required the development of education, etc.
Chapter 2. Reform activities Petra I .
The young king strengthened and streamlined the state structure. The Governing Senate and 11 collegiums were created, replacing the command system of government. In order to combat abuses of power, a system of state control over government institutions was created.
A new territorial structure was introduced in Russia in the form of governorates, provinces and districts. State power was strictly hierarchical and subordinated directly to the king.
The proclamation of Russia as an empire in 1721, and himself as emperor, became a natural continuation of the centralized policy and foreign policy successes of Peter I.
In the social sphere, the emperor relied on promoting the most capable and talented people. For this purpose, he adopted the “Table of Ranks” (1722). All civil servants were divided into 14 classes. Promotion depended solely on a person's performance and not on his background.
Peter I actively promoted the development of Russian industry and trade. A large number of new factories and manufactories arose, and existing ones were modernized. Although the development of capitalism in Russia was significantly limited by the existing serfdom.
The Emperor adhered to a policy of protectionism, which consisted of protecting the interests of Russian producers. Strong trade ties are being established with European countries.
One of the greatest deeds of Peter I was the founding of a new capital, St. Petersburg, from scratch. New town, thanks to increased financial investments and forced settlement, in a fairly short time it becomes a developed center with established production and trade.
The vigorous activity of Peter I was expressed in the impulsiveness of his actions. Despite the desire for European ideals, Peter I acted like a typical oriental despot, all of whose orders, without discussion, had to be carried out unquestioningly. The emperor did not consider human sacrifices if they were needed to achieve his goals.
For all connoisseurs of Russian history, the name of Peter 1 will forever remain associated with the period of reform in almost all spheres of life Russian society. And one of the most important in this series was military reform.
Peter the Great fought throughout the entire period of his reign. All his military campaigns were directed against serious opponents- Sweden and Turkey. And in order to wage endless grueling, and, moreover, offensive wars, a well-equipped, combat-ready army is needed. Actually, the need to create such an army was the main reason for the military reforms of Peter the Great. The process of transformation was not immediate; each stage took place in its own time and was caused by certain events during the hostilities.
It cannot be said that the tsar began reforming the army from scratch. Rather, he continued and expanded the military innovations conceived by his father Alexei Mikhailovich.
Military reforms:
1. Reform of the Streltsy army
2. Introduction of conscription
3. Changing the military training system
4. Changes in the organizational structure of the army
5. Rearmament of the army
Chapter 3. The meaning of Peter's reforms.
Peter's reignIopened a new period in Russian history. Russia became a European-isolated state and a member of the European community of nations. Administration and jurisprudence, the army and various social strata of the population were reorganized in a Western manner. Industry and trade developed rapidly, and great achievements appeared in technical training and science.
Assessing Peter's reforms and their significance for further development Russian Empire, the following major trends need to be taken into account:
Peter's reformsImarked the formation of an absolute monarchy, in contrast to the Western class monarchy, not under the influence of the genesis of capitalism, but on a serf-noble basis;
created by PeterIthe new state not only significantly increased the efficiency of public administration, but also served as the main lever for the modernization of the country;
in its scale and speed of implementation of Peter's reformIhad no analogues not only in Russian, but also, at least, in European history;
a powerful contradictory imprint was left on them by the features of the country’s previous development, experimental foreign policy conditions and the personality of the tsar himself;
based on some trends emerging inXVIIcentury in Russia, PeterInot only developed them, but also in a minimal historical period of time brought it to a qualitatively more high level, turning Russia into a powerful power;
the price for these radical changes was the further strengthening of serfdom, the temporary inhibition of the formation of capitalist relations and the strongest tax and tax pressure on the population;
despite the inconsistency of Peter's personality and his transformations into national history his figure became a symbol of decisive reformism and selfless service, not sparing either oneself or others To the Russian state. Peter's descendantsI- practically the only one of the kings who rightfully retained the title of Great granted to him.
First quarter transformationsXVIIIcenturies are so grandiose in their consequences that they give reason to talk about pre-Petrine and post-Petrine Russia. Peter the Great is one of the most prominent figures in Russian history. Reforms are inseparable from the personality of PeterI- an outstanding commander and statesman.
Chapter 4. The price of Peter's reforms.
Controversial, explained by the peculiarities of the time and personal qualities, the figure of Peter the Great constantly attracted the attention of the most important writers (M.V. Lomonosov, A.S. Pushkin, A.N. Tolstoy), artists and sculptors (E. Falcone, V.I. Surikov, M.N. Ge, V.A. Serov), theater and film figures (V.M. Petrova, N.K. Cherkasova), composers (A.P. Petrova).
How to evaluate Peter's “perestroika”? Relation to PeterIand its reforms - a kind of touchstone that determines the views of historians, publicists, politicians, scientists and cultural figures. What is this - a historical feat of the people or measures that doomed the country to ruin after Peter’s reformsI?
Peter's reforms and their results are extremely contradictory, which is reflected in the works of historians. Most researchers believe that Peter's reformsIhad outstanding significance in the history of Russia (K. Valishevsky, S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky, N.I. Kostomarov, E.P. Karpovich, N.N. Molchanov, N.I. Pavlenko, etc.) . On the one hand, Peter's reign went down in history as a time of brilliant military victories; it was characterized by rapid rates of economic development. This was a period of a sharp leap towards Europe. According to S.F. Platonov, for this purpose Peter was ready to sacrifice everything, even himself and his loved ones. As a statesman, he was ready to exterminate and destroy everything that went against the benefit of the state.
On the other hand, the result of Peter’s activitiesISome historians consider the creation of a “regular state”, i.e. a state that is bureaucratic in nature, based on surveillance and espionage. The emergence of authoritarian rule is taking place, the role of the monarch and his influence on all spheres of life of society and the state are increasing enormously (A.N. Mavrodin, G.V. Vernadsky).
Moreover, researcher Yu.A. Boldyrev, studying the personality of Peter and his reforms, concludes that “Petrine reforms aimed at the Europeanization of Russia did not achieve their goal. Peter’s revolutionary spirit turned out to be false, since it was carried out while maintaining the basic principles of the despotic regime, general enslavement.”
Ideal government system for Peter there was a “regular state”, a model similar to a ship, where the captain is the king, his subjects are officers and sailors, acting according to naval regulations. Only such a state, according to Peter, could become an instrument of decisive transformations, the goal of which was to turn Russia into a great European power. Peter achieved this goal and therefore went down in history as a great reformer. But at what cost were these results achieved?
Multiple increases in taxes led to the impoverishment and enslavement of the bulk of the population. Various social protests - the revolt of the archers in Astrakhan (1705-1706), the uprising of the Cossacks on the Don under the leadership of Kondraty Bulavin (1707-1708), in Ukraine and the Volga region were directed personally against PeterIand not so much against transformations as against the methods and means of their implementation.
Carrying out public administration reform, PeterIwas guided by the principle of cameralism, i.e. introduction of bureaucratic principles. A cult of institution has developed in Russia, and the pursuit of ranks and positions has become a national disaster.
The desire to catch up with Europe in economic development PeterItried to implement it with the help of the formed “manufacturing industrialization”, i.e. through the mobilization of public funds and the use of serf labor. The main feature of the development of manufactories was the fulfillment of government orders, primarily military orders, which freed them from competition but deprived them of free economic initiative.
The result of Peter's reforms was the creation in Russia of the foundations of a state-monopoly industry, feudal and militarized. Instead of forcing a civil society with a market economy in Europe, by the end of Peter’s reign, Russia was represented by a military-police state with a nationalized monopolized serf-owning economy.
The achievements of the imperial period were accompanied by deep internal conflicts. The main crisis was brewing in the national psychology. The Europeanization of Russia brought with it new political, religious and social ideas that were adopted by the ruling classes of society before they reached the masses. Accordingly, a split arose between the top and bottom of society, between intellectuals and the people.
The main psychological support of the Russian state is Orthodox Church- at the endXVIIcentury was shaken to its foundations and gradually and gradually lost its importance from 1700 until the revolution of 1917. Church reform beganXVIIIcentury meant for Russians the loss of a spiritual alternative to state ideology. While in Europe the church, separating from the state, became closer to believers, in Russia it moved away from them, becoming an obedient instrument of power, which contradicted Russian traditions, spiritual values, and the entire age-old way of life. It is natural that PetraImany contemporaries called him the king-antichrist.
There was an aggravation of political and social problems. Abolition Zemsky Sobors(which eliminated the people from political power) and the abolition of self-government in 1708 also created political difficulties.
The government was acutely aware of the weakening of contacts with the people after Peter's reforms. It soon became clear that the majority did not sympathize with the Europeanization program. In carrying out its reforms, the government was forced to act harshly, as Peter the Great did. And also the concept of prohibitions has become familiar. Meanwhile, Western political thought influenced the Europeanized circles of Russian society, absorbing the ideas of political progress and gradually preparing to fight absolutism. Thus, Petrine reforms set in motion political forces that the government subsequently could not control.
In Peter we can see before us the only example of successful and, in general, completed reforms in Russia, which determined its further development for two centuries. However, it should be noted that the cost of the transformations was prohibitively high: when carrying out them, the king did not take into account the sacrifices made on the altar of the fatherland, nor with national traditions, nor with the memory of his ancestors.
The opinions of historians and researchers were discussed above; as a result, we see that opinions about the personality of PeterIambiguous. After I got acquainted with the opinions of historians, I decided to conduct a survey among students at our technical school, after studying the topic: “The activities of PeterI" Students were offered a questionnaire (Appendix 1). From the contents of this questionnaire, I wanted to find out who the current generation of Peter considers him to be.I, and also find out which reforms, in their opinion, are the most significant for that period of time. 84 students took part in the survey.
Having analyzed the opinion of students of the Gornozavodsk Polytechnic College, I come to the conclusion that 85% of respondents consider PeterIreformer, only 7% consider him a tyrant, but 8% indicated that they support both characteristics of Great Peter (data are shown in the diagram, Appendix 2).
In addition, according to the survey, students consider the most important reform to be the military reform, which, according to students, made the army regular, a strong navy, it was the military reform with the introduction of military schools that made the army “indestructible” and made it possible to win significant victories, including Northern War 1700-1721
The second most important reform was marked church reform, which students also considered significant for the development of Russia, namely the subordination of the church to the state in order to exclude the influence of the church on state power, state policy, as well as enrichment at the expense of church lands.
And one more, the most important reform, according to students, is a financial or economic reform, which led to the introduction of a single monetary coin - the penny, as well as the introduction of numerous customs duties for the import of imported goods, which supported Russian production, primarily in metallurgy . (Appendix 3).
Conclusion
The transformations carried out by Peter the Great in the state-political, social and cultural spheres are one of the most striking phenomena in Russian history. Completion of the construction of the Russian Empire, begun inXVIIcentury, became the main historical result of Peter’s activities. The former Muscovy turned into a strong European state. The transformations carried out by Peter served as the basis for the establishment of an absolute monarchy in Russia. All the most important areas of Peter's activitiesI- military reform, the struggle for access to the seas, the development of industry, public administration, the Europeanization of culture - took shape long before his reign. Peter only acted more decisively than previous monarchs. Brute forceful methods of Europeanizing the country, countless sacrifices and hardships of life helped achieve the goals, but led to extreme depletion of the strength of Peter’s subjects. Among the most severe consequences of the era of transformations are the extreme enslavement of the peasants, the omnipotence of the bureaucrats, the deepening split of Russian society into “tops” and “bottoms” alien to each other not only in social status, but also in culture and even in language.
Summing up the results of my work, I would agree with the words of A.S. Pushkin “Everything trembled, everything silently obeyed” - this is how he summarized the essence of Peter’s nature as a sovereign and a man. Peter was confident that he was doing the right thing, for the benefit of the people and the state. He equally sincerely believed that from the monarch, in this case from himself, “all that is good” comes, and therefore his eye must reach everything, penetrate into all ends of the state, into the souls and thoughts of his subjects. Yes, he is a tyrant, but is it possible to do it differently in Russia? The history of our state knows the answer to this question, what will be the outcome when the Russian people receive freedom. And in contrast, history knows cases of lightning-fast rises, but with a tight grip.
Bibliography
Buganov V.I., Zyryanov P.N. Russian history. Textbook for 10th grade. M.: Enlightenment. 1997.
Volobuev O.V., Klokov V.A., Ponomarev M.V., Rogozhkin V.A. Russia and the world. Textbook for general education educational institutions. M.: Bustard, 2002.
Derevyanko A.P., Shabelnikova N.A. Russian history. M.: Prospekt Publishing House, 2006.
Zuev M.N., Lavrenov S.Ya. Russian history. Textbook and workshop for open source software. M.: Yurayt, 2017.
Novikov S.V. Tutorial. Story. M.: Word. 1999.
Sakharov A.N. Textbook for 10th grade. Russian history. M.: Education, 1999.
Chudinov A.V. Story. Textbook for 10th grade. M.: Academy, 2008.
Shevelev V.N. History for colleges. Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2007.
Annex 1.
QUESTIONNAIRE
on the topic: “The reform activities of Peter the Great.”
Briefly describe Peter's activitiesI.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Indicate the three (in your opinion) most significant reforms of PeterI. Explain (briefly) why you think that these reforms are the most significant for the development of the state.
2.1. ______________________________________________________________
2.2. _______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;
2.3. _______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Historians are divided into two opinions about the personality of PeterI, some claim that he is a great reformer, others that he is a tyrant who did not take into account people (not only the population of the state, but also his family and friends) in achieving his goals. What do you think, Peter?Ireformer or tyrant?
__________________________________________________________________
- In contact with 0
- Google+ 0
- OK 0
- Facebook 0
