Tsar Ivan heard that beyond the Urals lies a land richer than that which is subject to him. He knew that that land was called Siberia, there was a lot of every good hidden in it, but only it was far from his kingdom. Tsar Ivan slept for many nights and days; he kept thinking: how to conquer this kingdom of the khan, and slaughter his land to his kingdom? Ivan thought, thought, but he could not come up with anything, he did not have the strength that would have conquered the Kuchumov kingdom. The king fell ill and went to bed. His servants, the boyars, were saddened, afraid that they might not be left without the Tsar-Savior, what would they do then. They went up to his bed and asked:
Why, then, father-tsar, have you fallen ill, what a heavy thought lies on your heart?
The king closed his eyes and wondered whether to tell them about his thought or not? He knew that the boyars would not help him in business, that they would shake their beards and caftans, sigh, and that was the end of their advice. And so it happened. The boyars went to their own home. One of his poor peasant servant comes up to the king and asks:
Where did the ailment come from on you, father-king?
From afar, - answered the king.
Maybe I can help you?
There were boyars - they didn’t help, and God didn’t tell you. You better tell me, who is in my kingdom brave and daring, who is not afraid of death, who will not be struck by lightning and thunder will not deafen?
The servant thought and said:
There will be such a person in your kingdom, I have heard about him from an early age, his name is Ermak Timofeevich, a daring Don Cossack, faithful service, tsar-father, he will serve you.
Yes, and that's true, I heard about him, but where is he now, probably, like the wind in the field, walks, where he will spend the night, where he will enlighten the day.
Ivan Tsar got out of bed, called the faithful servants to him and sent them to the Don to look for the Cossack Ermak Timofeevich. The servants traveled all over the Don, they asked all the horsemen and footmen, everyone knows the brave Cossack Ermak, but no one gapes where he is now walking. The servants returned a year later and said to the king:
We saw all the birds on the Don, all the women and men were counted, but the Cossack Ermak Timofeevich was not there.
The king drove his servants out of the royal chambers and called in his faithful peasant servant.
Find me Yermaki, you will serve me faithfully, then you will be my servant over all the meadows, and the boyars will bow to you in the belt.
I don’t need anything from you, father-tsar, but I will serve the saint faithful to Russia.
Tsar Ivan gave the peasant different armor, ordered him to bring his horse out of his stable, blessed him with his hand and sent him a good journey. The peasant had just left for Moscow, took off all his armor, put on peasant clothes and walked on foot with a staff along the road, wherever the eyes were looking. For a long time the peasant walked along the road against the sun, his beard grew up to his knees, but not a word about Yermak. The peasant was not upset, he walks on the sly and goes. He did not notice how he reached the steep mountains. He looked around and saw that a stranger like him was coming towards him. We met, stopped and started a conversation. How long the conversation went on, but only the peasant learned from the stranger that Yermak was wandering around the Urals.
A peasant walked along the river and across the Ural Mountains. Finally he managed to track down the chieftain. Soon he found Yermak's family and conveyed to him the request of Tsar Ivan. Ermak Timofeevich came to the tsar of Bela bows, wearing a hat. The king looked at the chieftain and said:
I have heard different news about you, I would not wear your head on your shoulders, but the king is merciful. Redeem your guilt, do me a good service. Behind the Urals, an untouched land lies, on the land of that untold wealth, you go through that land, catch Khan Kuchum, I bring his people under the rule of Russia.
Ermak Timofeevna did not contradict the tsar, left the royal chambers, asked for food and drink, and went to his Cossacks in the Urals. I came. He told about all his daring fellows, and they began to get ready for a campaign, in a foreign land, where the Russian soul did not go.
In the summer of the same year, Ermak Timofeevich reached Tobol, built boats there and reached the Irtysh. Here he met with people from the Kuchum kingdom. Ermak fought for a long time with the Kuchumov people, until they tried the Cossack force and until many of them were killed. Many Cossacks also died, but Ermak nevertheless defeated the Siberian Khan and brought his people under the rule of the Russian Tsar. The most terrible - Kuchum - Ermak Timofeevich wanted to deliver to Moscow, but he deceived the ataman several times, and for this the Cossacks killed him. When the Kuchumov people submitted to Yermak, the Cossacks told him:
Go, our chieftain, and say that now the Russians can live in Siberia, and it will be easier for Kuchuyrv people with us. Their king was evil as a wolf, and greedy as a priest.
Ermak Timofeevich did not go to Moscow, but sent his faithful Cossack there. Tsar Ivan learned that the gates to Siberia were open, and began to send various people into it, some of their own free will, and some by force. So the Russians appeared on the Siberian land and still live, and there is enough good for everyone. Therefore, we remember about Ermak Timofeevich, and about his daring Cossacks.
Questions and tasks
1. Which of the texts of the legends did we like? What kind of people imagine Pugachev and Ermak?
2. Are the storytellers confident that they are telling the truth? Confirm with examples.
3. Did you imagine the episode of the conquest of Siberia as depicted by the artist V. Surikov in the painting "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak"?
Cultivate the gift of speech
1. Prepare a retelling of the legend "On the conquest of Siberia by Yermak", including the vocabulary characteristic of this legend, for example: a lot of all good lurks in it, got sick, sickness, armor, started a conversation, untold riches, untouched land lies, defeated the Siberian khan etc.
2. What are the similarities and differences between legends and folk tales? Show this with examples as you retell the passages.
3. What words and expressions from this tradition can be used in our speech today?
Verified responses contain information that is trustworthy. On Knowledge you will find millions of solutions marked by the users themselves as the best, but only verification of the answer by our experts gives a guarantee of its correctness.
Tsar Ivan heard that there was land beyond the Urals, and that untold wealth lay on that land. He knew that this land was called Siberia and that a lot of good was hidden in it. Only this land was far from his kingdom and he did not know how to conquer this kingdom, how to conquer the Siberian khan.
For a long time the king suffered and did not know what to do. His servants, the boyars, became worried, they were afraid that they would not be left without the king. And they asked him why he was so sick, he told them everything, they shook their heads and left. One poor servant approached the king and asked where the ailment had piled on the king, he told everything to the servant and then the servant told that he had heard about one fellow Ermak Timofeevich. But no one knows where this fellow is, then the tsar jumped out of bed, summoned the faithful servants and sent them to the Don to look for the Cossack Ermak. The servants traveled all over the Don, they asked everyone, everyone heard about the daring Cossack, but no one knew where he was. The servants returned and told the king that they had found everything, but they never found Ermak. The king called to him the servant of his faithful peasant who told him everything. Punished him that he would find Ermak, and the sovereign, in turn, would give the servant any wealth, the servant agreed without the riches. The servant was equipped and sent on a journey, the servant took it all off and went to look for the Cossack. The peasant walked for a long time and heard from the stranger that Ermak was wandering around the Urals.
The man walked the whole Urals up and down. Finally he managed to find the trail of the chieftain, he found his family and asked to convey the request of the king. Yarmak Timofeevich appeared to the tsar without bowing, wearing a hat, and the tsar told about the land he had not traveled beyond the Urals, about the Siberian Khan Kuchum, told about everything. Yarmak did not argue and went to collect his faithful Cossacks.
In the summer of the same year, the Cossacks reached Tobol, built boats there and reached the Irtysh .. Here they met with people from the Kuchumov kingdom, fought for a long time, many people were killed. The Cossacks died quite a few, but Ermak nevertheless defeated the Siberian Khan and brought his people under Russian rule. The most terrible Kuchum, Ermak wanted to deliver to the king, but he was cunning and wanted to deceive the Cossacks and they had to kill the khan. When the people of Kuchum submitted to Yermak, he sent one Cossack to the king to report everything to him. The tsar learned that the gates to Siberia were open, and now he began to send people there, who were willing, who were not. This is how the Russians appeared in Siberia and still live today. Therefore, we remember about Ermak Timofeevich and about all his daring Cossacks!
>> Legends. About Pugachev. About the conquest of Siberia by Yermak
Legends
Read the legends associated with Pugachev and the Don Cossack Ermak. Let us remember that the legends reflect the events of bygone years and the perception of them by their contemporaries.
Look for Ermak for me, you will serve me faithfully, then you will be my servant over all servants, and the boyars will bow to you in the belt.
I don’t need anything from you, father-tsar, but I will serve the saint faithful to Russia.
Tsar Ivan gave the peasant different armor, ordered him to take the horse out of his stable, blessed him with his hand and sent him on a good journey. The peasant had just left for Moscow, took off all his armor, put on peasant clothes and walked on foot with a staff along the road, wherever his eyes were looking. For a long time the peasant walked along the road against the sun, his beard grew up to his knees, but not a word about Yermak. The peasant was not upset, he walks on the sly and goes. He did not notice how he reached the steep mountains. He looked around and saw that a stranger like him was coming towards him. We met, stopped and started a conversation. How long the conversation went on, but only the peasant learned from the stranger that Yermak was wandering around the Urals.
The peasant walked along the river and the Ural mountains up and down. Finally he managed to track down the chieftain. Soon he found Yermak's family and conveyed to him the request of Tsar Ivan. Ermak Timofeevich came to the tsar without bowing, wearing a hat.
The king looked at the chieftain and said:
I have heard different news about you, I would not wear your head on your shoulders, but the king is merciful. Redeem your guilt, do me a good service. Behind the Urals, an untouched little land lies, on the land of that untold wealth, you go through that land, catch Khan Kuchum, and bring his people under the rule of Russia.
Ermak Timofeevich did not contradict the tsar, left the tsar's chambers, asked for food and drink, and went to his Cossacks in the Urals. I came. He told about all his daring fellows, and they began to get ready for a campaign, in a foreign land, where the Russian soul did not go.
In the summer of the same year, Ermak Timofeevich reached Tobol, built boats there and reached the Irtysh. Here he met with people from the Kuchum kingdom. Ermak fought for a long time with the Kuchumov people, until they tried the Cossack force and until many of them were killed. Many Cossacks also died, but Ermak nevertheless defeated the Siberian Khan and brought his people under the rule of the Russian Tsar. The most terrible - Kuchum - Ermak Timofeevich wanted to deliver to Moscow, but he deceived the ataman several times, and for this the Cossacks killed him. When the Kuchumov people submitted to Yermak, the Cossacks told him:
Go, our chieftain, and tell them that now the Russians can live in Siberia, and it will be easier for the Kuchumovs with us. Their king was evil, like a regiment, and greedy, like a priest.
Ermak Timofeevich did not go to Moscow, and sent there his faithful Cossack. Tsar Ivan learned that the gates to Siberia were open, and began to send various people into it, some of their own free will, and some by force. So the Russians appeared on the Siberian land and still live, and there is enough good for everyone. Therefore, we remember about Ermak Timofeevich, and about his daring Cossacks.
Questions and tasks
1. Which one texts do you like legends? What kind of people imagine Pugachev and Ermak?
2. Are the storytellers confident that they are telling the truth? Confirm with examples.
3. Did you imagine the episode of the conquest of Siberia as depicted by the artist V. Surikov in the painting "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak"?
Cultivate the gift of speech
1. Prepare a retelling of the legend "0 the conquest of Siberia by Yermak" by including the vocabulary characteristic of this legend, for example: there is a lot of good in it, sick, sickness, armor, started a conversation, untold wealth, an untouched piece of land lies, defeated the Siberian khan, etc.
2. What are the similarities and differences between legends and folk tales? Show this with examples as you retell the passages.
3. What words and expressions from this tradition can be used in our speech today?
Literature, grade 8. Textbook. for general education. institutions. At 2 o'clock / auth.-comp. V. Ya. Korovin, 8th ed. - M .: Education, 2009 .-- 399 p. + 399 p .: ill.
Tradition is a story that is passed down orally from generation to generation.
“Legends of deep antiquity” - this is how A.S. Pushkin about the events that underlie his poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila".
Folklore researchers argue about the classification of this genre. VC. Sokolov in the robot "Russian Historical Legends" identifies 6 cycles (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Classification of the legends of V.K. Sokolova ()
ON THE. Krinichnaya identifies 8 subject thematic groups (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Classification of N.А. Krinichnaya ()
The popularity of legends can be explained by the fact that literacy and books were not available to anyone, and everyone wanted to know their place in life and understand events. Until the 19th century, legends replaced literature, interpreting the events of the past and present. Legends tell us about events that cannot be read in books, but most often embellished. For example, the people believed that giants lived in former times (Fig. 3), so there are large bones at the battle sites.
Rice. 3. Skeleton of a giant ()
Folk heroes are endowed with magical qualities, for example, Ermak was considered invulnerable, Stepan Razin was a sorcerer. In the center of events in the legends is a bright historical personality - the king, prince, general, chieftain, robber. From them you can learn about great historical events: about the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible (Fig. 4), about the conquest of Siberia by Ermak.
Rice. 4. The capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible ()
The private life of historical figures aroused interest, for example, the legends about how Peter I baptized the son of a simple peasant, about commander XVIII century Rumyantsev, who was fishing on his estate, about the conversation between Suvorov and the soldiers.
Strongmen and robbers became heroes of legends (Fig. 5). Robbers attack people and rob them, hide treasures, burying them in the ground. Legends are told about robber villages, the inhabitants of which entice travelers to spend the night with them, and at night they kill and rob them.
Rice. 5. Rogues ()
Not in all legends, robbers are negative characters; they are often presented as people's defenders who rob the rich and help the poor. Such heroes were Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugachev (Fig. 6). Many legends about them indicate that they were popular among the common people.
Read the legend "Pugachev and the Cannon" (Fig. 7).
Rice. 7. Tradition "Pugachev and the Cannon" ()
In the legend, the narrator plays an important role, who expounds the event and conveys his attitude towards it, and the image of Pugachev is formidable and inspires the reader with mystical horror. The reprisal against a person who did not obey the impostor is natural for that time. The massacre of the cannon seems senseless (Fig. 8), here the story is colored by the irony of the narrator over Pugachev.
Read the legend "On the origin of Pugachev" (Fig. 9).
Rice. 9. Tradition "On the origin of Pugachev" ()
This legend does not correspond to the historical truth: the narrator believes that Pugachev was in fact a tsar, and does not talk about death penalty... Pugachev allegedly comes to Moscow, and the empress cedes the throne to him. The people wanted to believe it.
Folk legends cannot be historical documents because people tend to embellish the past.
Read the legend "On the conquest of Siberia by Yermak" on your own. We talked about this historical event in the last lesson when we analyzed historical songs. Let's make a plan for this legend (Fig. 10).
Rice. 10. The plan of the legend "On the conquest of Siberia by Yermak" ()
The main task of the legend is to tell about the history of the development of Siberian lands. But again the events are embellished, nothing is said about the hostile attitude of Ivan the Terrible to Ermak. For Ivan the Terrible, the goal of the campaign is the development of Siberia, for Yermak, the acquisition of freedom. In the legend, the boyars and the poor peasant servant are opposed, the boyar councils are stupid, and the peasant's councils are sensible for the tsar. This legend embodies the people's dream that the king would appreciate folk wisdom and devotion.
Legends are a kind of source for the epic genres of Russian literature. Writers turn to folk art to create vivid images, for example, A.S. Pushkin in the work "The Captain's Daughter".
Bibliography
- Merkin G.S. Literature. 8th grade. Textbook in 2 parts - 9th ed. - M .: 2013., Part 1 - 384 p., Part 2 - 384 p.
- Kurdyumova T.F. and other literature. 8th grade. Textbook-reader in 2 parts Part 1 - 12th ed., 2011, 272 p .; Part 2 - 11th ed. 2010, 224 p.
- Korovina V.Ya. and other literature. 8th grade. Textbook in 2 parts - 8th ed. - M .: Education, 2009. Part 1 - 399 p .; Part 2 - 399 p.
- Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V. Literature. 8th grade. House without walls. In 2 parts. - M .: 2011. Part 1 - 286 p .; Part 2 - 222 p.
- Toposural.ru ().
- Sokrnarmira.ru ().
- Nsportal.ru ().
- What is tradition?
- How can you explain the popularity of legends at the time?
- Why can't tradition be considered a reliable source of historical events?
Topic: Historical folk songs. Legends "about Pugachev", "about the conquest of Siberia by Yermak"
Objectives: to repeat the genres of oral folk art; to show the peculiarities of the genre of folk songs, to arouse the interest of students in this genre; develop expressive reading skills, text analysis skills.
Methodological techniques: student messages; group work, conversation, teacher's story, work with a textbook, expressive reading, elements of text analysis.
During the classes
I. Checking homework
1. Retelling of the article of the textbook "Russian literature and history".
2. Answers to the questions of the textbook
Folklore.
I I... Conversation with students
What are the features of the fairy tale genre? What dreams of the people are embodied in fairy tales?
What character traits are glorified in folk tales?
What types of fairy tales do you know?
What is the difference between an epic and a fairy tale and what do they have in common?
What cycles of epics do you know?
Remember the heroes of epics. Tell about some of them using illustrations for epics and. Bilibin, reproductions of paintings by V. Vasnetsov.
What are proverbs, sayings? Give examples, explain their meaning.
What do proverbs and sayings have in common and how do they differ?
What do you know about ceremonial folklore? What are the works of ritual folklore dedicated to?
I II... The teacher's story about folk songs
We are already familiar with many genres of oral folk art. These are mostly epic genres. Folk songs form a special layer in Russian folklore. The songs display and external world, and inner world person. Some songs were dedicated to historical events, heroes, outstanding historical figures, others - experiences associated with love relationships, family life, with a soldier's share, etc. Burlak, recruit, robbery, coachman songs are known.
Historical songs often not only depict events or their individual episodes, but also reflect the feelings and experiences of the heroes as the people understand it. Frequent heroes of historical songs are tsars - Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, hero-warriors - Suvorov, Kutuzov, people's leaders - Yermak, Razin, Pugachev.
Folk songs, in contrast to epics, usually performed by storytellers, epics, were created by the most by different people in moments when emotional experiences, shocks demanded expression in words and melody. Songs were passed from mouth to mouth, from one performer to another, from one generation to another, while polishing and changing. Among the many unknown singers, talented folk poets and performers sometimes appeared.
Lyric songs depict experiences associated with certain life circumstances of the lyric hero. This hero is unknown, but everyone found a response to the feelings expressed in the song. The songs were performed both alone and in chorus. Most often, lyric songs convey a sad, sad mood. The whole life of a Russian person from birth to death was accompanied by a song.
The first recordings of Russian folk songs date back to xvii century... It is interesting that they were recorded for the English traveler Richard James in 1619-1620.
Especially actively collecting historical and lyrical songs, as well as other types of folklore, became interested at the turn xviii-xix centuries... Among the collectors are the names of A.S. Pushkin, n.v. Gogol, ppm Chulkova, A.V. Koltsov, p.n. Rybnikov. The study of the songs was carried out by o.f. And V.F. Millers, A.N. Veselovsky, B.N. Putilov, A.Kh. Vostokov, A.N. Veselovsky, V. Ya. Propp and others. Collectors and researchers of songs left us a wealth that could be irretrievably lost: after all, songs existed orally, only a few of them are still sung.
I V... Study of the topic "historical songs and legends"
1. Word of the teacher.
We will get acquainted today with the works of oral folk art, similar in subject matter, but differing in genre characteristics; let's compare historical songs and legends dedicated to specific historical figures - Pugachev and Yermak.
Tradition is a genre of oral non-fictional prose, a story about historical figures, events, reflecting the perception of them by their contemporaries.
Let us recall that a feature of the genre of historical songs is also a story about certain historical figures and events; these songs also express the attitude of the people towards them.
What is the difference between these genres?
Comparing the texts of historical songs and legends, let's try to answer this question.
2. Expressive reading historical songs about Pugachev and legends about Pugachev
3. Conversation.
What do you know about Pugachev, about the uprising under his leadership?
What have you learned about Pugachev from the legend?
How do people imagine Pugachev?
What is common in historical songs and the legend about Pugachev? (a common hero, a general attitude towards him and the events associated with his name, as to really existed.)
In what way did you notice the difference between the historical song and the legend about Pugachev? (The legend "about Pugachev" resembles an ordinary everyday story, it lacks the rhythm inherent in a folk song, includes dialogues. The legend is most likely more varied: when it was passed from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation there were so many additions and changes to the text that the logic of events is lost, the legend is a collection of fragmentary and often contradictory information.)
- What are the differences in the artistic features of the genres of the historical song and the legend about Pugachev?
Answer. Historical songs about Pugachev are close in form to lyric songs, since they are rhythmic, melodious, although they lack rhyme, the verses (lines) have a different number of syllables and accents. There are images inherent in the lyric song: "good fellow", "dear father", "unfortunate orphans", constant epithets: "dark forest", "green garden", "good fellow", "dear father", "red sun", "Orphans are miserable", "strong dummy"; repetitions, anaphores (the same beginning of lines), rows of synonyms: “above the dark forest, / above the green garden”, “my shackles, shackles, / my heavy shackles”, “as in a dungeon, in a prison”. Parallelism is also characteristic of the lyric song: Pugachev died - "the red sun went down."
The songs clearly express people's sympathy for Pugachev, compassion. This is noticeable by the multitude of diminutive suffixes: "asterisk", "kindergarten", "kandaliki", "tyatenka", "mamma", and by the abundance of references, and by evaluative vocabulary: "Good fellow", "daring hikes", "free life", "people's defender", "dear father", "red sun", "orphans are miserable." Pugachev is portrayed in the song as a people's defender who defended the interests of the people, thought about him and for him.
The song "Pugachev is executed" reminds of the crying genre, includes typical for this genre stable expressions: "For whom did you leave us?", "There is no one to intercede for us."
From artistic features legends can be noted the presence of dialogues, a combination of realistic details with semi-fabulous images: "Italian lady", "princess", "werewolves Cossacks". The lexicon of the legend is down-to-earth: "got together", "threw off", "booze", "vodka", "ran over", "was born." The legend is characterized by the turns of colloquial speech, colloquial particles: "Pugachev was, it was," "in the end," "well,", "they say." The credibility of the legend is directly emphasized: "it was all for sure."
- are there any similarities between historical songs and legends about Pugachev with other genres of oral folk art? (Historical songs have in common with epithets: the absence of rhyme, recitative verse, in which a different number of syllables and accents. Like an epic, songs are performed in a melodious speech. Repetitions, constant epithets, parallelism are also inherent in epithets. Tradition reminds of the genres of legend and fairy tale by combining the real and fictional.)
I II... Reading the legend "about the conquest of Siberia by Yermak" and conversation
Whose reign does this tradition date to?
How is the attitude of the people towards the yermak manifested in the legend?
Take a close look at the reproduction of the painting in. Surikov's "Conquest of Siberia by Yermak". Is this how you imagined the episode of the conquest of Siberia, as portrayed by the artist Surikov?
Is there a difference in the depiction of the yermak in the legend and in the historical reference? If so, in what way? Give examples from the text.
Which of the texts of the legends did you like? What people imagined Pugachev and Yermak?
Are the storytellers confident that they are telling the truth? Confirm with examples.
I V... Working with the manual "we read, think, argue ..."
1. Reading the legends "Peter and the carpenter", "Tsar Peter and the soldier."
2. Conversation on issues with. 13 ("we continue to get acquainted with the legends ...").
Homework
1. Prepare a retelling of the legend “about the conquest of Siberia by Yermak”, including the vocabulary characteristic of this legend.
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