Which countries are part of the European Union? General characteristics of the European part of Russia Subjects of the Russian Federation in the European part of the country.

The European part of Russia includes the East European Plain, the Caucasus and Ural Mountains (Fig. 1). Most of this territory is occupied by the East European (Russian) Plain, one of the largest plains in the world.

Rice. 1. Composition of the European part of Russia

In the north, the East European Plain is washed by the cold waters of the White and Barents Seas, in the south - by the warm waters of the Azov and Black Seas, in the southeast - by the waters of the Caspian Sea-Lake. The western borders of the plain go to the Baltic Sea, while part of it goes beyond the borders of the country, in the east it is bounded by the Ural Mountains, and in the south by the Caucasus Mountains.

At the base of the East European Plain lies a large tectonic structure - the East European (Russian) platform (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Tectonic structure

Most of the platform foundation is covered with a thick layer of horizontal sedimentary rocks of different ages. Therefore, flat relief prevails here. In the northwest, the foundation of the platform is raised, here is the Baltic Shield. The elevated plains of Karelia, the Kola Peninsula and mountains are connected with the Baltic Shield. Khibiny. The raised foundation serves as the foundation Central Russian Upland and the High Trans-Volga. Tectonic uplifts of individual parts of the platform led to the formation Volga Upland , and the northern and southern outskirts of the plain were subjected to repeated attacks of sea waters on land, resulting in the formation of flat coastal lowlands - Caspian and Pechora.

The main uplands of the northern part of the plain are Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow (Fig. 3) - formed as a result of the accumulation of glacial material.

Rice. 3, Smolensk-Moscow Upland

Between the large hills are flat sandy lowlands - Upper Volga, Meshcherskaya, Oksko-Donskaya.

So let's conclude:

The East European Plain is a hilly plain by the nature of its surface.
The relief is dominated by lowlands and uplands.
The average height of the relief of the plain is from 200 to 500 meters.
The nature of the relief is determined by the features of the structure earth's crust this area and the history of its formation.

The flat relief is favorable for economic activities of people.

In addition to the relief, the climate also influences the features of the economic activity of people.

The mainland of European Russia is located in the subarctic and temperate climatic zones. At the same time, most of them are in the temperate climate zone.

Air masses (Fig. 4) with Atlantic Ocean bring the bulk of the precipitation to the plain. The amount of precipitation decreases from west to south and southeast. In the west, from 600 to 800 mm of precipitation falls annually, and to the south, southeast, the amount of precipitation is reduced to 200-300 mm. The driest place of the East European Plain is located on the Caspian lowland. Less than 200 mm of precipitation falls here.

Rice. 4. Climatic zones and air masses

Air from the Atlantic influences the climate not only in summer, but also in winter. It is associated with frequent thaws in winter time, cyclonic weather at any time of the year.

The invasion of arctic air in summer leads to cooling and droughts. In winter - to the establishment of cold, clear and frosty weather (Fig. 5). Arctic air in winter spreads over the entire territory of the East European Plain, up to the extreme south.

Rice. 5. Winter

In general, the climate in most of the East European Plain is temperate continental, favorable for human activities

Since the climate of the plain is humid, many rivers flow through its territory. Large rivers originate on the Valdai, Smolensk-Moscow, and Central Russian Uplands - Volga (Fig. 6) , Dnipro, Don . These rivers flow south.

Rice. 6. Volga River

Abundant, but relatively short rivers carry their waters to the north Pechora, Northern Dvina, Onega.

To the west flow into the Baltic Sea Western Dvina, Neva, Neman. All the rivers of the plain freeze. The duration of freeze-up depends on the location of the river and decreases when moving south. In the spring, due to the melting of snow, the rivers overflow, and in the summer they become shallow. Many have built reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations.

Since the upper reaches and channels of many rivers are often located close to each other, they are currently connected by canals - channel them. Moscow, Volga-Baltic, Volga-Donskoy (Fig. 7) , White Sea-Baltic. Rivers and canals form a single water system in the European part of Russia. The presence of a dense river network and a system of canals ensures good transport accessibility of the plain.

Rice. 7. Volga-Don Canal

The large length of the plain from north to south determined a well-defined zoning in the distribution of its landscapes.

The coast of the Barents Sea is occupied by cold, heavily waterlogged plains. This part of the plain is located in the tundra zone (Fig. 8) and forest tundra. There are no conditions for the development of agriculture, but reindeer breeding and hunting and trade are developed, there are large deposits of coal, oil, gas, iron ore, non-ferrous metal ores and apatites.

Rice. 8. Tundra

In the middle zone of the East European Plain, typical forest landscapes used to dominate (Fig. 9) - dark coniferous taiga, mixed, broad-leaved oak and linden forests. Currently, many forests have been cut down, and forest landscapes have turned into forest fields - a combination of forests and fields. In this part of the plain, the main part of the population lives, cities and industrial enterprises are located.

Rice. 9. Landscape of Central Russia

In the south of the plain there are expanses of steppes and forest-steppes on fertile chernozem soils. This is the area with the most favorable Agriculture climatic conditions. Here is the main agricultural zone of the country, the richest iron ore deposits of the KMA, oil and gas of the Volga and Ural regions (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Oil fields of the Volga region

The European part of Russia accounts for 1/3 of the country's territory, about 80% of the population, 85% of industrial and agricultural production, and about 90% of the non-productive sphere of the country. The European part of Russia forms the Western macro-region. The Western macro-region includes six natural and economic regions: the European North, the North-West, Central Russia, the Volga region, the European South, and the Urals.

Bibliography

Main

Customs E.A. Geography of Russia: economy and regions: Grade 9, textbook for students educational institutions. - M.: Ventana-Graf, 2011.
Fromberg A.E. Economic and social geography. - 2011, 416 p.
Atlas of economic geography, grade 9. - Bustard, 2012.
Geography. Whole course school curriculum in diagrams and tables. - 2007, 127 p.
Geography. Student's handbook. Comp. Mayorova T.A. - 1996, 576 p.
Crib on economic geography. Schoolchildren, applicants. - 2003, 96 p.

Additional

Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook - M.: Gardariki, 2000 - 752 p.: ill.
Rodionova I.A., Tutorial by geography. Economic geography of Russia. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189 p.
Smetanin S.I., Konotopov M.V. History of ferrous metallurgy in Russia. - M.: "Paleotype", 2002.
Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin. - M.: Bol. Ros. ents., 1998. - 800 p.: ill., maps.
Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Stat.sb./Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002. - 690 p.
Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief Statistical Collection/Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003. - 398 p.

Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination

GIA-2013. Geography: typical exam options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI - school)
GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and typical examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M.: "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI - school)
GIA-2013. Exam in a new form. Geography. Grade 9 / FIPI authors-compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M.: Astrel, 2012.
Excellent student of the exam. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012.

Electronic educational resources

Educational multimedia manual 1 C Educational collection Geography of Russia. Economy and regions Grade 9.
Educational multimedia manual “Geography Lessons of Cyril and Methodius. 8th and 9th grade"

Russian geographical society ().
Wild nature of Russia. Caucasus ().
Wild nature of Russia. Ural().
Wild nature of Russia. Primordial valleys ().

I. Epishin In the upper reaches of the Volga (N4/2012)
E. Chervyakova In the Volga Delta (N3/2011)

Europe- part of the Eurasian continent, washed by two oceans at once - the Arctic, as well as the Atlantic.

The area of the EU is approximately 10 million square meters. The population accounts for approximately 10% of the total population of the planet, which is approximately 740 million people.

General information

How many parts in Europe:

Northern Europe;
Southern Europe;
Eastern Europe;
Central Europe.

Depending on the opinions available, European countries can be assigned to one part of it or to another.

The highest point in Europe is Mount Elbrus, whose height reaches 5642 m. The lowest point is the Caspian Sea, which at the moment is approximately 27 m high.

The main territory is dominated by flat terrain, and only 17% of all of Europe is mountains. The climate of most of Europe is temperate. But in the north of the territory there are glaciers, and in the Caspian lowland - desert.

Europe is the region with the greatest cultural diversity despite its small territory.

Eastern Europe

The European part of Eurasia, located within the borders of Central and Eastern Europe, is commonly referred to as Eastern Europe.

Lives in this area more people than in other European regions, and occupies about 2/3 of Europe.

The bulk of the population is represented by people of Slavic appearance. In connection with political actions, the territory is constantly amenable to change.

Yes, in Soviet time, the countries of the USSR were included in Eastern Europe, but after the collapse of the Soviet Union, some countries separated and began to be considered foreign.

The climate here is drier and less warm. However, the soils of this part of Europe are much more fertile than the soils of Western Europe. IN Eastern Europe the largest amount of chernozem soils in the world.

Eastern Europe is the closest in spirit and territory to Russia part of the Old World. The flight by plane will not take more than two hours. You can even go on vacation to the nearest countries while driving your own car.

familiar climate and native language will be a nice bonus for those who decide to spend their holidays in Eastern Europe.

Western Europe is the territory where all Western countries Europe. Usually, this includes countries that are connected by cultural and geographical principles, and which were able to avoid Soviet influence during the Cold War.

Climate in countries Western Europe mostly temperate, with mild winters and warm summers.

Western Europe is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Urbanization here is at the level of 80%.

The largest agglomerations here are London and Paris.

Western Europe is considered the most popular for tourism. About 65% of tourists flock here.

In this area you can see everything from sandy beaches to mountain landscapes. The mosaic of landscapes is striking in its beauty.

A large flow of tourists has led to the formation of special tourist zones that specialize in providing tourist services to guests.

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Everyone will be able to accurately indicate on the map where Europe is located. However, it is not so easy to set clear boundaries.

The geographical boundaries of Europe on the northern, western and southern sides are the coastline of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the Atlantic Ocean. These are the Baltic, Northern, Irish, Mediterranean, Black, Marmara and Azov seas.

The eastern border is usually drawn along the slope Ural mountains to the Caspian Sea. Some sources also include the territory of the Caucasus in Europe.

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List of countries in Europe

Quantity European countries quite extensive.

Listed in alphabetical order, the list would look like this:

Austria;
Albania;
Andorra.

Belarus;
Belgium;
Bulgaria;
Bosnia.

Vatican;
Great Britain;
Hungary.

Germany;
Holland;
Greece.

Denmark.

Ireland;
Spain;
Italy;
Iceland.

Latvia;
Lithuania;
Liechtenstein;
Luxembourg.

Malta;
Moldova;
Monaco.

Norway.

Poland;
Portugal.

Russia;
Romania.

San Morino;
Serbia;
Slovakia;
Slovenia.

Ukraine.

Finland;

Croatia.

Montenegro;

Switzerland;
Sweden.

Estonia.

This is a complete list of states that are European.

Number of European countries

The number of states that make up Europe today is 50 .

But based on the political and economic situations that are taking place in the world, it cannot be argued that this list will not change.

Can be taken as an example Soviet Union, which at one time broke up into 15 independent states. Whereas the GDR and the FRG, for example, on the contrary, united into a single whole, and today they are called Germany.

Currently, a difficult political situation is taking place in Spain. The Catalan part of it is trying to stand out as a state independent of Spain, and be called Catalonia.

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National symbols

As national symbols countries are their flags and coats of arms. As a rule, animalistic symbols are included in the basis of coats of arms. The image of a horse symbolizes speed, movement.

All European countries are familiar with the myths about the god of the sun, who moved in his carriage, which was drawn by horses.

And here, for example, the elephant represents reliability and strength. It is his image that can be found on the coat of arms of the city of Coventry in the UK.

The state symbols of England is the oldest of all European countries. The coat of arms, which is now official in Great Britain, originated in the 19th century.

looks like a shield

Top left and bottom right corners there are three golden leopards on a red background.
Top right- a fiery lion, located on a background of the color of gold - the Scottish coat of arms.
In the lower left- a harp of gold on a blue field - Irish symbols.

This shield is held by a golden lion with a crown in its mane and a snow-white unicorn.

The symbolism of the Scandinavian countries reveals the history of the countries of the European North. The coat of arms of Denmark has been formed over several centuries. It is a shield, on top of which there is a crown, and inside the shield, four blue leopards are arranged in a row from top to bottom.

Divided by a red and white cross, in the center of which is just her coat of arms.

Until the 13th century, the state emblem of Sweden depicted three leopards in crowns standing one behind the other on the field, which very much resembled the coat of arms of Denmark.

Only at the beginning of the 14th century did coat of arms depicting three golden crowns, which later became the state symbol.

primordial coat of arms of Iceland was presented in the form of a white falcon. But in 1944, a new symbolism was chosen: a shield held by a bull, a dragon, an eagle and an old man.

chief The symbol of Albania is a black eagle with two heads., which is the Albanian coat of arms.

The symbol of Bulgaria is the golden lion., located on a red shield, which is a symbol of masculinity.

Polish coat of arms It looks like a white eagle, whose head is decorated with a gilded crown.

Symbol of Serbia was created during the unification of the lands of Serbia. It depicts an eagle with two heads and a crown.

Macedonia became independent only in the second half of the 20th century. Therefore, until this period, symbolism was represented only by territorial symbols.

Now the coat of arms of Macedonia flaunts a golden crowned lion.

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Population and area of countries

The main giant by all criteria among European countries is Russia.

Its area is approximately equal to 17 million square meters, which is almost equal to the area South America and a population of about 146 million.

However, the entry of Russia into Europe is considered controversial, because most of it is located in Asia, and only about 22% - in Europe.

The next in the list of the largest countries in Europe is Ukraine. It occupies an area of almost 604 thousand square meters.

The population of Ukraine is about 42 million people.

France, Spain, Sweden, Germany, Finland, Norway, Poland and Italy present a list of the 10 largest European countries. However, in terms of the number of inhabitants of these countries, Germany is after Russia, the number of inhabitants of which is about 81 million people .

The population of France is in third place in terms of number. Within it, there are about 66 million people .

by the most major cities Europe are considered London, with its population of 7 million people, Berlin - 3.5 million people, followed by Madrid, Rome, Kyiv and Paris with a population of 3 million.

Which countries are in the European Union?

The Union of Europe was organized during the collapse of the USSR. The EU is united together for economic reasons and political views states. Most of these countries use one type of currency - the euro.

union is international education, which includes the signs of the country and the signs of the international community, but in fact are neither one nor the second.

In some cases, decisions are made by supranational institutions, and in others through negotiations between countries that are members of the European Union.

At the very beginning of its inception, only six countries were part of the European Union.– Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and France.

To date, thanks to the connection to the agreement, the number of countries within the European Union has increased to twenty-eight.

States give up their sovereignty, in return receive protection in various institutions of the union, which act for the common interests of all participants.

The Lisbon Treaty included rules for leaving the European Union. For the entire period of action, only Greenland left the European Union - in the late 1900s.

At the moment, five countries claim the opportunity to leave the Union. These are Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey and Montenegro.

List of EU countries:

Austria;
Belgium;
Bulgaria;
Hungary;
Great Britain;
Greece;
Germany;
Denmark;
Italy;
Ireland;
Spain;
Republic of Cyprus;
Luxembourg;
Latvia;
Lithuania;
Malta;
Netherlands;
Portugal;
Poland;
Romania;
Slovenia;
Slovakia;
Finland;
Croatia;
Sweden;
Estonia.

Liechtenstein, the Norwegian and Swiss states have not agreed to become members of the European Union, but partly take part in the implementation of joint economic activities.

The population of the European Union as of 2009 exceeded five hundred million people.

Throughout the land of the European Union, people equally use twenty-four languages. But, as a rule, the most popular languages in the European Union are English, German, and also French.

As for religious views, according to polls, about 18% of the population are atheists, 27% are not sure of their views, and 52% confidently believe in the existence of God.

Hello! Please tell me which letter should be written in the first word of the phrase "European part of Russia" - lowercase or uppercase?

You wrote correctly: european part of Russia.


	Question #283433

Hello! Please tell me which option is correct (uppercase/lowercase) and why. "She lived in Paris before the start of the E/European War." It means the First World War.