Biography. Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov Participation in military reforms

Adjutant General, Infantry General. Genus. in 1830; He was educated in a noble regiment and a military academy. He served on the General Staff and was a professor of tactics at the Military Academy. During the war of 1877-78. commanded the 14th Infantry Division,... ... Large biographical encyclopedia

Dragomirov, Mikhail Ivanovich adjutant general, famous military writer (1830 1905). He received his military education in the Noble Regiment and the Military Academy; lectured on tactics and military history at the General Staff Academy. In 1869 appointed... ... Biographical Dictionary

- (1830 1905) Russian military leader and military theorist, infantry general (1891). During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-78 division commander, from 1878 head of the Academy of the General Staff, from 1889 commander of the Kyiv Military District... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Russian military theorist and teacher, infantry general (1891). Born into the family of an officer, he began his service in 1849. He graduated from the General Staff Academy (1856) and served in... ... Big Soviet encyclopedia

- (1830 1905), military leader and military theorist, infantry general (1891). During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877 78 division commander, from 1878 head of the Academy of the General Staff, from 1889 commander of the Kyiv Military District, from 1898 simultaneously Kiev, Podolsk and ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Dragomirov, Mikhail Ivanovich- DRAGOMIROV, Mikhail Ivanovich, city of hell, general. from inf., member State Sov., Izv. military writer, thinker and teacher, descended from the descendants. nobles of Chernigov. lips Genus. 8 Nov. 1830 near the city of Konotop, in the farm of his father, Iv. Iv. D., who came in his youth... ... Military encyclopedia

M. I. Dragomirov. Portrait by I. Repin (1889) Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov (8 (20) November 1830, near Konotop 15 (28) October 1905, Konotop) Russian military and statesman, adjutant general, infantry general (August 30, 1891) ... Wikipedia

M. I. Dragomirov. Portrait by I. Repin (1889) Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov (November 8 (20), 1830, near Konotop October 15 (28), 1905, Konotop) Russian military and statesman, adjutant general, infantry general (August 30, 1891) ... Wikipedia

DRAGOMIROV- Mikhail Ivanovich, statesman and military leader, military theorist and teacher, infantry general (1891), adjutant general (1878). Descended from the nobility... ... Military encyclopedic dictionary

Books

• Essays on the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov. Analysis of the war between Prussia and Austria for hegemony in the German world from the famous theorist Dragomirov, seconded to the Prussian headquarters during these events. Dragomirov traces...
• Battle of Solferino, Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov. The book is a reprint of 1861. Despite the fact that serious work has been done to restore the original quality of the publication, some pages may...

• Dates of life: November 8, 1830, near Konotop - October 15, 1905, Konotop

• Biography:

He received his education in the Noble Regiment and the Military Academy. He served on the General Staff and was a professor of tactics at the Military Academy. During the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 he was the representative of Russia under the Prussian military headquarters. During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, he commanded the 14th Infantry Division, which was the first to cross the Danube near the city of Sistova under Turkish fire. For brilliant actions during the crossing awarded the order St. George 3rd degree. On August 12, 1877, during the defense of Shipka, he was dangerously wounded in the leg and forced to leave the active army. In 1878 he was appointed chief Nikolaev Academy General Staff with the rank of Adjutant General. In 1879 he published his main work - “Textbook of Tactics”. Known as an ardent opponent of rapid-fire weapons and war games, which under his rule almost completely disappeared from training course Academy. In 1889 - commander of the troops of the Kyiv Military District. In 1897-1903 he served as Governor-General of Kyiv, Volyn and Podolsk. In 1901 he was awarded the highest Russian order - St. Andrew the First-Called. In 1903 he was appointed a member State Council. In 1905, he rejected an offer to take the post of commander-in-chief of the Russian army at Far East during the Russo-Japanese War. Of Dragomirov’s separately published works, the most famous are: “Essays on the Austro-Prussian War of 1866,” tactics courses (1872), “Leadership experience for preparing units for battle” (1885-1886) and “Soldier’s Memo” (1890). Many of Dragomirov’s articles were published in “Military Collection”, “Russian Invalid” and “Artillery Journal”.

• Dragomirov Mikhail Mikhailovich (1865-?),
• Lieutenant General Dragomirov Vladimir Mikhailovich (1867-1928),
• cavalry general Abram Mikhailovich Dragomirov (1868-1955),
• Dragomirov Alexander Mikhailovich (1872-?),
• Dragomirov Andrey Mikhailovich (1876-?),
• Colonel Dragomirov Alexander Mikhailovich (1878-1926) - participants in the White movement.
• Daughter - Sofya Mikhailovna Dragomirova, wife of Lieutenant General Lukomsky A.S.

M.I. Dragomirov developed a system of “brain activity development” for soldiers, based on the following principles: Communicate one thought a little, two thoughts a lot. Avoid bookish words. At the slightest opportunity, resort to example or, even better, to demonstration. Take not everything from what is transmitted, but in order of importance, apply it to a soldier’s life and service.

In April 1887, during tests, General Dragomirov spoke negatively about the Maxim machine gun: “excessive speed of fire is not at all necessary in order to shoot after a person who is enough to shoot once.” When Dragomirov was governor of Kyiv, his reputation as an eccentric personality strengthened. Actions were attributed to him that developed into jokes. The commander of the district himself, who was seriously wounded in the leg in the Russian-Turkish War, the elderly Adjutant General Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov, once came to the company review. There were endless rumors and anecdotes about his eccentricities throughout Russia, among which the most typical was the story of the telegram he sent to Alexander III: Dragomirov, having forgotten the day of August 30 - the Tsar's name day - only remembered on September 3 and, in order to get out of the situation, composed the following text : “For the third day we have been drinking your Majesty’s health. Dragomirov,” to what Alexander III, who, as you know, loved to drink, nevertheless answered: “It’s time to finish. Alexander". - Ignatiev A. A. Fifty years in service. Book I, chapter 4. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1986. - P. 40-41. - ISBN 5-203-00055-7. Kyiv old-timers told a different story. One day, a lady with a dog walking along Bibikovsky Boulevard, seeing Dragomirov hurrying towards somewhere and not knowing the purpose of the aielle, asked: “My dear, what time is it? I see you have a watch.” To which the governor replied: “This, my dear, is not a watch, but a chain for beauty.”

The army is not only an armed force, but also a school for educating the people, preparing them for social life

Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov 1830-1905, infantry general. M.I.Dragomirov was one of the prominent participants Russian-Turkish war 1877 - 1878, but his main achievements in Russian military history are associated with active military-scientific and military-pedagogical activities during the period of reforms of Alexander II and Minister of War D. Milyutin. “The army is not only an armed force, but also a school for educating the people, preparing them for social life,” this idea, expressed by Mikhail Ivanovich in 1874, helped for the first time to look at the army as a social organism. His opinion on the role of the moral factor in the armed forces has become forever modern: “In military affairs, a person with his moral energy comes first.”

Mikhail Dragomirov was born near the city of Konotop, Chernigov province, into the family of a hereditary nobleman, an officer, and a participant in the Patriotic War of 1812. His father, who became a devout man, built a church in Konotop, and in it Dragomirov read the psalter as a boy; in it, in 1905, his ashes will be laid to rest.

Mikhail received his initial education at the Konotop City School, after graduating from which he entered the St. Petersburg Noble Regiment. Having mastered the sergeant major's course there with honors, in 1849 he was sent to serve as an ensign in the famous Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment and began preparing to enter the Academy of the General Staff. In 1854 his dream came true. Having become a student at the academy, he studied with special diligence and two years later he graduated with a gold medal, his name was included on the marble plaque of the best graduates. After graduating from the academy, he was appointed to the general staff and soon became a staff captain.

Russia's defeat in Crimean War 1853 - 1856 had a strong impact on Dragomirov. Studying the experience of the defense of Sevastopol, where the heroism and fortitude of Russian soldiers and officers were especially clearly demonstrated, he first thought about the importance of the moral factor in war. His first work, “On landings in ancient and modern times,” dates back to 1856, which long time remained in the Russian army the only study on landing operations in terms of completeness and depth.

In 1858 War Ministry sent Dragomirov abroad to study military affairs there, and he took part in the Austro-Italian-French war as an observer at the headquarters of the Sardinian army. Upon returning to Russia, Mikhail Ivanovich presented a report “Essays on the Austro-Italian-French War of 1859,” where he paid special attention to the analysis of the moral qualities of armies and military leaders. In 1860, an officer inclined to military theory was appointed to the Academy of the General Staff as an adjunct professor in the department of tactics, while remaining on the staff of the General Staff; that same year he was promoted to captain. In 1861 - 1863 Dragomirov's student in the tactics course was the heir to the crown prince - the future Alexander III. But Mikhail Ivanovich’s talents as a military scientist developed precisely under Alexander II. The abolition of serfdom (1861) became a powerful stimulus for changes in military affairs, and in the person of Dragomirov, War Minister Milyutin found an outstanding exponent of new, humanistic ideas penetrating the Russian army.

Since 1861, Dragomirov began active work in Russian military magazines (Engineering Magazine, Weapons Collection, Artillery Magazine), where he explores the significance of the moral forces of the Russian army in new conditions, reviving the precepts of Suvorov’s “Science of Victory.” In the same spirit, he lectures at the academy, attracting attention officer corps to the system of training and education of the great Russian commander, the “father of soldiers.” Considering the reason for the revolution in views on the training of the armed forces a new factor - the appearance of rifled firearms, Dragomirov argued that “a bullet and a bayonet are not mutually exclusive” and “bayonet education” has not lost its importance in the training of a soldier. He rebelled against the passion for shows and parades, as well as against verbal method military training, giving unconditional preference to the method of practical training.

In 1864, Mikhail Ivanovich was promoted to colonel and appointed chief of staff of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division. Soon the War Ministry again sent him abroad, and in 1866 he brought from there a report on the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Dragomirov summarized his thoughts on the combat training of troops in “Notes on Tactics” - textbook for military schools and in a number of journal articles. In 1866 - 1869 he held the position of professor of tactics at the Academy of the General Staff, and from 1868 - major general. Having entered into a polemic with the writer Leo Tolstoy, the professor wrote an analysis of the novel “War and Peace” from a military point of view and found in the novel many absurdities in the interpretation of the events of the armed struggle. He made the following conclusion about this work: military experts will not find anything in the novel, “except for the fact that there is no military art, that delivering supplies on time and ordering one to go to the right, that to the left is not a tricky thing, and that one can be commander-in-chief without knowing anything and without learning anything."

In 1869, Dragomirov was appointed chief of staff of the Kyiv Military District, and in 1873 - commander of the 14th Infantry Division. In these positions he had the opportunity to put his theoretical views into practice. Organizing the combat training of troops, he persistently put into practice the principle: “Teach soldiers and officers what is necessary in war.” In the “Memorable Book of Officials of the 14th Infantry Division,” Mikhail Ivanovich made the following demands on a soldier: 1) devotion to the Sovereign and homeland to the point of selflessness; 2) discipline; 3) faith in the boss and the unconditional obligatory nature of his orders; 4) courage, determination; 5) readiness to endure all the needs of a soldier without complaining; 6) a feeling of mutual benefit. The officers were required to: 1) selflessly fulfill their duty; 2) to serve the cause, not individuals, the common, and not one’s own benefit; 3) master the theory and practice of military affairs.

Dragomirov paid great attention to instilling in his subordinates respect for the laws, conscious discipline, and in training - exercises, drills and maneuvers. He managed to achieve noticeable results: the 14th Division was distinguished by reliable combat training, the personnel had firmly mastered the basics of the new tactics of rifle chains, the officers and soldiers were cheerful and energetic.

Wherever Dragomirov lived and whatever position he held, his circle of friends always expanded to include literary figures, artists, and historians. Back in 1889, in St. Petersburg, fate brought Mikhail Ivanovich together with the artist Ilya Repin. During trips to St. Petersburg by the historian D. L. Yavornitsky, Repin invited him to his place together with M. Dragomirov, where they actively discussed, in particular, the future painting “Cossacks”. By the way, on it Yavornitsky is depicted as a clerk, and Dragomirov is above him with a pipe as the chieftain Ivan Sirko.

The Russian-Turkish war of 1877 - 1878 became a practical test of the system of training and education of troops that Dragomirov preached. On April 14, 1877, he and his division, as part of the troops of the 4th Corps, set out on a campaign from Chisinau to the Danube through Romania. The crossing of the main forces of the Russian army across the Danube was scheduled near the city of Zimnitsa, and Mikhail Ivanovich played a significant role in organizing the crossing of the river, protected by large Turkish forces. The 14th Division was tasked with being the first to cross the Danube, and Dragomirov had the main responsibility for conducting reconnaissance, preparing crossing facilities, and developing an action plan. The division commander demanded that the officers convey the task to each subordinate and in his order of June 4 said: “The last soldier must know where and why he is going... We have neither a flank nor a rear and cannot have one, the front is always there, where is the enemy from?

Mikhail Ivanovich wrote from Zimnitsa: “I am writing on the eve of a great day for me, where it turns out that my system of educating and training soldiers is worth and whether we both, i.e. me and my system, are worth anything.”

The crossing of Dragomirov's division across the Danube began at about 2 a.m. on June 15 and continued under enemy fire until 2 p.m. By this time, the Turkish troops were thrown back from the coast and the city of Sistov (Svishtov) was captured, which ensured the crossing of the main forces - four corps. For his brilliant actions, Alexander II awarded Dragomirov the Order of St. George, 3rd degree.

At the end of June, the 14th Division, as part of the Advance Detachment of Lieutenant General I. Gurko, moved to the Balkans, participated in the capture of the city of Tarnovo, and then in the capture of mountain passes. During the period of the counter-offensive of superior enemy forces in the Balkans, heroic defense Shipka Pass, and at a critical moment Dragomirov brought a reserve to help the Russian-Bulgarian detachment of N. Stoletov, who was defending the pass. On August 12, at Shipka, Mikhail Ivanovich was wounded in the knee of his right leg and was out of action.

The wounded military leader was sent to Chisinau, where he was threatened with amputation of his leg, and only with great difficulty was this avoided. General M. Skobelev wrote to him: “Get well, return to the army that believes in you and to the circle of your comrades.” However, the condition of the wound did not allow this. Forced to leave the army, Dragomirov went to St. Petersburg. His consolation was the award of the rank of lieutenant general. Upon recovery, Mikhail Ivanovich was appointed head of the Academy of the General Staff with simultaneous promotion to the rank of adjutant general. For 11 years he headed the leading military educational institution in Russia, which trained highly qualified military personnel. During his leadership, the academy turned into major center Russian military science. In 1879, Dragomirov published his main work, the “Tactics Textbook,” which for more than twenty years served as the main manual for training officers in the art of tactics.

In the 80s Mikhail Ivanovich traveled to France twice to study new products military equipment. Recognizing the expediency of their introduction into the army, he still believed that the main thing is not what kind of weapon it is, but how the soldier wields it and how he is determined to win.

Being the most authoritative military specialist, Dragomirov was appointed commander of the Kyiv Military District in 1889, and two years later became an infantry general. In this position, he painstakingly passed on his experience to subordinate commanders. Resolutely fighting drill, he never tired of instilling in the officers that a soldier is a person with reason, will, feelings, and it is necessary to develop his natural inclinations and human properties in every possible way. The commander publishes “Leadership Experience for Preparing Units for Battle” (this work went through several editions) and “Soldier’s Memo” (published 26 times). In 1900, the scientist general developed the Field Manual, with which the Russian army began the war with Japan in 1904.

In 1898, Dragomirov, while remaining commander of the district, was appointed simultaneously Kyiv, Podolsk and Volyn governor-general, which expanded the range of his concerns. In 1901, Nicholas II awarded him the highest Russian order - St. Andrew the First-Called. At the age of 73, Mikhail Ivanovich retired and became a member of the State Council. Before last days throughout his life he did not stop his journalistic work.

For services to military science Dragomirov was elected an honorary member of Moscow and Kyiv universities, honorary vice-president of the conference (council) of the Academy of the General Staff, honorary member of the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy, and some foreign academies and societies. Reviving and developing the Suvorov system of training and education in new conditions, he helped big influence for the life of the army.

M. I. Dragomirov

Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov(November 8, 1830, near Konotop, Chernigov province, Russian Empire - October 15, 1905, Konotop) - the largest military theorist Russian Empire 2nd half of the 19th century century, adjutant general, infantry general (08/30/1891), Kiev, Podolsk and Volyn governor-general (since 1898).

One of the leading military educators of his time, Dragomirov headed the Academy of the General Staff in 1878. His "Tactics Manual" (1879) served reference book for several generations of Russian military leaders.

Biography

Mikhail Dragomirov was born on November 9, 1830 in a family farm near the city of Konotop, Chernigov province. His great-grandfather Anton Dragomiretsky-Matskevich moved to the left bank from Galicia and in 1739 accepted Russian citizenship. His father Ivan Ivanovich Dragomirov entered the military service, was a cavalryman, participated in Patriotic War 1812. At the expense of his father, a church was built in Konotop, in which future general I read the psalter as a child, and Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov was buried in the same church.

Mikhail studied at the Konotop City School, and upon graduation entered the St. Petersburg Noble Regiment. After graduating with honors from the course as a sergeant major, in 1849 he was released as an ensign in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment. In 1854 he entered the Academy of the General Staff and graduated in 1856 with a gold medal, his name was included on the marble plaque of the best graduates. After graduating from the academy, he was appointed to the general staff and soon received the rank of staff captain.

Studying the experience of the defense of Sevastopol in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, which Russia lost, Dragomirov drew attention to the importance of heroism and steadfastness of a soldier. In 1856, his first study, “On landings in ancient and modern times,” dedicated to landing operations, was published.

In 1858, Dragomirov was sent by the military department abroad to study military affairs. During this trip, Dragomirov was an observer at the headquarters of the Sardinian army in the Austro-Italian-French war. The result of Dragomirov’s trip was the work “Essays on the Austro-Italian-French War of 1859.” In 1860, Dragomirov was promoted to captain and received the position of adjunct professor at the department of tactics at the Academy of the General Staff.

In 1861-1863, Dragomirov taught a tactics course at the Academy of the General Staff; Among his listeners was the heir to the crown prince - the future Alexander III.

Since 1861, Dragomirov has been actively publishing in Russian military magazines - “Engineering Magazine”, “Weapons Collection”, “Artillery Magazine”. Dragomirov opposed shows and parades and insisted on teaching through practical exercises.

In 1864, Dragomirov received the rank of colonel and was appointed chief of staff of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division.

During the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, he was the representative of Russia at the Prussian military headquarters; upon his return, Dragomirov presented a report on the progress of this war.

During the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, he commanded the 14th Infantry Division, which was the first to cross the Danube near the city of Sistova under Turkish fire. For brilliant actions during the crossing he was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. On August 12, 1877, during the defense of Shipka, he was dangerously wounded in the leg and forced to leave the army. In 1878, he was appointed head of the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff with the rank of adjutant general. In 1879 he published his main work, “Textbook of Tactics.” He is known as an ardent opponent of rapid-fire weapons and war games, which under his leadership almost completely disappeared from the Academy’s curriculum.

In the 1880s, Ilya Repin used Dragomirov as a model for the depiction of Kosh Ataman Ivan Serko in his famous painting “Cossacks.”

In 1889 - commander of the troops of the Kyiv Military District. In 1897-1903 he served as Governor-General of Kyiv, Volyn and Podolsk. In 1901 he was awarded the highest Russian order - St. Andrew the First-Called. In 1903 he was appointed a member of the State Council. In 1905, he rejected an offer to take the post of commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Far East during the Russo-Japanese War.

Participation in wars: Russian-Turkish (1877-1878) war.
Participation in battles: Battles near Zimnitsa-Sistov. Battles at Shipka

(Mikhail Dragomirov) Adjutant General, hero of the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878.

Received a general military education in the Noble Regiment. Was appointed to Semenovsky guards regiment ensign.

In 1854, Lieutenant Dragomirov entered the General Staff Academy, from which he graduated with honors in 1856, becoming a staff captain. In 1858 he was transferred to the Guards General base. In 1859 - observer at the headquarters of the Sardinian army in the war of Italy and France against Austria. In the early 60s. Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov- Associate Professor of Tactics at the Military Academy.

In 1864, M. Dragomirov became a colonel and headed the headquarters of the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division. In 1866 he served as a military representative to the Prussian army. Since 1873, Dragomirov, having received the rank of major general, has headed the fourteenth infantry division.

In May 1877, Dragomirov's division crossed the Danube. For a successful operation near Zimnitsa - Sistova the division commander received the Order of St. George III degree. In July 1877, Mikhail Ivanovich and his brigade carried out guard duty in Tarnovo, and in August they marched to Shipka, where the military leader was seriously wounded in the leg. For his military merits, Dragomirov was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in August 1877. After wintering on Shipka and after completing treatment, Mikhail Ivanovich left the active army. In April 1878, he was appointed to the post of chief of the Academy of the General Staff, which he held for more than 11 years.

In 1899, Mikhail Dragomirov took command of the troops of the Kyiv Military District. He received the rank of adjutant general, was awarded the highest Russian Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, and was a member of the State Council. Despite the strict attitude towards implementation military regulations, at the same time he was a person extremely sensitive to the needs ordinary soldiers. Dragomirov died of heart paralysis in his native Konotop.