“International relations in the 16th-18th centuries. Thirty Years' War The Thirty Years' War is also called the Pan-European War

Questions at the beginning of a paragraph

Question 1. What were the reasons for the conflicts between Spain and England, Spain and the Netherlands?

Conflicts between Spain and England, Spain and the Netherlands were caused by religious reasons (confrontation between Catholics and Protestants), as well as political ones (Spain's desire to dominate Europe).

Question 2. What concessions to the fighters for the reformation of the church in Germany was Emperor Charles V forced to make?

Charles V was forced to conclude the Peace of Augsburg, which established Lutheranism as the official religion and established the right of princes to choose a religion for their principalities.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

Question 1. Name different points of view on political structure Europe that existed in the 17th century. Which one was more appropriate for the modern era?

From the beginning of the 16th century. In the international life of Europe, there were two different points of view on what its political structure should be. The first point of view belonged to the Austrian Habsburgs who ruled the Holy Roman Empire, who believed that there should be a single empire uniting most European countries, and in the future the whole of Western Europe. At the head of such an empire there should be a Catholic emperor supported by the Pope (no doubt from the Habsburg dynasty), and all member states of the empire are his vassals. The second point of view is that of England and France: there should be independent national states in Europe.

Question 2. The Thirty Years' War is called the first pan-European war. Explain why.

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) is called a pan-European war by historians because it was a war not of two or three powers, but of almost all European countries united in two powerful coalitions

Question 3. Tell us about the changes in the organization of troops and weapons that made the Swedish army powerful.

The Swedish king, the talented commander Gustav II Adolf, brought to Germany a small but well-organized, regular and professional army, consisting of three branches of troops commanded by career officers. The king's main fighting force was the swift attacks of his cavalry; in addition, he skillfully used light and mobile field artillery. Gustav II Adolf improved the tactics of infantry combat: his soldiers fired three shots while the enemy fired one. He was the first in Europe to bring an army to the battlefields, more than half of which consisted of peasants drafted into the army on the basis of conscription (the rest of the soldiers were mercenaries). The training of personnel in the army was continuous, exercises and violations were often carried out military regulations were severely punished, and the Swedish soldiers were famous for their exemplary behavior, which was not typical for the troops of that time.

Question 4. In your notebook, make a plan for your answer on the topic “The Peace of Westphalia.”

The Peace of Westphalia ended the feud between Catholics and Protestants.

The Catholic and Protestant churches are recognized as equal

The principle: “Whose land is his faith” has been abolished.

The seizure of church property was prohibited.

Pinned political fragmentation Holy Roman Empire. The German princes became independent rulers.

Question 5. List the wars in Europe in the 18th century. In which of these wars did Russia take part? What were the results of these wars for the Russian state?

Northern War (1700-1721), War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714), War of the Polish Succession (1733-1735), War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748), Seven Years' War (1756-1763), Russian-Swedish war (1741-1743, 1788-1790), Russian-Turkish wars(1768-1774, 1787-1792). Russia participated in almost all wars (except for the Spanish and Succession wars).

The result of participation in these wars was not only territorial growth (the mouth of the Neva and the Baltic states, Little Russia and Crimea), but also the growth of Russia’s international authority and the degree of its influence on European affairs. Russia in the 18th century was one of the great powers.

Question 6. Explain the concept of “Eastern Question”.

The Eastern Question is the rivalry of the great powers (Russia, Austria, Great Britain, France) for the division of the territories of the weakening Ottoman Empire.5.

Assignments for the paragraph

Question 1: Prepare an oral presentation on the topic “The Thirty Years’ War.” Divide into five groups and complete the following tasks: describe the goals of all countries that participated in the war, show these countries on the map (1st group); describe the reason for the war (2nd group); give an assessment of the activities of A. von Wallenstein in the war (3rd group); evaluate the activities of Gustav II Adolf in the war (4th group); characterize the actions of the parties in the final period of the war (5th group). Discuss which states were victorious in the war and why.

1st group: Holy Roman Empire (eradicate Protestantism and establish Habsburg control over as much as possible European territory), the Czech Republic (to leave the Catholic empire), Protestant countries seek to prevent the dominance of the Catholic Habsburgs, as well as Denmark (to protect possessions in Northern Germany, to ensure a dominant position in the Baltic Sea), Sweden (to seize the entire Baltic Sea into their own hands, to collect trade duties in their favor, turn the kingdom into a strong Baltic empire) and France (undermine the power of the Habsburgs), Russia (return Smolensk, captured by Poland).

2nd group: The reason for the war was the events in Prague in 1618 - Czech nobles, outraged by religious persecution, threw the royal governors out of the windows of the Czech Chancellery in Prague, who miraculously remained alive. The Emperor perceived this as a desire of the Protestants to disrupt the peace and divide the Holy Roman Empire.

3rd group: Albrecht von Wallenstein - the most famous of the military leaders who turned war into a pursuit of booty. He proposed creating an army of 50 thousand people from mercenaries, since landless peasants and unemployed artisans were forced to hire military service. Wallenstein's military system was that the army must support itself by robbing the population of the area where it is located. Such huge indemnities were taken from the peasants and townspeople of these places that they were enough not only to cover military expenses, but also to enrich Wallenstein and his officers. Wallenstein had far-reaching plans: he wanted to restore the Hansa, seize all Baltic trade and oust the Dutch and English. At the same time, the commander supported Ferdinand II’s desire to establish absolute power. Wallenstein thus waged the war in a predatory manner, ravaging Germany and slaughtering the Protestant population in the name of the absolute power of the Catholic Emperor.

4th group: Gustav II Adolf was a talented commander. He also pursued aggressive goals in the war, however, unlike Wallenstein, he brought to Germany a small but well-organized, regular and professional army, commanded by career officers. In this army, unlike the completely mercenary imperial army of Wallenstein, violations of military regulations were strictly punished, and Swedish soldiers were famous for their exemplary behavior, which was not typical for the troops of that time. Thus, Gustav II Adolf conducted the war in a more just way.

5th group: In 1635, Louis XIII declares war on Spain. Catholic France thus helped Protestants in the fight against Catholics. To completely undermine the power of the Habsburgs, Cardinal Richelieu sent French troops to Germany. Germany was devastated, many cities and villages were burned, and in some areas the population almost disappeared. By 1648, French troops had won a number of significant victories, which forced the new Emperor Ferdinand III to make peace.

The winners of the war were Protestant countries that were able to stop the Catholics and achieve recognition of their religion.

Question 2. Think about what the European balance was based on after the Peace of Westphalia.

The balance of power in Europe rested on the strengthening of France Louis XIV and the weakening of the Habsburgs.

Question 3. What are the consequences of the European wars of the 18th century? for Great Britain, Austria, Holland and France?

Following the wars of the 18th century. England and France became the largest powers in Europe and fought for trade and colonial dominance. Austria and Holland lost their former power and influence.

Question 4. Express your opinion about war as a way of resolving contradictions between states.

War is the most extreme means of resolving contradictions between states, which is used only when diplomacy does not yield results. It is necessary to resolve all conflicts diplomatically, without resorting to war.

Questions about the document

Question. How can you explain that the robberies and cruel treatment of civilians were not stopped by the military command?

Why did peasant property become easy prey for soldiers - our own and others?

Do you think there was a connection between war, famine and epidemics?

Robberies and cruel treatment of civilians were not stopped by the military command because Wallenstein’s army was supplied in this way, and military operations were carried out on the territory of Protestant principalities, so Catholics turned a blind eye to the murder of heretics.

Because the peasants did not have the right to carry weapons and could not defend themselves against the soldiers.

Yes, there was a war that destroyed crops, killed workers, soldiers took food, dooming peasant families to starvation. Hunger weakened the body, which contributed to the spread of epidemics.

In this summary, the topic of the lesson is “ International relationships in the 16th-18th centuries in Europe + table"(7th grade) in the subject " The World History" See also Lesson notes on the subject “History of Russia”.

Causes of international conflicts.

First reason . Two points of view on what Europe should be like: 1) The Austrian Habsburgs who ruled the Holy Roman Empire believed that there should be a single empire, headed by a Catholic emperor supported by the Pope (from the Habsburg dynasty, of course), 2) England and France believed that independent nation states should exist in Europe.

The second reason . In the 16th century Europe is split along religious lines into Catholics and Protestants. Catholic countries sought to stop the “heresy”, Protestants considered their creed “true”. Religious wars have become on a European scale.

Third reason. Economic contradictions - the struggle for colonies, for markets, for dominance on sea trade routes.

Fourth reason . Lack of clear and consistent policies in some countries. The positions of the French kings changed depending on their interests domestic policy, their religion and personal sympathies, so they acted either on the side of England or on the side of Spain.

Rivalry between France and Spain for influence over wealthy Italy led to Italian wars (1494-1559). The French, Spanish, Italians and Germans took part in these wars. The result of the war was the virtual subjugation of Italy to the Spanish king.

THIRTY YEARS WAR. Causes

First pan-European war A. This is what historians call the Thirty Years' War ( 1618-1648 ), since it was a war not of two or three powers, but of almost all European countries united in two powerful coalitions.

The war began as religious conflict between German Catholics and Protestants. Austria, German Catholic princes and Spain fought on the side of the Catholics and the Habsburgs. They were opposed by the German Protestant princes, Protestant Denmark and Sweden, as well as Catholic France, which sought to prevent the strengthening of the Habsburg positions in the German principalities bordering on it. Russia also supported the anti-Habsburg camp from the beginning of the conflict.

Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Habsburg(1619-1637) set himself the task of eradicating Protestantism and establishing imperial control over the entire European territory.

During the war, the balance of power changed: many German princes went over to one side or the other. Military operations mainly took place on German territory.

Czech period of the 30 Years' War.

The reason for the war was the events in the Czech Republic, which was part of Holy Roman Empire. In 1618, Czech nobles, outraged by religious persecution, threw the royal governors out of the windows of the Czech Chancellery in Prague. This meant a break in relations with Austria. The Czechs, led by Count Thurn, moved to Vienna and in June 1619 took possession of its outskirts.

Ferdinand II, who became in 1619 year emperor, sent a large army against the rebels, which in 1620 completely defeated the Czech army at White Mountain , after which a cruel reprisal was committed against the rebels. The Czech Republic was turned into an Austrian province Bohemia.

Danish period of the 30 Years' War.

The emperor's victory caused alarm Denmark, which had its territorial possessions in Northern Germany. Denmark enters into a coalition with England and Holland and 1625 g. begins military operations.

But the talented commander Albrecht von comes to the aid of Catholics Wallenstein(1583-1634), who, in the absence of money in the treasury, suggested that Ferdinand II create an army of 50 thousand people without any special expenses for the treasury. For this, the emperor appointed him imperial commander-in-chief. Military system Wallenstein's idea was that the army should support itself by robbing the population of the area where it is located. The emperor legalized the robbery of soldiers in the conquered territories.

In 1626, imperial troops defeated the Danes and their German Protestant allies and occupied the territory of the North German states. Dominance was restored in these lands catholic church. Having lost half his army, the Danish king fled and was then forced to make peace ( 1629 ) and pledged not to interfere in German affairs in the future.

Swedish period of the 30 Years' War.

Swedish king Gustav II Adolf- a passionate Lutheran, wanted to weaken the position of Catholicism and seize the entire Baltic Sea into his own hands, collect trade duties in his favor, and turn the kingdom into a strong Baltic empire.

In 1630, Gustav II Adolf brought to Germany a small but well-organized, regular and professional army, consisting of three branches of troops commanded by career officers. The king's main fighting force was the swift attacks of his cavalry; in addition, he skillfully used light and mobile field artillery.

France and Russia provided assistance to the Swedish king. France, who wanted to weaken the Habsburgs, helped with money. Russia supplied Sweden with cheap bread, hoping with its support to return Smolensk, captured by Poland.

The Swedish king occupied the lands of southern Germany. In November 1632, Swedish troops defeated the emperor's troops at the Battle of Lützen, but King Gustav II Adolf died in a cavalry battle. After the death of their commander, the Swedish troops remained in Germany and turned into the same robbers as the Wallenstein gangs.

End of the 30 Years' War

IN 1634 year, the son of Ferdinand II, the future Emperor Ferdinand III, inflicted a decisive defeat on the Swedes at Nördlingen. France took advantage of this situation and entered into an alliance with Holland and Sweden. In 1635, Louis XIII declared war on Spain, and Cardinal Richelieu sent French troops to Germany.

In 1637, the new emperor of the Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III(1608-1657). In 1647, he was almost captured by Swedish partisans. By 1648, French troops had won a number of significant victories, which forced the new emperor to make peace. Ferdinand managed to clear his possessions of soldiers and bandits only in 1654.

Peace of Westphalia.

The war ended in 1648 year with the Peace of Westphalia, which laid the foundations for new relations between states in Europe. Under the terms of the peace treaty, France received Alsace. Sweden was paid an indemnity, but most importantly, it received vast lands in the Baltic, thus consolidating its control over the mouths of the most important navigable rivers in Germany - the Oder, Elbe and Weser. The most important trade routes of Germany were in the hands of the Swedes. The Peace of Westphalia recognized the independence of Holland (United Provinces) from Spain.

The Peace of Westphalia ended the feud between Catholics and Protestants. Were Catholic and Protestant churches are recognized as equal . The Holy Roman Empire of the German nation actually collapsed, but the issue of creating national states on its territory was not resolved. The increased independence of the princes hindered the national unification of Germany.

The balance of power in Europe, based on the Peace of Westphalia, rested on the strengthening of Louis XIV's France and the weakening of the Habsburgs.

War of the Spanish Succession.

The King of Spain died in 1700 Charles II of Habsburg. According to his will, the crown of Spain passed to his grandson French king Louis XIV to the Duke Philip of Anjou. However, not a single one European country did not want to come to terms with this, fearing an even greater strengthening of France. Great Britain, Holland and other countries started a war that led France to ruin.

Under the terms of the peace treaty of 1714, Philip of Anjou renounced his rights to the French crown. The war weakened both the Bourbons and the Habsburgs, and a new balance of power emerged in Europe. England has strengthened significantly. The opportunities for English colonization of North America also expanded.

Other wars of the 18th century.

North War(1700-1721). Russia, in alliance with Denmark, fought against Sweden. Russia won this war.

War of the Austrian Succession(1740-1748). In 1701, the Holy Roman Emperor allowed the emergence of a new state - the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1740, Emperor Charles VI of Habsburg died, bequeathing all his possessions to his daughter, Maria Theresa. European monarchs did not agree with this decision. The King of Prussia, Frederick II, laid claim to the Austrian inheritance. France, Spain and some of the German princes entered the war against the Habsburg monarchy. Maria Theresa was supported by Great Britain, Holland and Russia.

But under the terms of the peace treaty, Maria Theresa managed to maintain the unity of her territories. Since this war, intense rivalry for primacy among the German states began between the dynasty of Prussian and Austrian kings.

Seven Years' War(1756-1763). In it, Prussia and England fought against Austria, France, Saxony, Russia and Sweden. This war showed military power Russia, whose army inflicted a series of defeats on the considered invincible Prussian army and reached Berlin.

As a result of the Seven Years' War, the European borders did not change, and England received the greatest benefits, to which large French possessions in India and North America(Canada and Louisiana). England, pushing aside France, became the leading colonial and trading power in the world.

Russo-Turkish War(1768-1774). In the XVI-XVII centuries. dangerous opponent European powers there was the Ottoman Empire, which, as a result of successful military operations in the 16th century. has become a huge state in terms of territory and population.

As a result of French and Polish intrigues Ottoman Sultan Mustafa III declared war on Russia in 1768, using the actions of the Russian army in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a pretext.

In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was forced to sign with Russia Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Treaty. As a result of the war, which ended in victory Russian Empire, it included lands in Crimea (the rest of Crimea was annexed to Russia 9 years later - in 1783), as well as Azov and Kabarda. The Crimean Khanate formally gained independence under Russian protectorate. Russia received the right to trade and have a navy in the Black Sea.

Lesson summary "".

The Thirty Years' War is called the first pan-European war. Explain this characteristic!

1. because all European countries participated in it, it began in 1618 and ended in 1648
2. This is a war between the German Protestant princes on the one hand, and the Catholic princes and the emperor on the other. The following took part in the war:
   Habsburg bloc - Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, Catholic. princes of Germany, supported by the papacy and Poland.
   Anti-Habsburg bloc - German protest. princes, France, Sweden, Denmark, supported by Holland, England and Russia.
   Thus, almost all European states were involved in the war, so the war turned from an intra-German war into a pan-European one.
3. The Thirty Years' War was the first pan-European war between two major factions: the Habsburg League (Spanish and Austro-German Habsburgs, Catholic princes of Germany, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the anti-Habsburg coalition (France, Sweden, Denmark, Protestant princes of Germany, etc.).

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Thirty Years' War 1618-48

the first pan-European war between two large groupings of powers: the Habsburg bloc (Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs), which sought to dominate the entire “Christian world”, supported by the papacy, the Catholic princes of Germany and the Polish-Lithuanian state (Rzeczpospolita), and the national states that opposed this bloc - France, Sweden, Holland (republic of the United Provinces), Denmark, as well as Russia, and to a certain extent England, which formed an anti-Habsburg coalition, based on Protestant princes in Germany, on the anti-Habsburg movement in the Czech Republic, Transylvania (movement Bethlen a Gabora 1619-26), Italy. Initially it was of the nature religious war"(between Catholics and Protestants), however, in the course of events, increasingly lost this character, especially since Catholic France openly led the anti-Habsburg coalition. T.v. was a reflection in the international sphere of the deep processes of the genesis of capitalism in the depths of feudal Europe; it turned out to be closely connected with the socio-political crises and revolutionary movements of this era of transition from the Middle Ages to modern times. The role of a bulwark of all-European reaction, a defender of obsolete forces feudal society The Habsburgs took over. From the end of the 16th century. a rapprochement began between the Spanish and Austrian branches of the House of Habsburg, which could lead to their unification and thus the revival of the empire of Charles V. The first obstacle to the implementation of the plans of the Habsburgs, who sought to establish their dominance in Europe, were the German Protestant princes, whose independence in the “Holy Roman Empire” "was consolidated by the Augsburg religious peace of 1555 (See. Augsburg religious peace 1555). Emperor Rudolf II began an attack on the rights of Protestants. In response to this, the German Protestant princes, who sought to consolidate their independence and preserve the lands they had seized during the Reformation, united in the Protestant Union of 1608 (See. Protestant Union 1608). The union was supported by those feudal-absolutist states that were ultimately threatened by the Habsburg plans (France, England, etc.). Soon a union of German Catholic princes took shape - Catholic League 1609, which received the support of Spain and the papacy. In 1617-18, the Habsburgs went on the offensive against the privileges of the Czech Republic, which still retained some independence as part of the Habsburg monarchy. Raised in response to this Bohemian uprising 1618-20 against the Habsburgs turned out to be at the center of a pan-European conflict and became the beginning of the first Czech, or Czech-Palatinate, period (1618-23) of the T. century. The head of the Protestant Union, Frederick V of the Palatinate, was elected king of the Czech Republic (1619). Emperor Ferdinand II, having concluded an alliance with the Catholic League (October 1619) and relying on its military assistance, defeated the troops of Czech Protestants (the decisive battle was at the White Mountain on November 8, 1620). The rapid fall of the Czech Republic gave an advantage to the Habsburg-Catholic camp. The troops of the Catholic League and Spain (under the leadership of A. Spinola) occupied the Palatinate (1621-23).

Second period of T. century. (1625-29) - the Danish period, since Denmark entered the war against the Habsburgs, which actually carried out the political plan of concluding an alliance between France, England and the Republic of the United Provinces in 1624 for promised large monetary subsidies (Hague Convention on Subsidies, December 1625). Protestant Denmark was also interested in joining the war, hoping to capture the southern coasts Baltic Sea. The main forces of Holland were sent to the war with Spain, which resumed in 1621 (after the so-called Twelve Years' Truce of 1609). The French government, led since 1624 by A. J. Richelieu, sought to induce war not only in Denmark, but also in the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf, in order to force the imperial army to fight on 2 fronts. But this plan failed, since in northeastern Europe at the same time a war broke out between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian state, which was closely associated with the Habsburgs and was the eastern outpost of the Catholic reaction camp, directed simultaneously against Russia and Sweden. The position of the Habsburgs was significantly complicated by the rise of the peasant movement in Austria (see. Peasants' War 1626 in Upper Austria), the Czech Republic and other lands. However, the imperial troops under the command of A. Wallenstein and also to the troops of the Catholic League under the command of I. Tilly managed to inflict a number of major defeats on the military forces of the anti-Habsburg coalition (Wallenstein's victory over E. Mansfeld, the leader of the coalition army, at Dessau on April 25, 1626; Tilly's victory over Christian IV of Denmark at Lutter on August 27, 1626) and expelled Danish troops from Germany in 1627-28 . Northern Germany was occupied by the Imperial forces of Wallenstein, who began building a large German northern fleet and planned an invasion of the Danish Islands. Denmark was forced to sign the Peace of Lübeck in May 1629 on the terms of restoring the pre-war situation and withdrawing from the war. The victory of the Catholic camp during this period of T. century. and the triumph of Catholic reaction in Germany were reflected in the emperor’s issuance of the edict of restitution in 1629 (See. Edict of Restitution 1629).

In 1628-31, hostilities unfolded between the Habsburgs and France in Northern Italy - the so-called war for Mantuan legacy(emphasized by some researchers during the independent period of the T. century). However, Richelieu still did not dare to big war on German territory until the empire is squeezed on both sides. With French, English and Dutch mediation, an agreement was concluded between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian state Truce of Altmark 1629. This allowed Sweden to throw military forces against the Habsburgs. Part of the general plan for the fight against the Habsburg camp was the planned action against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of the Russian state (which sought to return Smolensk and other Russian lands captured by Polish invaders at the beginning of the 17th century). This was supposed to fetter the forces of the Polish-Lithuanian state.

In July 1630, the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf invaded Northern Germany. This began the Swedish, or Swedish-Russian (1630-35), period of the T. century. In the summer of 1631, taking advantage of subsidies from France (French-Swedish treaty in Berwald, January 1631) and Russia (in the form of the sale of Russian grain to Sweden on very preferential terms), Gustav Adolf moved with a first-class army into the interior of Germany. Sweden's participation in the war was one of the stages of its struggle for dominance in the Baltic Sea. The peasants (and partly the burghers) of Germany first saw Gustav Adolf with his army, the core of which was the free Swedish peasantry, as a liberator from the oppression of princes and nobles. German Protestants turned all their hopes to him. But the military successes, the achievement of which was facilitated by this situation, were used by Gustav Adolf to conspire with the princes and attempt to subjugate the empire to his power. Having won a victory at Breitenfeld (near Leipzig) over Tilly's army (September 17, 1631) and passing through the whole of Germany, Gustav Adolf occupied the capital of Bavaria, Munich (May 1632) and created a threat to the Austrian lands of the Habsburgs. The army of Saxony (which entered into an alliance with Gustav Adolf in September 1631) invaded the Czech Republic and occupied Prague. Under these conditions, the emperor, who at the request of the princes removed Wallenstein in 1630, again entrusted him with command of the imperial army (1632). At the Battle of Lützen in Saxony, Swedish troops defeated the imperial ones (Gustav Adolf died in this battle). However general position The Swedish army, having lost its socio-political support in Germany, deteriorated significantly. In 1632, Russia began a war against Poland (the so-called Smolensk War; see Russian-Polish War of 1632-34 (See. Russian-Polish War 1632-1634)), but, having not received the help previously promised by Gustav Adolf and having suffered defeat at Smolensk, she concluded with her Polyanovsky world 1634. The Swedish command had to urgently withdraw some of the troops to the Polish border. The weakened Swedish army suffered a heavy defeat at Nördlingen in southern Germany (September 6, 1634) from the combined imperial and Spanish forces. The Elector of Saxony, refusing an alliance with Sweden, concluded the Peace of Prague of 1635 with the emperor, which was then joined by the Elector of Brandenburg and other Protestant princes.

Under these conditions, Catholic France had to openly enter the war against the Habsburgs in Germany (1635). The last, Franco-Swedish period of the T. century began. (1635-48). Sweden, having concluded the Treaty of Stumsdorf of 1635 with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, could again, in alliance with France (Treaty of Saint-Germain of 1635), use all its forces in Germany. At the same time, the French army was forced (in alliance with Holland) to wage war with Spain (from May 1635). In Germany, Swedish-French and Imperial-Spanish troops were mainly engaged in plundering the population, which waged a continuous fierce guerrilla warfare against marauding detachments of both warring sides. The military advantage slowly leaned towards France and Sweden (victories at Breitenfeld on November 2, 1642, at Rocroi on May 19, 1643, at Yankov on March 6, 1645, etc.), and the prospect of dividing Germany between them arose. However, when the Habsburg-Catholic camp was already on the verge of complete defeat, the French government, concerned about the successes of the English bourgeois revolution 17th century and the French Fronde (See. Fronde), hastened to end the war. Peace of Westphalia 1648 transferred to Sweden almost all the mouths of navigable rivers in Northern Germany, and to France - lands in Alsace; France's rights to Metz, Toul, and Verdun were also confirmed. A number of German principalities, especially Brandenburg, received an increase in their territories. All princes were legally recognized as having the right (which actually belonged to them before) to enter into foreign political alliances. T.v. had dire consequences for Germany: consolidation of its fragmentation, huge population loss, ruin of the country; The war brought the greatest disasters to the German peasantry. The war between France and Spain continued until the conclusion of the Iberian Peace of 1659, which shackled their forces, serving as one of the important obstacles to organizing the intervention of the feudal monarchies of Europe in revolutionary England. After T.v. hegemony in international life Western Europe passed from the Habsburgs to France. However, the Habsburgs were not completely crushed and remained a serious international force. From the point of view of the history of military affairs, T. V. - the culmination of the development of a system of mercenary armies, expensive, relatively few and mobile (in most cases, the number of both warring sides was measured in several tens of thousands of people). Thus, the military potential of the participants in the war was reduced to the ability to mobilize more or less cash to hire troops. Therefore, in military warfare, stronger states often hid behind the backs of minor ones, to which they provided subsidies for waging war. The most significant transformations in the field of military art were made in the Swedish army (transition to linear tactics, etc.).

Lit.: Engels F., Mark, Marx K. and Engels F., Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 19; Archive of Marx and Engels, vol. 8, [M.], 1946; Porshnev B.F., The Thirty Years' War and the entry of Sweden and the Moscow State into it, M., 1976; him, France, English revolution And European politics V mid-17th century V., M., 1970; Weinstein O. L., Russia and the Thirty Years' War 1618-1648, [M.], 1947; Ritter M., Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Gegenreformation und dcs Dreiβigjährigen Krieges. 1555-1648, Bd 1-3, Stuttg., 1889-1908; Briefe und Akten zur Geschichte des Dreiβigjährigen Krieges, bearb. von M. Ritter, Bd 1-3, Münch., 1870-77; Winter G., Geschichte des Dreiβigjährigen Krieges, B., 1893; Tapie V. L., La politique etrangère de la France et le debut de la guerre de Trente ans. 1616-1621, P., 1934; Pages G., La guerre de Trente ans. 1618-1648, P., 1939; Wedgwood S. V., The thirty years war, N. Y., 1939; Schmiedt R. F., Vorgeschichte, Verlauf und Wirkungen des Dreiβigjährigen Krieges, in the book: Steinmetz M., Deutschland von 1476 bis 1648, V., 1965; Freytag G., Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit, , Lpz., 1960.

B. F. Porshnev.

Big Soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what the "Thirty Years' War 1618-48" is in other dictionaries:

Thirty Years' War 1618 48 between the Habsburg bloc (Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, Catholic princes of Germany, supported by the papacy and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the anti-Habsburg coalition (German Protestant princes, France, Sweden... Historical Dictionary

THIRTY YEARS' WAR 1618 48, between the Habsburg bloc (Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, Catholic princes of Germany, supported by the papacy and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the anti-Habsburg coalition (German Protestant princes, France, Sweden, ... ... Modern encyclopedia

The first pan-European a war between two large groupings of powers: the Habsburg bloc (Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs), which was striving for domination over the entire Christian world, supported by the papacy, Catholic. princes of Germany and Polish Lithuania. gosvom, and... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Between the Habsburg bloc (Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, Catholic princes of Germany, supported by the papacy and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the anti-Habsburg coalition (German Protestant princes, France, Sweden, Denmark, supported by England,... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The reasons that caused this war were both religious and political. The Catholic reaction, which established itself in Europe from the second half of the 16th century, set as its task the eradication of Protestantism and, together with the latter, all modern... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

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Religious War, Counter-Reformation ... Wikipedia

1618 48 between the Habsburg bloc (Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs, Catholic princes of Germany, supported by the papacy and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) and the anti-Habsburg coalition (German Protestant princes, France, Sweden, Denmark, supported by... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary