After the hissing words, O is written in the words: en wow mustache, artie sho k, gang jo, boron jo mi, d jo ker, d jo nka, d jo ul, jo kay, jo ngler, jo m, jo R, jo x, from jo ha, caprich wow, capu sho n, roots sho we, kry jo penetrated, cru sho n, le wow, ma wow, ma jo r, ma jo home, about jo ra, mon wow, about jo zealous, wounded wow, ratchet, rub what would, har wow, cha what bah, wow repent wow whipped, wow porno, wow home, seam, sho vinism, sho To, sho colada, sho mpol, sho roh, sho mouths, sho ry, sho rnik, sho sse, sho Tlander, sho fer.
(1)B Ancient Greece Agriculture was the main source of human existence. (2)<…>urban residents often had a farm outside the city and used what it provided. (3) At the same time, the terrain of Greece was not favorable for agriculture: approximately three-quarters of the territory was occupied by mountains and areas unsuitable for agriculture.
Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) About three quarters territories Ancient Greece occupied mountains and areas unsuitable for agriculture.
2) Agriculture, despite the fact that relief did not contribute to development agriculture, was the main one in Ancient Greece.
3) B Ancient Greece city residents often used fruits of agricultural activity.
4) Basic source of human existence V Ancient Greece was Agriculture, although relief was unfavorable for agriculture.
5) Basic source of livelihood for city residents Ancient Greece was Agriculture.
In carrying out this task, first of all try to find two identical statements without reading the text. If you find it difficult to grasp the idea of the text right away, highlight the key words, as we did. Look at the highlighted words. It is obvious that the keywords completely coincided in sentences 2 and 4. In 1 there are no fruits of agriculture, in 3 and 5 there is no relief.
Now check your version by reading the text, and we will be convinced that we are right.
Answer: 24
Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).
And although
If
Even
Just
If only
This task needs no explanation. Either you are a native Russian speaker or you are not. Obviously, the only word that fits is even.
Answer: even.
Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word SOURCE. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
SOURCE, -a; m.
1) What it gives the beginning of something
., where something comes from. I. light. I. all evil.
2) Written monument, the document on which the Scientific research. Sources for the history of the region. Use all available sources.
3) The one who gives smb. intelligence about smth. He is reliable and... Information from the right source.
4) Water jet, coming to the surface from underground. Healing and. Hot and. I. mineral water.
So, we have a sentence "In Ancient Greece, agriculture was the main source human existence." and a dictionary entry interpreting the word SOURCE. This task concerns polysemantic words. You need to determine in what exact meaning the word is implemented in this text. Highlight the keyword in each paragraph (in scientific terms - categorical seme). It’s a no brainer that the source of existence cannot possibly be a written monument or someone who gives information. Options 2 and 3 are eliminated. A water stream, in principle, can be a source of existence. But the text does not talk about water. But agriculture gives rise to the normal life of the ancient Greeks.
Answer: 1.
4
In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
Busy
to the bottom
gave
Let's call
blinds
This is an easy question. Everyone knows that it is correct to “call”. In general, if question 4 causes you difficulty, purchase our spelling simulator, and you will be happy. In an hour you will remember all the correct accents.
Answer: we call.
One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct a lexical error by choosing
to the highlighted word paronym. Write down the chosen word.
Soon cellular subscribers will be able to pay for metro travel from their phones.
HUMANISM as a concept and way of human existence, having emerged in the Renaissance, runs through the entire history of mankind.
My classmate WEARED a Santa Claus costume and congratulated the town residents.
Even in the era of PRACTICAL people, those who fight injustice appear.
FRIENDLY relationships can exist between like-minded people.
To answer the fifth question of the test, you need to familiarize yourself with the paronymic minimum for 2016, posted on the FIPI website. Let us remind you that paronyms are similar, but still different words. Their meanings may be almost the same, or they may be very different. In order to catch the difference, you need to know well the meanings of all the words from the paronymic minimum.
The word "dressed" is used incorrectly here. Although we often say this, it’s still correct to put it on. They dress the person, put on clothes and shoes. It’s easy to remember: “put on clothes, put on Hope.”
Answer: put it on.
In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
THEIR sisters
drink from SAUCERS
no BOOTS
even RICHER
about FIVE HUNDRED people
This task concerns the form of words. There are a lot of rules governing the choice of word form. They are studied in courses on the stylistics of the Russian language and the culture of speech. These rules appear sporadically in school textbooks, so full responsibility for preparing for this task lies with school teacher and, of course, on yourself. If you realize that you don’t know this material, start studying immediately. We have a recording of a webinar on this topic on our website. Buy a subscription to access webinars and recordings and watch the lecture, because we won’t be able to quickly explain why this is the answer.
Answer: saucer.
Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: to each position of the first
column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
|
Grammatical errors B) misuse case form of a noun with a preposition D) error in sentence construction |
Offers 1) Wildlife sanctuaries are being created How for supporting, so and to restore the numbers of rare animal species that are in danger of extinction. 2) Everyone who I listened to the professor’s speech and was once again surprised by the brightness, originality and depth of his speech. 3), a misconception is created about the size of the Moon. 4) wait until you are introduced. 6) A. Baushev’s article attracted the attention of the Kursk governor, who wished to meet the young author. 7) I'm surprised asked, that where is the fortress. Not only nobility and honesty, A servility and sycophancy. 9) The entire work of the writer E. Nosov is a great wise book that helps people to be kinder, more generous in soul. |
This is real difficult task. And please note that the material is not included in school books. Classification of grammatical errors - university material. So, if you want to study this topic seriously, take a reference book on practical stylistics for philology and journalism departments. Fortunately, FIPI did not select all types of errors. So, at least to a first approximation, you can study this topic before the exam. Again, you can watch recordings of our webinars in the Webinars section.
A) a violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate.
Are looking for:
a) breaks the main clause with subordinate clauses and see if the subjects and predicates in each pair agree (these are constructions like Those who... Many of those who... All who);
b) abbreviations, define the keyword and see if it agrees with the predicate in gender and number;
V) geographical names, we determine the gender of nouns by gender (river - she, city - he, etc.), see if this subject agrees with the predicate by gender.
d) words whose gender many do not know (chimpanzee, cockatoo, veil, etc.), see if these words are consistent with the predicate by gender. A list of such words is in the same stylistics reference books or in our course Preparing for the Unified State Exam 2016.
Of all the above in the sentences we find only the construction everyone who... in the 2nd sentence. Let's look carefully: " All , who listened speech by the professor, once again was I was surprised by the brightness, originality and depth of his speech." The bases of 2 sentences are highlighted in color. In the base of the main sentence, the subject and predicate "everything was" are not consistent in number.
A - 2. After making a decision, do not forget to cross out these options in the CIMs so that they no longer bother you.
B) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition.
We are looking for derivative prepositions. Come across especially often thanks, in agreement, in spite of. These prepositions require the dative case. Let's see if there are any such words in the proposed sentences. Bingo! Sentence 5: “Contrary to the recommendations of doctors, the athlete did not reduce the load during training.” Let's look at what case the word "recommendations" is in. What? Recommendations. Genitive case, a d.b. dative.
C) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial phrase
First of all, find sentences that contain an adverbial phrase. Their M.B. some. Let us recall the questions of gerunds: doing what? what did you do?
We have 2 sentences with participial phrases:
3) Low on the horizon, creates a misconception about the size of the Moon.
4) Finding yourself in the house of strangers, wait until you are introduced.
We emphasize the basics: “a view is being created” and “wait”. We make sure that the offers are not impersonal. If you see something impersonal, there is definitely a mistake there. Participial phrases cannot be used in impersonal sentences. Now let's see that the action described in participial phrase, was done by the one named in the subject. The view cannot be low on the horizon. While you wait, you may end up in the house of strangers. Error in sentence 3.
D) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech
Look for other people's words in quotation marks and the words “said”, “asked”, “thought”, “wrote”, etc. We don't have quotes. But the word “asked” is there.
7) I'm surprised asked what where is the fortress?
The words "Where is the fortress?" not changed, they should be framed as direct speech, but the author of the proposal made a hybrid of direct and indirect speech.
D) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
First of all, we take sentences that generally have homogeneous members. And we pay attention to the presence of double conjunctions in sentences (not only..., but also..., both..., and..., not so much..., but..., etc.)
We have already dropped offers 2, 5, 3, 7. At 4, 6 no homogeneous members. We look carefully at the remaining proposals:
1) Wildlife sanctuaries are being created How for supporting , so and to restore the numbers of rare animal species that are in danger of extinction.
8) In Famus society they are valued Not only nobility and honesty, Aservility and sycophancy.
9) The entire work of the writer E. Nosov is a great wise book that helps people to be kinder, more generous in soul.
We look at the meaning of homogeneous members and make sure that they do not correlate as part and whole, genus and species, and do not turn out to be verbs different types or with different controls. Let's look at unions. So. There are no such conjunctions as “not only..., but...” or “not only..., but...”. This is our mistake.
Answer: 25378
8.
Identify the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
Try...to try
be proud
bicycle..ped
national..national
adr..poke
To answer this question we need to remember. The root here is ber-bir. It is written bir, because there is a suffix A.
Answer: make your way.
Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.
O..gave, by..crossed - the prefixes from and under do not change
pr..krepil, pr..grada - learn the meaning of the prefixes PRE and PR. Attached - meaning "attachment", obstruction - meaning close to PERE
and..tormented, ra..burned - Tormented - voiceless S before voiceless T, rajog - voiced Z before voiced F
pos..yesterday, r..collected - pose, times - unchangeable prefixes
for..played, pod..skat - played - the prefix ends in a vowel, at the root I, find - the Russian prefix ends in a consonant.
Answer: sorted it out the day before yesterday
Doctor...
get upset
double..double
unpretentious
smiling
This and task 11 are best completed by pronouncing the words. If you are a native speaker, you will most likely hear the correct version. But, of course, you can learn that the suffixes CHIV and LIV are written with I and repeat all the rules about verb suffixes.
Answer: heal.
Write down the word in which the letter E is written in the blank.
Dry..sew
laid out..sew
jump out...shit
independent
feed..seat
Here we had to remember that the verbs “shave” and “lay” belong to the 1st conjugation.
Answer: you will lay it out
Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.
M. Gorky received (NOT) LESS than five or six letters every day.
The air, which has not yet become sultry, is pleasantly refreshing.
(NOT) PICK IN THE SKY, GIVE THE TIT IN YOUR HANDS.
(IN)CORRECT, but pleasant facial features gave Nastya a resemblance to her mother.
Ambition is a (NOT) DESIRE to be honest, but a thirst for power.
When completing this task, to avoid confusion, first number the sentences or put parentheses:
1. M. Gorky received every day (NOT) LESS five or six letters.
2. Air, not yet (NOT) BECOME sultry, pleasantly refreshing.
3. (NOT) SULI pie in the sky, give the bird in your hands.
4. (IN)CORRECT, But Pleasant facial features gave Nastya a resemblance to her mother.
5. Ambition is the (NOT) DESIRE to be honest, A thirst for power.
Now let's talk. Read all the highlighted words and identify them. Are they all used without NOT? Everything is here, but often the correct answer can be discovered at this stage.
See if we have pronouns (except negative ones). There are no such. Let us remind you that pronouns are NOT written separately. Negatives have their own rule.
Are there any words with hyphens (not always separated from them). There are no such.
Now let's see if there are unions A and BUT. Eat! in 4 and 5 sentences. We know that with the conjunction A NOT is written separately, and with BUT it is written together. We have the correct answer, but we still need to check all the other options.
1. The value of the degree is separate.
2. Participle with a dependent word - separately.
3. Not with a verb - separately
Answer: incorrect.
Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
1. (B)CONTINUED She was mostly silent during the conversation, and it was difficult for me to understand WHY (WHY) she came.
2. (BY) the way this person behaves, it is clear that he is (IN) EVERYTHING used to being the first.
3. Lake Beloye (FROM) is so charming that (IN) AROUND it there is dense, varied vegetation.
4. It's hard to even imagine TO) happened to me IF the ship was late.
5. (BY) BECAUSE L.N. was silent in concentration. Tolstoy, his relatives could guess (HOW) HOW hard his brain is working now.
Again, we number or delimit the sentences and begin to reason.
First, find words that are exactly spelled with a hyphen (it's easier). But there are none here.
Look for the words "During(s)" and "in continuation(s)". They are often given and are always written separately, regardless of the meaning. There is such a thing. Sentence 1 can be crossed out.
See if there are words WHAT(WHAT), SAME(SAME) and SO(SAME). Everything is simple with them too. See if you can remove the particle. There is something like this in sentence 4. The particle can be removed or rearranged: what would not happen to me. Cross out the 4th.
Now we have to think about the meaning. There is the way this person carries himself (that manner, that way). There is how intensely Tolstoy is silent. And the reason doesn't matter here. 2 and 5 are eliminated. That leaves 3. You can argue about (FROM) THAT, but we know everything else for sure. This task is solved by the method of elimination.
Answer: because around
Indicate the number(s) replaced by N.
In some of Rembrandt’s paintings there is a subterranean festiveness: even the shadowed silhouettes of people are filled with the warmth and breath of chiaroscuro.
1 - N+N (the root goes back to the old - tench - a torture stick).
2. participle with prefix - NN
3. short participle - N
Answer: 3
Place punctuation marks. List two sentences that require ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Generalizing words can appear either before or after homogeneous members.
2) V.I. Surikov had a phenomenal artistic memory and he wrote the laughing priest precisely from memory.
3) You will run out the gate and see the dazzling and pristine whiteness of the snow.
4) I excitedly examined the house and the paintings in it and its inhabitants.
5) Yours inner world tuned subtly and faithfully and responds to the most inconspicuous sounds of life.
Let's place the signs:
1) Generalizing words can appear either before or after homogeneous members. - homogeneous members with a repeating union.
2) V.I. Surikov had a phenomenal artistic memory, and he painted the laughing priest precisely from memory. - divide 2 simple sentences, SSP
3) You will run out the gate and see the dazzling and pristine whiteness of the snow. - there are no signs, And in different rows of homogeneous ones.
4) I excitedly examined the house, the paintings in it, and its inhabitants. - repeating conjunctions again, but now there are 3 homogeneous terms and 2 commas.
5) Your inner world is finely and faithfully tuned and responds to the most imperceptible sounds of life. - again And in different rows of homogeneous ones. The test writer has no imagination.
Answer: 12
16
All events (1) considered (2) and experienced by F.I. Tyutchev(3) they clothed themselves in artistic images (4) rising to the heights of philosophical generalization.
Here we have 2 participial phrases after the words being defined. Comma 2 is not placed between homogeneous ones with a single conjunction I. Legkotnya.
Answer: 134
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.
While studying literary creativity, IN AND. Dahl (1) Certainly(2) he considered the main work of his life to be the creation of the “Dictionary of the Living
Great Russian language". First word for this book (3) according to the memoirs of contemporaries(4) he recorded at the age of eighteen.
The introductory word and introductory expression are separated by commas on both sides. To find out introductory words, learn them. .
Answer: 1234
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.
A.S. Pushkin and his young wife stayed with Demuth (1) whose hotel (2) at that time was considered the most famous in St. Petersburg.
In this task, the subordinate clause is always introduced by the pronoun “which”, which is not in the first place in the subordinate clause. This is an easy task. As a rule, there are no commas before or after the word “which”. But it’s better to analyze it and draw a diagram if in doubt.
Answer: 1
19
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
[ Sergeev came ashore ] (1) but ((2) when I saw an unfamiliar Chinese man on a huge pile of oranges at the pier ) (3) [ then suddenly I felt piercingly and clearly ] (4) ( how far is his homeland from him? ) .
This is a difficult task. Be sure to do a syntactic analysis and draw a diagram or at least place brackets in the sentence to understand each conjunction.
We should be wary of the BUT WHEN construction, because this is often what the junction of conjunctions connecting sentences looks like.
Before BUT, always cold-hearted.
Whether to put a comma between BUT and WHEN is controversial. If we assume that BUT connects sentences 1 and 3 (as we did), then you need to try to take out the subordinate clause and read the sentence without it: Sergeev went ashore, but suddenly he felt piercingly and clearly... In general, it sounds crooked. Since the clause cannot be removed painlessly, we do not put a comma between BUT and WHEN.
However, there is another way of reasoning. What if BUT connects not sentences, but homogeneous predicates: Sergeev went out, but felt "? Then a comma is needed. If BUT is not involved in connecting sentences, the rule about joining conjunctions does not need to be applied.
We still settled on the first option; part of the conjunction TO prevents the sentence from being complete. If someone offers their arguments in favor of the 2nd comma, we will listen with great attention. Write in the comments.
Commas 3 and 4 are needed in any case. They share offers and there is no reason not to put them.
Answer: 134
20
Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.
2) The narrator does not agree with Lazar Borisovich’s opinion that only knowledge of life will help one become a real writer.
5) A real writer must be a real hard worker who knows and understands life in all its manifestations.
Many were alarmed by paragraph 4, because the text did not directly say that the narrator wants to go to university to become a writer. But from the text it is clear that the pharmacist has known the boy for a long time and, most likely, knows about the boy’s intentions to go to university. See sentence 10. The point is slippery, but we still choose 4.
Answer: 345
21.
Which of the following statements are true? Indicate the answer numbers.
1) Sentences 4–6 contain a description of a person’s appearance.
2) Sentences 7–9 contain a description.
3) Sentences 30–32 contain reasoning.
4) Propositions 52 and 53 are contrasted in content.
5) Propositions 55, 56 contain reasoning.
(4)He wore a student jacket. (5)On his wide nose barely holding on pince-nez on a black ribbon. (6) There was a pharmacist short, stocky and very sarcastic person . - it is obvious that there is a description of the person.
(7) Somehow I let's go to Lazar Borisovich at the pharmacy for powders for Aunt Marusya. (8) She has migraine started. (9)Rubbing powders for Aunt Marusya, Lazar Borisovich talked with me. - the actions of the characters are listed, there is no description.
(30)He must there is so much to know that it’s even scary to think about. (31) He must understand everything! (32) He must work like an ox and don't chase glory! - we are talking about obligation, and not about real actions, there is no description: this is reasoning.
(52) And the pharmacist was right. (53) I realized that I knew almost nothing and had not yet thought about many important things. - the boy agrees with the pharmacist, there is no opposition.
(55) I knew that never to anyone I will not believe, Who would to me didn't say anything, what is this life– with her love, the desire for truth and happiness, with her lightning and the distant sound of water in the middle of the night – devoid of meaning and reason. (56)Every from U.S must fight for the affirmation of this life everywhere and always until the end of your days. - we are not talking about real actions, but about hypothetical and necessary ones; reasoning about the meaning of life confirms the hypothesis: here is reasoning.
Answer: 135
22.
Write out the phraseological unit from sentences 1–6.
(1) Sometimes the village pharmacist came to visit Uncle Kolya. (2) This pharmacist’s name was Lazar Borisovich. (3) At first sight he was a rather strange pharmacist. (4) He wore a student jacket. (5) On his wide nose, the pince-nez on the black ribbon barely held on. (6) The pharmacist was a short, stocky and very sarcastic man.
Are looking for set expressions. There is one thing here, you can’t confuse it.
Answer: at first glance.
Among sentences 1–6, find one that is related to the previous one using possessive pronoun. Write the number of this offer.
(1) Sometimes the village pharmacist came to visit Uncle Kolya. (2) Called this pharmacist Lazar Borisovich. (3)At first sight This there was a rather strange pharmacist. (4) He wore a student jacket. (5)On his His wide nose could barely hold his pince-nez on the black ribbon. (6) The pharmacist was a short, stocky and very sarcastic man.
We circle all the pronouns and everything that looks like them. Let's see which word answers whose questions? whose? whose? This is the word in sentence 5. There are no options here. But the word HIS is not always a possessive pronoun. Please note: next to it may be the sentence ОН in the genitive case. For example: only his and saw it! Whose question? won't fit anymore.
Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks 20–23. This excerpt discusses language features text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Paste
in place of gaps (A, B, C, D) there are numbers corresponding to the numbers of terms from the list. Write down in the table under each letter
the corresponding number. Write down the sequence of numbers in ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of task number 24, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and others additional characters. Write each number in accordance with those given in the form.
samples.
“The author’s speech is emotional, figurative, and convincing. So, the tropes: (A)_________ (“strange pharmacist”, “sarcastic person”) and
(B)_________ (sentence 39), technique - (C)_________ (sentence 12) - not only create the external image of the pharmacist, but also help to understand his character, views, ideas about a person’s place in life. A syntactic means of expression such as (G)_________ (for example, sentences 48, 49) helps to understand the attitude of the pharmacist Lazar Borisovich towards the young interlocutor.”
List of terms:
1) a number of homogeneous members
2) interrogative sentences
3) irony
4) introductory words
5) litotes
6) metaphor
7) exclamatory sentences
8) opposition
9) epithet
To complete this task, first look for clues. In the text with gaps there may be terms: tropes, syntactic device, lexical device, device. These are the tips. If you decide on a match, you will have to choose not from 9, but from 2-4 terms.
Hints given:
“The author’s speech is emotional, figurative, and convincing. So, trails:(A)_________ (“strange pharmacist”, “sarcastic person”) and
(B)_________ (sentence 39), reception- (B)_________ (sentence 12) - not only create the external image of a pharmacist, but also help to understand his character, views, ideas about a person’s place in life. The following helps to understand the attitude of the pharmacist Lazar Borisovich towards his young interlocutor: syntactic device expressiveness, like (D)_________ (for example, sentences 48, 49).”
Let's define the terms:
1) a number of homogeneous members - a syntactic means
2) interrogative sentences are a syntactic device
3) irony - trope
4) introductory words - syntactic means
5) litotes - trope
6) metaphor - trope
7) exclamatory sentences - a syntactic device
8) opposition - technique
9) epithet - trope
Download the table of terms correspondence
It is immediately clear that the only technique can be opposition. You don't even have to look at the text. AT 8.
Now choose:
“strange pharmacist”, “sarcastic person” - either irony, or litotes, or a metaphor, or an epithet. Litotes disappears immediately, there is no understatement here, litotes are generally extremely rare in texts. Metaphor and irony are associated with transfer by meaning; there are no transfers here. What remains is the epithet. A - 9.
(39) So that life permeates you! What remains is metaphor, irony and litotes. Litota again immediately disappears. There is no irony here, but there is a metaphor. B - 6.
(48) I’m glad! (49) You see!
In these 2 short sentences we are looking for series of homogeneous members, introductory sentences, question words and exclamatory sentences. In order to recognize exclamation marks, you don’t even have to graduate from school. Of course, G - 7.
Answer: 9687
25.
Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.
1) Lazar Borisovich was a rural pharmacist, although all his life he dreamed of being involved in literary creativity and even published some of his works.
2) The narrator does not agree with the opinion of Lazar Borisovich that only knowledge of life will help you become a real writer.
3) A village pharmacist came to the house of the narrator’s relatives.
4) The narrator graduated from high school and was going to go to university to later become a writer.
5) A real writer must be a real worker who knows and understands life in all its manifestations.
There are only 2 theses here, but they are about the same thing.
Of course, this text is also about the importance of choice. life path, and about the complexity of this choice.
And at the end there is something about the meaning of life, but this will be very far-fetched.
Still, we would focus on the abstracts from task 20. The author’s position for K3 is clearly expressed there.
What arguments to give. We need examples of real writers who have studied life. The novel “How the Steel Was Tempered” and the biography of its author are ideal. You can take M. Gorky's "Childhood", "In People". As negative example Ryukhin from “The Master and Margarita” (a bit of a stretch, but it’ll do). A second example would be a biography of any writer who you believe studied life and then wrote about it. For example, Vladislav Krapivin created the “Caravelle” detachment, built yachts with children, taught members of the detachment to fencing, and went on hikes. Of course, it was easy for him to write for children. "The Boy with the Sword" is a novel about squad life. A.S. Makarenko writes the novel “Pedagogical Poem” about the re-education of juvenile offenders in a children’s labor colony, the creator and director of which in the 20s of the twentieth century was the author himself. The famous story of the same Paustovsky “Telegram” was written based on real story, which Konstantin Georgievich learned about while traveling around the country. Remember the writers who went through the war and wrote about the war. There are plenty of examples.
The storm went crazy. The rains rushed across the water with terrible speed.
But we didn’t notice anything anymore.
-Aren't you cold? - Uncle Kolya shouted to us.
- No! Wonderful!
- So, still?
- Certainly!
The storm lasted five days. It ended at night; and no one noticed it.
This morning I woke up to the sound of birds clicking. The park was drowning in fog. The sun was shining through it. Obviously, above the fog stretched clear sky– the fog was blue.
Uncle Kolya was placing a samovar near the veranda. Smoke rose from the samovar chimney. Our mezzanine smelled of burnt pine cones.
I lay and looked out the window. Miracles happened in the crown of the old linden tree. A ray of sunlight pierced the foliage and lit, swarming inside the linden tree, many green and golden lights. This spectacle could not be conveyed by any artist, let alone, of course, Lenka Mikhelson.
In his paintings, the sky was orange, the trees were blue, and people's faces were greenish, like unripe melons. All this must have been made up, just like my infatuation with Anyone. Now I'm completely free of it.
Perhaps what helped my deliverance the most was the prolonged summer storm.
I watched as the sun's ray penetrated deeper and deeper into the foliage. Here he illuminated a single yellowed leaf, then a tit sitting on a branch with his side to the ground, then a raindrop. She was shaking and was about to fall.
- Kostya, Gleb, do you hear? – Uncle Kolya asked from below.
- And what?
- Cranes!
We listened. In the foggy blue were heard strange noises as if water was shimmering in the sky.
A SMALL PORTION OF POISON
Sometimes the village pharmacist came to visit Uncle Kolya. His name was Lazar Borisovich.
This was a rather strange pharmacist, in our opinion. He wore a student jacket. A crooked pince-nez on a black ribbon barely held onto his wide nose. The pharmacist was short, stocky, with a beard overgrown to his eyes and very sarcastic.
Lazar Borisovich was from Vitebsk, he once studied at Kharkov University, but did not complete the course. Now he lived in a rural pharmacy with his hunchback sister. According to our guesses, the pharmacist was involved in the revolutionary movement.
He carried with him Plekhanov's pamphlets with many passages boldly underlined in red and blue pencil, with exclamation and question marks in the margins.
On Sundays, the pharmacist would climb into the depths of the park with these brochures, spread his jacket on the grass, lie down and read, crossing his legs and swinging his thick boot.
Once I went to Lazar Borisovich at the pharmacy to buy powders for Aunt Marusya. She started having a migraine.
I liked the pharmacy - a clean old hut with rugs and geraniums, earthenware bottles on the shelves and the smell of herbs. Lazar Borisovich himself collected them, dried them and made infusions from them.
I have never seen such a creaky building as a pharmacy. Each floorboard creaked in its own way. In addition, all the things squeaked and creaked: chairs, a wooden sofa, shelves and the desk at which Lazar Borisovich wrote recipes. Each movement of the pharmacist caused so many different creaks that it seemed as if several violinists in the pharmacy were rubbing their bows on dry, stretched strings.
Lazar Borisovich was well versed in these creaks and caught their most subtle shades.
- Manya! - he shouted to his sister. - Don’t you hear? Vaska went to the kitchen. There's fish there!
Vaska was a mangy black chemist's cat. Sometimes the pharmacist would say to us visitors:
“I beg you, do not sit on this sofa, otherwise such music will start that you will only go crazy.”
Lazar Borisovich said, grinding powders in a mortar, that, thank God, in wet weather the pharmacy does not creak as much as in drought. The mortar suddenly squealed. The visitor shuddered, and Lazar Borisovich spoke triumphantly:
- Yeah! And you have nerves! Congratulations!
Now, grinding powders for Aunt Marusya, Lazar Borisovich made a lot of squeaks and said:
– The Greek sage Socrates was poisoned by hemlock. So! And there is a whole forest of this hemlock here, in the swamp near the mill. I warn you - white umbrella flowers. Poison in the roots. So! But, by the way, this poison is useful in small doses. I think that every person should sometimes add a small portion of poison to his food so that he can get through it properly and come to his senses.
– Do you believe in homeopathy? – I asked.
– In the field of the psyche – yes! – Lazar Borisovich stated decisively. - Do not understand? Well, let's check it out for you. Let's do a test.
I agreed. I was wondering what kind of test this was.
“I also know,” said Lazar Borisovich, “that youth has its rights, especially when a young man graduates from high school and enters university. Then there is a carousel in my head. But you still need to think about it!
- Above what?
- As if you have nothing to think about! – Lazar Borisovich exclaimed angrily. - Now you start to live. So? Who will you be, may I ask? And how do you propose to exist? Are you really going to be able to have fun, joke and brush off difficult questions all the time? Life is not a vacation, young man. No! I predict to you - we are on the eve of big events. Yes! I assure you of this. Although Nikolai Grigorievich is making fun of me, we will still see who is right. So, I'm wondering: who will you be?
“I want...” I began.
- Stop it! - shouted Lazar Borisovich. – What will you tell me? That you want to be an engineer, a doctor, a scientist or something else. It doesn't matter at all.
– What is important?
- Justice! - he shouted. - We need to be with the people. And for the people. Be whoever you want, even a dentist, but fight for good life for people. So?
- But why are you telling me this?
- Why? At all! For no reason! You are a pleasant young man, but you do not like to think. I noticed this a long time ago. So, please, think about it!
“I’ll be a writer,” I said and blushed.
- A writer? – Lazar Borisovich adjusted his pince-nez and looked at me with menacing surprise. - Ho-ho! You never know who wants to be a writer! Maybe I also want to be Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
– But I already wrote... and published.
“Then,” said Lazar Borisovich decisively, “be so kind as to wait!” I'll weigh out the powders, take you out, and we'll figure it out.
He was apparently excited and, while he was weighing out the powders, he dropped his pince-nez twice.
We got out and walked across the field to the river, and from there to the park. The sun was sinking towards the forests on the other side of the river. Lazar Borisovich plucked the tops of the wormwood, rubbed them, sniffed his fingers and said:
– This is a big deal, but it requires real knowledge of life. So? And you have very little of it, not to say that it is completely absent. Writer! He must know so much that it’s even scary to think about. He must understand everything! He must work like an ox and not pursue glory! Yes! Here. I can tell you one thing - go to the huts, to fairs, to factories, to shelters. All around, everywhere - in theaters, in hospitals, in mines and prisons. So! Everywhere. So that life permeates you like valerian alcohol! To get a real infusion. Then you can release it to people like a miraculous balm! But also in known doses. Yes!
He talked for a long time about his vocation as a writer. We said goodbye near the park.
“You shouldn’t think that I’m a loafer,” I said.
- Oh, No! - Lazar Borisovich exclaimed and grabbed my hand. - I'm glad. You see. But you must admit that I was a little right and now you will think about something. After my little dose of poison. A?
He looked into my eyes without letting go of my hand. Then he sighed and left. He walked through the fields, short and shaggy, and still plucked the tops of the wormwood. Then he took a large penknife from his pocket, squatted down and began to dig some medicinal herb out of the ground.
The pharmacist's test was a success. I realized that I knew almost nothing and had not yet thought about many important things. I accepted the advice of this funny man and soon went out into the world, into that worldly school that no books or abstract thoughts can replace.
It was a difficult and real deal.
Youth took its toll. I didn’t think about whether I had the strength to go through this school. I was sure that was enough.
In the evening we all went to Chalk Hill - a steep cliff above the river, overgrown with young pine trees. A huge warm autumn night opened up from Chalk Hill.
We sat down on the edge of a cliff. The water was noisy at the dam. The birds were busy in the branches, settling down for the night. Lightning blazed above the forest. Then thin clouds, like smoke, were visible.
– What are you thinking about, Kostya? – Gleb asked.
- So... in general...
I thought that I would never believe anyone, no matter who told me that this life, with its love, the desire for truth and happiness, with its lightning and the distant sound of water in the middle of the night, is devoid of meaning and reason. Each of us must fight for the affirmation of this life everywhere and always - until the end of our days.
1946
Book two
RESTLESS YOUTH
Occasionally, the stubble on Gilyarov’s cheeks would bristle and his narrowed eyes would laugh. This is what happened when Gilyarov gave us a speech about knowing oneself. After this speech, I began to believe in the limitless power of human consciousness.
Gilyarov simply shouted at us. He ordered us not to bury our capabilities in the ground. You have to work damn hard on yourself, extract from yourself everything that is inherent in you. This is how an experienced conductor opens up all the sounds in an orchestra and forces the most stubborn orchestrator to bring any instrument to full expression.
“A person,” said Gilyarov, “must comprehend, enrich and decorate life.”
Gilyarov's idealism was tinged with bitterness and constant regret about his gradual decline. Among Gilyarov’s many expressions, I remember the words “about the last evening dawn of idealism and its dying thoughts.”
This old professor, similar in appearance to Emile Zola, had a lot of contempt for the prosperous man in the street and liberal intelligentsia that time.
This matched the copper plaque on his door about the insignificance of man. We understood, of course, that Gilyarov hung this plaque to spite his decent neighbors.
Gilyarov spoke about the enrichment of human life. But we didn't know how to achieve this. I soon came to the conclusion that to do this I needed to express myself most fully in my blood connection with the people. But how? What? Writing seemed to me the surest path. Thus was born the idea of him as my only path in life.
Since then, my adult life began - often difficult, less often joyful, but always restless and so varied that one can easily get confused when remembering it.
My youth began in the last grades of high school and ended with the First World War. It ended, perhaps, earlier than it should have. But my generation has experienced so many wars, coups, trials, hopes, labor and joy that all this would have been enough for several generations of our ancestors.
In a time equal to the revolution of Jupiter around the Sun, we have experienced so much that just remembering it makes our heart ache. Our descendants will, of course, envy us, participants and witnesses of great turning points in the fate of mankind.
The university was the center of progressive thought in the city. At first, like most newcomers, I was shy at the university and was confused by meeting old people, especially “eternal students.” These bearded people in shabby, unbuttoned jackets looked at us, freshmen, like mindless puppies.
In addition, after high school it took me a long time to get used to the fact that it was not at all necessary to listen to lectures and that during university class hours you could sit at home reading books or wandering around the city with impunity.
Gradually I got used to the university and loved it. But he fell in love not with the lectures and professors (there were few talented professors), but with the very character of student life.
Lectures went on in their own order in the classrooms, and student life - very stormy and noisy - also went on in its own order, regardless of the lectures, in the long and dark university corridors.
In these corridors, disputes were in full swing all day, gatherings were noisy, communities and factions gathered. The corridors were drowned in tobacco smoke.
For the first time I learned about the sharp, violent contradictions between the Bolsheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, about the Bundists, Dashnaks, “broad” Ukrainians and the Paolei Zion party. But it happened that representatives of all these parties united against one common enemy - the “White Lining” students, members of the Black Hundred Academic Union. Fights with the “white lining” quite often reached hand-to-hand combat, especially when the “Caucasian Fellowship” intervened in the matter.
In the boiling of these passions one could already feel the approach of some new times. And it seemed strange that right there, a few steps away, behind the doors of the classrooms, venerable and gray-haired professors were giving lectures in boring silence about trade customs in Hanseatic cities or comparative linguistics.
In those years, before the First World War, many foresaw the approach of a thunderstorm, but could not foresee with what force it would hit the earth. As before a thunderstorm, it was stuffy in Russia and in the world. But the thunder had not yet arrived, and this reassured short-sighted people.
Alarm beeps in the morning darkness on the outskirts of Kyiv, when factories were on strike, arrests and exiles, hundreds of proclamations - all these were the lightning of a distant thunderstorm. Only a sensitive ear could catch the grumbling of thunder behind them. And therefore his first deafening blow was in the summer of 1914, when the World War, stunned everyone.
We high school students, when we left the gymnasium, immediately lost each other, although we swore never to do this. The war came, then the revolution came, and since then I have never met almost any of my classmates. The merry fellow Stanishevsky, the home-grown philosopher Fitsovsky, the reserved Shmukler, the slow Matusevich and the fast-as-a-bird Bulgakov have disappeared somewhere.
I lived in Kyiv alone. Mom, sister Galya and brother Dima, a student at the Technological Institute, were in Moscow. And although my elder brother Borya lived in Kyiv, we almost never met.
Borya married a short, plump woman. She wore purple Japanese kimonos with embroidered cranes. All day Borya sat over the drawings of concrete bridges. His dark room, papered with oak wood wallpaper, smelled of fixoir. My feet stuck to the painted floors. Photos of the world-famous beauty Lina Cavalieri were pinned to the wall with rusty pins.
Borya did not approve of my passion for philosophy and literature. “You have to make your way in life,” he said. - You're a dreamer. Same as dad. Entertaining people is not the point.”
He believed that literature exists to entertain people. I didn't want to argue with him. I protected my attachment to literature from an unkind eye. That's why I stopped going to Bora.
I lived with my grandmother on the green outskirts of Kyiv, Lukyanovka, in an outbuilding in the depths of the garden. My room was filled with fuchsia flowerpots. All I did was read until I was exhausted. To catch my breath, I went out into the garden in the evenings. There was sharp autumn air and the starry sky burned above the flying branches.
At first my grandmother was angry and called me home, but then she got used to it and left me alone. She only said that I was spending my time without any “sense,” in other words, without meaning, and all this would end in fleeting consumption.
But what could grandma do about my new friends? What could grandmother object to Pushkin or Heine, Fet or Leconte de Lisle, Dickens or Lermontov?
In the end, my grandmother gave up on me. She lit a lamp in her room with a pink glass shade in the shape of a large tulip and immersed herself in reading Kraszewski’s endless Polish novels. And I remembered the poems that “in the sky, like a soulful call, the golden eyelashes of the stars twinkle.” And the earth seemed to me to be a repository of many treasures, such as these golden eyelashes of the stars. I believed that life had in store for me many charms, meetings, love and sorrow, joy and shock, and in this presentiment was the great happiness of my youth. Whether this came true, the future will show.
And now, as the actors said in ancient theaters, coming out to the audience before the performance: “We will present you with various everyday incidents and try to make you think about them, cry and laugh.”
Unprecedented autumn
I was traveling from Kyiv to Moscow in a cramped room under the carriage heating. There were three of us passengers - an elderly land surveyor, a young woman in a white Orenburg scarf, and me.
The woman was sitting on a cold cast-iron stove, and the surveyor and I took turns sitting on the floor - it was impossible for the two of us to fit there.
Small coal crunched underfoot. It soon turned the woman's white scarf gray. Outside the tightly boarded window - also gray, with dried streaks from raindrops - it was impossible to make out anything. Only somewhere near Sukhinichi I saw and remembered a huge, bloody sunset that took over the entire sky.
The surveyor looked at the sunset and said that there, on the borders, they must already be fighting with the Germans. The woman pressed her handkerchief to her face and began to cry: she was going to Tver to see her husband and did not know whether she would find her husband there, or whether he had already been sent to the front lines.
I was going to say goodbye to my brother Dima in Moscow; he was also drafted into the army. I was not accepted into the army because of severe myopia. In addition, I was the youngest son in the family and a student, and according to the laws of that time, younger sons, as well as students, were exempt from military service.
It was almost impossible to get out of the heating onto the carriage platform. Those mobilized lay side by side on the roofs, hanging on the buffers and steps. The stations greeted us with the prolonged howls of women, the roar of accordions, whistles and songs. The train stopped and immediately grew to the rails. Only two locomotives could move it, and then only with a heavy jerk.
Russia has moved. The war, like an earthquake, tore it off its foundations. Bells rang alarmingly in thousands of villages, announcing mobilization. Thousands of peasant horses were transported to railways conscripts from the most remote corners of the country. The enemy invaded the country from the west, but a powerful wave of people rolled towards him from the east.
The whole country turned into a military camp. Life is mixed up. Everything familiar and established instantly disappeared.
On the long road to Moscow, the three of us ate only one petrified bun with raisins and drank a bottle of muddy water.
Therefore, it must have been that the air of Moscow, when I stepped out of the car onto the damp platform of the Bryansk station in the morning, seemed fragrant and light to me. The summer of 1914 was ending - the menacing and alarming summer of the war, and the sweet and cool smells of autumn - withered leaves and stagnant ponds - were already breaking through the Moscow air.
Mom lived at that time in Moscow, right next to such a pond on Bolshaya Presnya. The apartment windows overlooked the Zoological Garden. One could see the red brick firewalls of Presnensky houses, battered by shells back during the December uprising of the fifth year, the empty paths of the Zoological Garden and a large pond with black water. In the streaks of sun, the pond water shone the greenish color of mud.
I have never seen an apartment that was so in tune with the character of people and their lives as my mother’s apartment on Presnya. It was empty, almost without furniture, except for the kitchen tables and a few creaky Viennese chairs. The shadows of the old blackened trees fell into the rooms, and therefore the apartment was always gloomy and cold. The gray and sticky oilcloths on the tables were also cold.
Mom developed a passion for oilcloths. They replaced the old tablecloths and persistently reminded us of poverty, of the fact that my mother was struggling with all her might to somehow maintain order and cleanliness. Otherwise she could not live.
At home I found only my mother and Galya. Dima went to Gravornovo to the training ground to teach shooting to reserve soldiers.
In the two years that I had not seen her, my mother’s face had wrinkled and turned yellow, but her thin lips were still tightly compressed, as if my mother was making it clear to those around her that she would never give in to life, to the machinations of petty ill-wishers, and would come out on top. got into trouble with the winner.
And Galya, as always, wandered aimlessly through the rooms, bumped into chairs due to myopia and asked me about all sorts of trifles - how much a ticket from Kyiv to Moscow now costs and whether there were still porters at the stations, or they were all taken to the war.
On this visit, my mother seemed calmer to me than before. I didn't expect this. I couldn’t understand where this calmness came from during the war days, when Dima could be sent to the front any day now. But mom herself gave away her thoughts.
“Now, Kostya,” she said, “it’s much easier for us.” Dima is a warrant officer, officer. Receives a good salary. Now I am not afraid that tomorrow I will have nothing to pay the rent.
She looked at me worriedly and added:
– In war, not everyone is killed either. I'm sure that Dima will be left in the rear. He is at good standing from the authorities.
I agreed that, indeed, not everyone is killed in war. This fragile consolation could not be taken away from her.
Looking at my mother, I understood what the burden of everyday defenseless existence means and how a person needs reliable shelter and a piece of bread. But I felt uneasy at the thought that she was happy with this miserable prosperity that arose in the family at the expense of the danger for her son. It cannot be that she is not aware of this danger. She just tried not to think about her.
Dima returned - tanned, very confident. He unfastened and hung his brand new saber with a gilded hilt in the hallway. In the evening, when the electric light was turned on in the hallway, the hilt sparkled like the only elegant thing in my mother’s wretched apartment.
Mom managed to tell me that Dima’s marriage to Margarita was upset, since Margarita turned out to be, in my mother’s expression, “a very unpleasant person.” I said nothing.
A few days later, Dima was assigned to the Navaginsky infantry regiment. Dima got ready and left so quickly that his mother did not have time to come to her senses. It was only on the second day after he left that she cried for the first time.
Dima’s train was loading on the sidings of the Brest station. It was a windy, boring day, an ordinary day with yellow dust and a low sky. It always seems that on days like these nothing special can happen.
Farewell to Dima was fitting for this day; Dima was in charge of loading the train. He spoke to us in fits and starts and said a hasty goodbye when the train had already started moving. He caught up with his carriage, jumped onto the running board while moving, but was immediately blocked by an oncoming train. When the trains dispersed, Dima was no longer visible.
After Dima left, I transferred from Kyiv University to Moscow University. Dima’s mother rented out Dima’s room to the Moscow tram engineer Zakharov. To this day I don’t understand what Zakharov could have liked about our apartment.
Zakharov studied in Belgium, lived in Brussels for many years and returned to Russia shortly before the First World War. He was a cheerful bachelor with a graying, trimmed beard. He wore loose foreign suits and piercing glasses. Zakharov covered the entire table in his room with books. But among them I did not find almost a single technical one. Most of all there were memoirs, novels and collections of “Knowledge”.
At Zakharov’s I first saw French editions of Verhaeren, Maeterlinck and Rodenbach on the table.
That summer, everyone admired Belgium - a small country that took the first blow of the German armies. Everywhere they sang a song about the defenders of besieged Liege.
Belgium was smashed to pieces in two or three days. A halo of martyrdom shone over her. The Gothic lace of its town halls and cathedrals collapsed and ground into dust under their boots. German soldiers and forged wheels of cannons.
I read Werhaeren, Maeterlinck, Rodenbach, trying to find in the books of these Belgians the key to the courage of their compatriots. But I did not find this solution either in Varharnov’s complex poems, which denied old world, as a great evil, neither in the dead and fragile, like flowers under ice, novels of Rodenbach, nor in the plays of Maeterlinck, written as if in a dream.
Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
“The author’s speech is emotional, figurative, and convincing. Thus, the tropes: (A)_________ (“strange pharmacist”, “sarcastic person”) and (B)_________ (sentence 39), reception – (B)_________ (sentence 12) - not only create the external image of the pharmacist, but also help understand his character, views, ideas about a person’s place in life. A syntactic means of expression such as (G)_________ (for example, sentences 48, 49) helps to understand the attitude of the pharmacist Lazar Borisovich towards the young interlocutor.”
List of terms:
1) a number of homogeneous members
2) interrogative sentences
4) introductory words
6) metaphor
8) opposition
| A | B | IN | G |
(1) Sometimes the village pharmacist came to visit Uncle Kolya. (2) This pharmacist’s name was Lazar Borisovich. (3) At first glance, he was a rather strange pharmacist. (4) He wore a student jacket. (5) On his wide nose, the pince-nez on the black ribbon barely held on. (6) The pharmacist was a short, stocky and very sarcastic man.
(7) Once I went to Lazar Borisovich at the pharmacy to buy powders for Aunt Marusya. (8) She started having a migraine. (9) While grinding powders for Aunt Marusya, Lazar Borisovich talked to me.
“(10) I know,” said Lazar Borisovich, “that youth has its rights, especially when the young man graduated from high school and was about to enter the university. (11) Then there’s a carousel in my head. (12) You are a pleasant young man, but you do not like to think. (13) I noticed this a long time ago. (14) So, please, think about yourself, about life, about your place in life, about what you would like to do for people!
“(15) I’ll be a writer,” I said and blushed.
- (16) A writer? – Lazar Borisovich adjusted his pince-nez and looked at me with menacing surprise. - (17) Ho-ho? (18) You never know who wants to be a writer! (19) Maybe I also want to be Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
- (20) But I already wrote... and published.
“(21) Then,” said Lazar Borisovich decisively, “be so kind as to wait!” (22) I’ll weigh out the powders, take you out, and we’ll figure it out.
(23) We got out and walked across the field to the river, and from there to the park. (24) The sun was sinking towards the forests on the other side of the river. (25) Lazar Borisovich plucked the tops of the wormwood, rubbed them, sniffed his fingers and spoke.
- (26) This is a big deal, but it requires real knowledge of life. (27) Right? (28) And you have very little of it, not to say that it is completely absent. (29) Writer! (30) He must know so much that it’s even scary to think about. (31) He must understand everything! (32) He must work like an ox and not pursue glory! (33) Yes! (34) Here. (35) I can tell you one thing: go to the huts, to fairs, to factories, to flophouses! (36) To theaters, to hospitals, to mines and prisons! (37) Yes! (38) Be everywhere! (39) May life permeate you! (40) To get a real infusion! (41) Then you will be able to release it to people like a miraculous balm! (42) But also in known doses. (43) Yes!
(44) He talked for a long time about the vocation of a writer. (45) We said goodbye near the park.
- (47) No! - Lazar Borisovich exclaimed and grabbed my hand. - (48) I’m glad! (49) You see! (50) But you must admit that I was a little right, and now you will think about something. (51)Huh?
(52) And the pharmacist was right. (53) I realized that I knew almost nothing and had not yet thought about many important things. (54) And he accepted the advice of this funny man and soon went among the people, into that worldly school that no books or abstract thoughts can replace.
(55) I knew that I would never believe anyone, no matter who told me that this life - with its love, the desire for truth and happiness, with its lightning and the distant sound of water in the middle of the night - is devoid of meaning and reason. (56) Each of us must fight for the affirmation of this life everywhere and always until the end of our days.
(By K. G. Paustovsky*)
* Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky (1892–1968) - Russian Soviet writer, classic Russian literature. Author of short stories, novellas, novels, among them “The Tale of Life”, “Golden Rose”, “Meshchera Side”, etc.
Explanation (see also Rule below).
“The author’s speech is emotional, figurative, and convincing. So, the paths: (A) epithets(“strange pharmacist”, “sarcastic person”) and (B) metaphor life permeated(sentence 39), reception – (B) opposition(sentence 12) - not only create the external image of a pharmacist, but also help to understand his character, views, ideas about a person’s place in life. A syntactic means of expression such as (D) helps to understand the attitude of the pharmacist Lazar Borisovich towards the young interlocutor. exclamatory sentences(for example, sentences 48, 49)."
List of terms:
1) a number of homogeneous members
2) interrogative sentences
4) introductory words
6) metaphor
7) exclamatory sentences
8) opposition
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G |
| 9 | 6 | 8 | 7 |
Answer: 9687
Source: Unified State Exam in Russian 03/25/2016. Early wave
Relevance: Used since 2015
Difficulty: normal
Rule: Task 26. Language means of expression
ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF EXPRESSION.
The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing correspondence between the gaps indicated by letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write matches only in the order in which the letters appear in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put “0” in place of this number. You can get from 1 to 4 points for the task.
When completing task 26, you should remember that you are filling in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic and grammatical connection. Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates consistent with the omissions, etc. It will make it easier to complete the task and divide the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division knowing that all funds are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; secondly, figures of speech (some of them are called syntactic).
26.1 TROPIC WORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A FIGUREABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSIVENESS. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.
Note: The assignment usually states that these are TRAILS.
In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in parentheses, like a phrase.
1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks an essential feature for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. From simple definition the epithet is different artistic expression and imagery. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.
Epithets include all “colorful” definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:
sad orphaned land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I.A. Bunin).
Epithets can also be expressed:
-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative characteristic of the subject: winter sorceress; mother is the damp earth; The poet is a lyre, and not just the nanny of his soul(M. Gorky);
-adverbs, acting as circumstances: In the wild north stands alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tensely stretched downwind (K. G. Paustovsky);
-participles: waves rush thundering and sparkling;
-pronouns, expressing the superlative degree of a particular state of the human soul:
After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, still which! (M. Yu. Lermontov);
-participles and participial phrases: Nightingales in vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of... greyhound writers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in their language except the words not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).
2. Comparison- This figurative technique, based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binary: it names both compared objects (phenomena, characteristics, actions).
The villages are burning, they have no protection.
The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,
And the glow like an eternal meteor,
Playing in the clouds frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
Comparisons are expressed in various ways:
Instrumental case form of nouns:
Nightingale vagrant Youth flew by,
Wave in bad weather Joy fades away (A.V. Koltsov)
Shape comparative degree adjective or adverb: Those eyes greener sea and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);
Comparative phrases with conjunctions like, as if, as if, etc.:
Like a predatory beast, to the humble abode
The winner breaks in with bayonets... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
Using the words similar, similar, this is:
On the eyes of a cautious cat
Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);
Using comparative clauses:
Golden leaves swirled
In the pinkish water of the pond,
Like a light flock of butterflies
Flies breathlessly towards a star. (S. A. Yesenin)
3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on any basis. Unlike a comparison, which contains both what is being compared and what is being compared with, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness in the use of the word. A metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.
All metaphors are divided into two groups:
1) general language(“erased”): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, moving mountains, strings of the soul, love has faded;
2) artistic(individual author’s, poetic):
And the stars fade diamond thrill
IN painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);
Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);
AND blue, bottomless eyes
They bloom on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)
Metaphor happens not just single: it can develop in the text, forming entire chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This expanded, complex metaphor , a complete artistic image.
4. Personification- this is a type of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:
Rolling through the sleepy valleys, the sleepy mists lay down, And only the sound of a horse's tramp is lost in the distance. The autumn day has faded, turning pale, with the fragrant leaves curled up, and the half-withered flowers are enjoying dreamless sleep.. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
5. Metonymy(translated from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their contiguity. Adjacency can be a manifestation of connection:
Between action and the instrument of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed to swords and fires(A.S. Pushkin);
Between an object and the material from which the object is made: ... or on silver, I ate on gold(A. S. Griboyedov);
Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls... (Yu. K. Olesha)
6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) - this a type of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another based on the quantitative relationship between them. Most often, transfer occurs:
From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not come... (A.S. Pushkin);
From part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)
7. Periphrase, or periphrasis(translated from Greek - a descriptive expression) is a phrase that is used instead of any word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse
A. S. Pushkin - “Peter’s Creation”, “Beauty and Wonder of the Full Countries”, “The City of Petrov”; A. A. Blok in the poems of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.
8.Hyperbole(in translation from Greek - exaggeration) - this is figurative expression containing an excessive exaggeration of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N.V. Gogol)
And at that very moment there were couriers, couriers, couriers on the streets... can you imagine, thirty five thousands only couriers! (N.V. Gogol).
9. Litota(translated from Greek - smallness, moderation) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any attribute of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)
And walking importantly, in decorous calm, the horse is led by the bridle by a peasant in large boots, in a short sheepskin coat, in large mittens... and from the nails myself!(N.A. Nekrasov)
10. Irony(translated from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Why, smart one, are you delirious, head?(I. A. Krylov)
26.2 “NON-SPECIAL” LEXICAL VISUATIVE AND EXPRESSIVE MEANS OF LANGUAGE
Note: In assignments it is sometimes indicated that this is a lexical device. Typically, in a review of task 24, an example of a lexical device is given in parentheses, either as a single word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these are the products most often needed find in task 22!
11. Synonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, different in sound, but identical or similar in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.
Synonyms can be contextual.
12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lie, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive capabilities.
Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.
Lies happen good or evil,
Compassionate or merciless,
Lies happen dexterous and awkward,
Prudent and reckless,
Intoxicating and joyless.
13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression
Phraseologisms (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in ready-made form, in which the integral meaning dominates the meanings of their constituent components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be on cloud nine, bone of contention), have great expressive capabilities. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:
1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, sword of Damocles, Achilles heel);
2) the classification of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to category linguistic means with a positive emotional-expressive coloring ( to store like the apple of your eye - trade.) or with a negative emotional-expressive coloring (without the king in the head - disapproved, small fry - disdained, worthless - despised.).
14. Stylistically colored vocabulary
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:
1) emotional-expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:
a) words with a positive emotional-expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Slavonicisms): inspiration, future, fatherland, aspirations, hidden, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, enchantment, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, brave; endearments: sunshine, darling, daughter
b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: speculation, bickering, nonsense; dismissive: upstart, hustler; contemptuous: dunce, crammer, scribbling; abusive/
2) functionally and stylistically colored vocabulary, including:
a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks
b) colloquial (everyday): dad, boy, braggart, healthy
15. Vocabulary limited use
To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:
Dialectal vocabulary (words that are used by residents of a particular area: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);
Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic connotation: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: beggar, drunkard, cracker, trash talker);
Professional vocabulary (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);
Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of youth slang: party, frills, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; to the soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; criminal jargon: bro, raspberry);
The vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they denote: boyar, oprichnina, horse-drawn horse; archaisms are outdated words naming objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: forehead - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).
26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC DEVICES based on special combinations of words that go beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and figurativeness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.
Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format indicating these means: they are called syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expressiveness, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.
16.Rhetorical question is a figure that contains a statement in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer; it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, and to attract the reader’s attention to a particular phenomenon:
Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He who comprehended people from a young age?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);
17.Rhetorical exclamation is a figure that contains a statement in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations enhance the expression of certain feelings in a message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:
That was on the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! oh sunshine! O fresh spirit of birch. (A.K. Tolstoy);
Alas! The proud country bowed to the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
18.Rhetorical appeal- this is a stylistic figure consisting of an emphasized appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but rather to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathosity of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:
My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like the soul, is uncontrollable and eternal (A.S. Pushkin);
Oh, deep night! Oh, cold autumn! Mute! (K. D. Balmont)
19.Repetition (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting of the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to attract special attention to them.
Types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and pickup.
Anaphora(in translation from Greek - ascent, rise), or unity of beginning, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:
Lazy the hazy noon breathes,
Lazy the river is rolling.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds are melting lazily (F.I. Tyutchev);
Epiphora(translated from Greek - addition, final sentence of a period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:
Although man is not eternal,
That which is eternal - humanely.
What is a day or an age?
Before what is infinite?
Although man is not eternal,
That which is eternal - humanely(A. A. Fet);
They got a loaf of light bread - joy!
Today the film is good in the club - joy!
A two-volume edition of Paustovsky was brought to the bookstore. joy!(A.I. Solzhenitsyn)
Pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:
He fell down on the cold snow,
On the cold snow, like a pine tree,
Like a pine tree in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);
20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking next to) - identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, poetic lines, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:
I look at the future with fear,
I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);
I was a ringing string for you,
I was your blooming spring,
But you didn't want flowers
And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)
Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant land? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country is for business, but business is for the country (from the newspaper).
21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, inversion) is a change in the usual order of words in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), giving the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:
The agreed definition comes after the word being defined: I’m sitting behind bars in dungeon dank(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there were no swells running through this sea; the stuffy air did not flow: it was brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);
Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns come before the word to which they relate: Hours of monotonous battle(monotonous clock strike);
22.Parcellation(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonational and semantic units - phrases. At the place of division of a sentence, a period, an exclamation point and question marks, ellipsis. In the morning, bright as a splint. Scary. Long. Ratnym. The rifle regiment was defeated. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why isn't anyone outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important areas of society! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); The state needs to remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)
23. Non-union and multi-union- syntactic figures based on deliberate omission, or, conversely, deliberate repetition of conjunctions. In the first case, when omitting conjunctions, speech becomes condensed, compact, and dynamic. The actions and events depicted here quickly, instantly unfold, replacing each other:
Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts.
Drumming, clicks, grinding.
The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning,
And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)
When multi-union speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and repeated conjunctions highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:
But And grandson, And great-grandson, And great-great-grandson
They grow in me while I grow... (P.G. Antokolsky)
24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of topic and intonational division into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) occurs with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a significant pause separating it, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:
If I wanted to limit my life to the home circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a husband, / If I were captivated by the family picture for even a single moment, then it’s true that I wouldn’t look for another bride besides you. (A.S. Pushkin)
25.Antithesis or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) is a turn in which opposing concepts, positions, images are sharply contrasted. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general linguistic and contextual:
You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet(A.S. Pushkin);
Yesterday I looked into your eyes,
And now everything is looking sideways,
Yesterday I was sitting before the birds,
All larks these days are crows!
I'm stupid and you're smart
Alive, but I'm dumbfounded.
O cry of women of all times:
“My dear, what have I done to you?” (M. I. Tsvetaeva)
26.Gradation(in translation from Latin - gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a characteristic. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and impact of the text:
I called you, but you didn’t look back, I shed tears, but you didn’t condescend(A. A. Blok);
Glowed, burned, shone huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)
Descending gradation is used less frequently and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:
He brought mortal resin
Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A.S. Pushkin)
27.Oxymoron(translated from Greek - witty-stupid) is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, usually contradicting each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence and so on.); in this case, a new meaning is obtained, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour it began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);
Eat joyful melancholy in the red of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);
But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)
28. Allegory– allegory, transmission of an abstract concept through a concrete image: Foxes and wolves must win(cunning, malice, greed).
29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the emotion of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was unspoken: But I wanted... Perhaps you...
In addition to the above syntactic means of expressiveness, the tests also contain the following:
-exclamatory sentences;
- dialogue, hidden dialogue;
-question-and-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;
-rows of homogeneous members;
-citation;
-introductory words and constructions
-Incomplete sentences– sentences in which any member is missing that is necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. Missing sentence members can be restored and contextualized.
Including ellipsis, that is, omission of the predicate.
These concepts are discussed in school course syntax. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.
(1) Sometimes the village pharmacist came to visit Uncle Kolya. (2) This pharmacist’s name was Lazar Borisovich. (3) At first glance, he was a rather strange pharmacist. (4) He wore a student jacket. (5) On his wide nose, the pince-nez on the black ribbon barely held on. (6) The pharmacist was a short, stocky and very sarcastic man.
(7) Once I went to Lazar Borisovich at the pharmacy to buy powders for Aunt Marusya. (8) She started having a migraine. (9) While grinding powders for Aunt Marusya, Lazar Borisovich talked to me.
“(10) I know,” said Lazar Borisovich, “that youth has its rights, especially when the young man graduated from high school and was about to enter the university. (11) Then there’s a carousel in my head. (12) You are a pleasant young man, but you do not like to think. (13) I noticed this a long time ago. (14) So, please, think about yourself, about life, about your place in life, about what you would like to do for people!
“(15) I’ll be a writer,” I said and blushed.
- (16)A writer? – Lazar Borisovich adjusted his pince-nez and looked at me with menacing surprise. - (17) Ho-ho? (18) You never know who wants to be a writer! (19) Maybe I also want to be Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy.
- (20) But I already wrote... and published.
“(21) Then,” said Lazar Borisovich decisively, “be so kind as to wait!” (22) I’ll weigh out the powders, accompany you, and we’ll figure it out.
(23) We got out and walked across the field to the river, and from there to the park. (24) The sun was sinking towards the forests on the other side of the river. (25) Lazar Borisovich plucked the tops of the wormwood, rubbed them, sniffed his fingers and spoke.
- (26) This is a big deal, but it requires real knowledge of life. (27) Right? (28) And you have very little of it, not to say that it is completely absent. (29) Writer! (30) He must know so much that it’s even scary to think about. (31) He must understand everything! (32) He must work like an ox and not pursue glory! (33) Yes! (34) Here. (35) I can tell you one thing: go to the huts, to fairs, to factories, to flophouses! (36) To theaters, to hospitals, to mines and prisons! (37) Yes! (38) Be everywhere! (39) May life permeate you! (40) To get a real infusion! (41) Then you will be able to release it to people like a miraculous balm! (42) But also in known doses. (43) Yes!
(44) He talked for a long time about the vocation of a writer. (45) We said goodbye near the park.
– (47) No! - Lazar Borisovich exclaimed and grabbed my hand. - (48) I’m glad! (49) You see! (50) But you must admit that I was a little right, and now you will think about something. (51)Huh?
(52) And the pharmacist was right. (53) I realized that I knew almost nothing and had not yet thought about many important things. (54) And he accepted the advice of this funny man and soon went among the people, into that worldly school that no books or abstract thoughts can replace.
(55) I knew that I would never believe anyone, no matter who told me that this life - with its love, the desire for truth and happiness, with its lightning and the distant sound of water in the middle of the night - is devoid of meaning and reason. (56) Each of us must fight for the affirmation of this life everywhere and always until the end of our days.
(According to K.G. Paustovsky*)
* Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky (1892–1968) - Russian Soviet writer, classic of Russian literature. Author of short stories, novellas, novels, among them “The Tale of Life”, “Golden Rose”, “Meshchera Side”, etc.
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Very often we were asked at school: who do you want to become, what will be your profession? In this text, Konstantin Georgievich Paustovsky thinks about how to find the meaning of life to the younger generation?
This question is very relevant in our time. After all, now many people graduate from institutes, universities, receive higher education and either do not work in their specialty, or are careless about their work. In his text, the author narrates in the first person and talks about a conversation with the pharmacist Lazar Borisovich, who gives him advice: ‘Be everywhere! May life permeate you! So that It turned out to be a real infusion! Then you can release it to people like a miraculous balm!’. From this conversation, the future writer understands: “I realized that I knew almost nothing and had not yet thought about many important things.”
The author claims that in order to decide on a goal life, the younger generation needs to think “about yourself, about life, about what you would like to do for people.”
What should a real writer be like? What can help you become a writer? This problem is raised in his text by K.G. Paustovsky. Writing is quite difficult. A person who wants to devote his life to this needs to work every day. Paustovsky writes: “This is a big deal, but it requires real knowledge of life.” It is important to be wise, capable, understanding life in all its manifestations, “he should know so much that it’s even scary to think.” The author's position is unambiguous and expressed quite clearly. To become a writer, desire alone is not enough. There are certain qualities required that anyone can develop, but it requires incredible effort. I agree with the opinion of K.G. Paustovsky and also believe that becoming an author is a labor-intensive process that can take many years.
So I think people who are striving for this must have great patience. To confirm all of the above, I would like to give an example from the literature. Thus, in the work “The Master and Margarita” by M.A. Bulgakov The Master writes a novel, but it is not published. The master does not strive for wealth, but wants to find recognition in society. In the poem by A.S. Pushkin's "Prophet" raises the topic of writing. A person must change internally if he wants to master the power of words and learn everything perfectly. Thus, summing up my essay, I want to note once again that a real writer must be very patient and have a great desire. Thanks to these qualities, a person will definitely be able to fulfill his dream.
Option 2
Should a writer go through the school of life? This problem is raised in his text by K. Paustovsky.
This problem is relevant for boys and girls choosing a career path. Some of them, inspired by the brilliant works of famous authors, having tried their hand at publishing circles, decide to connect their fate with literature. The above text is addressed to beginning writers.
The author's position is this: aspiring writers should not plunge headlong into writing until they feel the depth of everyday life. “This is a big deal, but it requires real knowledge of life” - the author conveys his point of view through the lips of Lazar Borisovich. These words are confirmed by the reflections of the protagonist: “And the pharmacist was right. I realized that I knew almost nothing and had not yet thought about many important things.”
I agree with the author's position. Main value Literature lies in the spiritual enlightenment of the reader, and a writer who has not seen the true colors of life is not able to express deep, philosophical thoughts that can enrich a person’s inner world.
As an example, I would like to cite Jack London’s work “Martin Eden”. Main character, who decided to become a writer, by his age had experienced all aspects of human life, and the experience gained allowed Martin to write stories that received public recognition.
We can also mention the biography of Vasil Bykov: as a young man who participated in the Great Patriotic War, he decided to connect his life with literature. Of course, it was his difficult experience that helped reveal to the reader the problems of heroism, courage, and the moral choice of a soldier.
In conclusion, I will say that every person who wants to become a writer should listen to the opinion of K. Paustovsky, because the advice of an experienced person is always valuable for a beginner.
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