We are all different: we differ from each other in eye color, hair, skin tones, height, body weight, facial features. All of these are individual differences. But there are signs that distinguish entire communities of people - races. A race is a historically formed group of people united by a common origin, territory of residence, common morphological and physiological hereditary characteristics, as well as traditions and customs.
The question of the origin and classification of races has a long history. First attempt to describe human races made in the 17th century. French Bernier. Later, K. Linnaeus singled out four races: American, European, Asian and African.
In on standing tense most scientists distinguish three large races and several dozen small ones. Large races - equatorial (Australian-Negroid), Eurasian (Caucasoid) and Asian-American (Mongoloid).
Representatives of the equatorial race live mainly in the tropical regions of the Old World. They are characterized by dark skin, wavy or curly hair, a wide flattened nose with large nostrils, and thick lips.
The area of \u200b\u200bdistribution of the Eurasian race is Europe, part of Asia, North Africa, America. Its representatives are characterized by light, sometimes swarthy skin, straight, sometimes wavy soft hair, a long nose, thin lips, and usually well-developed facial hair (mustache, beard).
The Asian-American race is common in America, Central and East Asia. Representatives of this race have straight, black, coarse hair, and mustaches and beards grow weakly. The skin is more dark than fair. The nose of the Mongols is of medium width, protrudes little, while the nose of the American Indians is long, strongly protruding. The most characteristic features of this race are a broad face, protruding cheekbones, a narrow palpebral fissure, lips of medium thickness, a fold of skin at the inner corner of the eye, formed by the skin of the upper eyelid (epicanthus).
However, even within the same race there are groups of people who differ from each other. For example, a Malay does not outwardly look too much like a Buryat or an Evenk. The Negroid Pygmies of the Congo River are different from the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert. Caucasoids of Northern Europe (Norwegians, Swedes) - light-eyed, fair-haired, fair-skinned - bear little resemblance to southerners, mostly brown-eyed and dark-skinned. Therefore, scientists distinguish several dozen smaller races - the second and third order.
Currently, people are actively moving around the world, moving from place to place. For example, Caucasians live on all continents. Representatives of different races intermarry. Scientists believe that in Russia at present 45 million people belong to the transitional Caucasoid-Mongolian type.
Races have been around for a very long time. The first division into two large trunks, the Mongoloid and the Caucasoid-Negroid races, apparently occurred 90-92 thousand years ago. It is believed that the separation of Caucasians and Negroids occurred 50 thousand years ago.
Scientists are still arguing about the mechanism of formation of races. Many characteristics of races are clearly adaptive in nature. So, the dark skin of Negroids better protects them from ultraviolet rays than the light skin of Caucasians. Curly hair is a good heat insulator in the sun. However, the final role of these traits remains unproven, since representatives of other races currently live in the same conditions.
An important factor in the formation of races could be their isolation. It is easy to imagine that in some groups of people living in isolation from the rest of the world, some new signs arose - the shape of the nose, lips, etc. People - carriers of this sign married only within their group. Their offspring also intermarried within this group. Over time, the new sign became the property of all members of this group.
Despite the differences between races, all modern humanity is represented by one species - Homo sapiens ( Homo sapiens). This is confirmed primarily by the fact that fertile offspring are born among representatives of different races entering into marriage.
For a long time, some scientists (and some still) directly linked the biological characteristics of representatives of different races with the level of their culture, tried to compare peoples at different stages of development, people of different social status. These errors formed the basis of the theory of racism. Its supporters asserted that there are higher and lower races, and by this they justified the domination of some peoples over others.
Test your knowledge
- What is a race? How many races did K. Linnaeus identify?
- What races are distinguished by modern scientists?
- What distinguishes representatives of the equatorial race?
- Where do representatives of the Eurasian race live?
- Representatives of what race have a well-developed epicanthus?
- What is the difference between representatives of the Eurasian race?
- What race are American Indians?
- Try to describe the mechanism of race formation.
- How many types of humanity are represented?
Think
Prove that all human races belong to the same species - Homo sapiens
A race is a historically formed group of people united by a common origin, territory of residence, common morphological and physiological hereditary characteristics, as well as customs and traditions. Currently, there are three large races: equatorial, Eurasian, Asian-American. All races make up one species - Homo sapiens.
1. What is a race? How many races did K. Linnaeus identify? What races are distinguished by modern scientists?
A race is a historically formed group of people united by a common origin, territory of residence, common morphological and physiological hereditary characteristics, as well as traditions and customs. K. Linnaeus identified four races: American, European, Asian and African. At present, most scientists distinguish three large races and several dozen small ones. Large races - equatorial (Australian-Negroid), Eurasian (Caucasoid) and Asian-American (Mongoloid).
2. What distinguishes representatives of the equatorial race?
Representatives of the equatorial race (Negroid) are characterized by dark skin, wavy or curly hair, a wide flattened nose with large nostrils, thick lips, dark color eyes, the average degree of development of the hairline.
3. Where do representatives of the Eurasian race live?
The area of distribution of the Eurasian race (Caucasoid) - Europe, part of Asia, North Africa, America.
4. What is the difference between representatives of the Eurasian race?
Its representatives are characterized by light, sometimes swarthy skin, straight, sometimes wavy soft hair, a long nose, thin lips, usually well-developed facial hair (moustache, beard), eye color from light blue to black.
5. What race are American Indians?
To the Mongoloid or Asian-American race
6. Give examples of signs of a particular race, which, apparently, are adaptive in nature.
Inhabitants tropical countries those exposed to ultraviolet radiation have a dark skin color containing the pigment melanin that protects the body, and lush curly hair that creates a heat-insulating layer are people belonging to the Negroid race. People of the Mongoloid race, living in open steppes with dry hot winds, have narrowed palpebral fissures. People are cold natural areas- Caucasoid race - a narrow and longer nose than that of representatives of other races, t.to. when cold air is inhaled, it is necessary to warm up in the nasal passages.
7. Try to describe the mechanism of race formation and present it in the form of a diagram. What other points of view on the mechanism of race formation exist in the modern scientific world?
Races appeared as a result of settlement and geographical isolation of ancestors modern people in different natural and climatic conditions. The first division of a single African branch into two (Negroid and Caucasoid-Mongoloid) occurred about 40-100 thousand years ago at the stage of the paleanthrope. The second was the division of the Caucasoid-Mongoloid branch into the western (Caucasoid) and eastern (Mongoloid), which corresponds to the time of the settlement of new territories by primitive people. Migration led to the emergence of a new isolated population, characterized by significant genotypic formation. Accidental characters in such a population, brought by a few members - the founders of the race, were preserved as a result of closely related crossing and became the characters of the whole race. Natural selection preserved and distributed in the population adaptive traits that increase the viability of individuals. Genetic drift in small human populations fixed neutral traits that did not increase or decrease the survival rate of offspring under given conditions.
Ideas about the origin of races and the primary centers of race formation are reflected in several hypotheses. In accordance with the hypothesis of polycentrism, authored by F. Weidenreich (1947), there were four centers of race formation - in Europe or Western Asia, in sub-Saharan Africa, in East Asia, in Southeast Asia and on the Greater Sunda Islands. In Europe or Western Asia, a focus of racial formation developed, where Caucasoids arose on the basis of European and Western Asian Neanderthals. In Africa, African Neanderthals formed Negroids, in East Asia the Sinanthropes gave rise to the Mongoloids, and in Southeast Asia and the Greater Sunda Islands, the development of Pithecanthropes and Javanese Neanderthals led to the formation of Australoids. Consequently, Caucasoids, Negroids, Mongoloids and Australoids have their own centers of racial formation. However, this hypothesis is objectionable.
In accordance with the hypothesis of monocentrism (Ya.Ya. Roginsky, 1949), which is based on the recognition of a common origin, social and mental development, as well as the same level of physical and mental development of all races, the latter arose from one ancestor, in one territory. But the latter was measured in many thousands of square kilometers. It is assumed that the formation of races took place in the territories of the Eastern Mediterranean, Western Asia, and possibly South Asia.
8. How many species are represented by humanity? Prove that all human races belong to the same species - Homo sapiens.
On the this moment humanity is represented by one species - Homo sapiens. The unity of all races is confirmed by the presence of common species characteristics, the fertility of offspring in mixed marriages, the similarity of changes currently observed in representatives of different races and manifested in a decrease in the overall massiveness of the skeleton and acceleration of the physical development of the organism.
9. What is the theory of racism? Is there a biological basis for it? Give arguments against racism.
Racism is a theory based on an anti-scientific statement about the inequality of races, a reactionary theory and a policy of domination of “higher”, “full-fledged” races over “lower”, “inferior” ones.
There is no biological justification for this theory, since all races are equal and belong to the same species - Homo sapiens, there are no fundamental differences between them in the ability to learn, creative and work. Differences in the level of development of culture and technology of peoples of different races depend on socio-economic conditions.
10. In your opinion, will the appearance of a representative of the equatorial race change if he lives in Siberia?
No, the appearance will not change, so the features appearance are inherent in us pheno- and genotypically at birth and depend on the races of our parents and their combination, and not on the habitat at a given moment in time.
Help! There are a lot of questions, I don’t have time to do anything .. Answer at least what you know81. Energy exchange cannot go on without plastic, since plastic exchange supplies for energy
82. What is the similarity of DNA and RNA molecules
83. At what stage of embryonic development does the volume of a multicellular embryo not exceed the volume of a zygote
84. Explain why sexual reproduction produces more diverse offspring than vegetative reproduction.
85 How are heterozygotes different from homozygotes
86. Establish the sequence in which the process of DNA replication takes place.
87. Establish the sequence of subordination of systematic categories in animals, starting with the smallest.
88. Set the sequence of action driving forces evolution in a plant population, starting with a mutation process
89. Organisms that need oxygen in their environment for normal life are called
90. What types of fuel - natural gas, coal, nuclear energy contribute to the creation of the greenhouse effect
91. Explain why sexual reproduction produces more diverse offspring than vegetative reproduction.
92. What characterizes biological diversity.
93 Explain why people of different races are classified as the same species. Explain the answer.
94. Why the cell is considered a functional unit of the living
95. It is known that all types of RNA are synthesized on a DNA template. The fragment of the DNA molecule on which the central loop region of tRNA is synthesized has the following nucleotide sequence: ATAGCTGAACGGACC. Set the nucleotide sequence of the tRNA region that is synthesized on this fragment and the amino acid that this tRNA will carry during protein biosynthesis if the third triplet corresponds to the tRNA anticodon. Explain the answer. To solve the problem, use the table of the genetic code.
96. The method of studying human heredity, which is based on the study of the number of chromosomes, the features of their structure, is called
97 ATP molecules perform a function in the cell
98. The exchange of substances between the cell and the environment is regulated
99. The starting material for natural selection is
100. In connection with the emergence of land, the first plants formed
101. During parthenogenesis, the organism develops from
102. How many types of gametes are formed in diheterozygous pea plants during dihybrid crossing (genes do not form a linkage group)
103. When crossing two guinea pigs with black hair (dominant trait), offspring were obtained, among which individuals with white hair accounted for 25%. What are the genotypes of the parents
104. Mutational variability, in contrast to modification
105. Mushrooms of mushrooms, feeding on dead organic remains of stumps, fallen trees, belong to the group
106. A sign of the adaptation of birds to flight
107. The human skull is different from the skulls of other mammals.
108. During mental work in the cells of the human brain,
109. The totality of external signs of individuals is attributed to the criterion of the species
110. An example of intraspecific struggle for existence
111. The adaptation of organisms to the environment is the result
112. In humans, due to upright posture
113. Abiotic environmental factors include
114. The reasons for changing one biogeocenosis to another are
115. Necessary condition sustainable development of the biosphere
116. A molecule serves as a matrix for translation
117. The number of chromosomes during sexual reproduction in each generation would double if the process had not been formed in the course of evolution
118. The number of gene linkage groups in organisms depends on the number
119. The pure line of plants is the offspring 120. The energy necessary for muscle contraction is released when
genetic system.
2. What is the definition given by Charles Darwin hereditary variability?
3. Modern name individual variability (undefined).
4. The ancestor of the dog as defined by Charles Darwin.
5. What kind of artificial selection is unconscious selection?
6. Struggle for existence between species.
7. Fight for habitat between birds of the same species before breeding.
8. What is the name of the struggle between individuals of the same species for food, space, light, moisture?
9. A cactus organ that performs a photosynthetic function.
10. An organism that goes into hibernation as a result of adaptation to conditions environment to save their lives.
11. What is formed as a result of natural selection?
12. The emergence of certain characteristics in organisms for existence in environmental conditions.
13. What color is the adaptability of organisms that live in open areas and may be available to enemies?
14. What type of fitness does the bright, attractive coloring of organisms refer to?
15. What type of fitness is the similarity of the shape of a seahorse and needle fish with algae?
16. What type of fitness is the storage of food for the winter, caring for offspring?
17. A criterion showing the similarity of external and internal features of individuals of the same species.
18. Criterion determining the habitat occupied by each species.
19. The criterion of the species, showing the non-crossing between individuals of different species.
20. The criterion that determines the difference in the behavior of organisms.
21. The result of microevolution.
complete the sentences: 1. a set of characteristic features of the same type, in which individuals of the same species are similar, and individuals of different species differbetween themselves, -
2.set characteristic features external structure of organisms, by which individuals of one species can be distinguished from individuals of another species,-
Prove that all human races belong to the same species - Homo sapiens.
WORK WITH COMPUTER
Please refer to the disk. Study the material of the lesson and complete the suggested tasks.
http://www.africana.ru/science/news/030525_metis. htm (Every fifth person is mestizo)
A race is a historically formed group of people united by a common origin, territory of residence, common morphological and physiological hereditary characteristics, as well as customs and traditions. At present, three large races are distinguished: equatorial, Eurasian, Asian-American. All races make up one species - Homo sapiens.
HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY
Man has always sought to know his body. The origins of anatomy go back to prehistoric times. Rock paintings show that primitive hunters already knew about the location of vital organs. and them meaning for the body.
Information about the structure of the heart, lungs, kidneys and other organs is contained in ancient books that have come down to us: the Chinese "Neijing" (XI-VII centuries BC e.), the Hindu "Ayur-Veda" (IX-111 centuries BC).
Among the first famous history scientists should first of all name the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates(460-377 BC). He formulated the doctrine of four types of physique and temperament. In his works, he summarized all the scattered information about the structure of the human body obtained by his predecessors.
in the countries of the East. However, the Muslim religion, like the Christian one, forbade the opening of corpses, so anatomy was studied from the books of Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen.
Scientist and doctor Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna)(980-1037) wrote the encyclopedic work "The Canon of Medicine", which contained a lot of medical information of that time. One of the chapters of this work is devoted to human anatomy. It gives a general
Another famous scientist - Greek Aristotle(384-322 BC) gave the name to the main blood vessel - "aorta", from methyl common features in the structure of man and animals. Aristotle claimed that blood is formed in the liver and from there it goes to the heart - the source of feelings, where it warms up and flows through the veins to all organs of the body.
ancient roman doctor Claudius Galen(131-201) was the first to become interested in the functions of organs. Because of the then existing ban on autopsy of human corpses, Galen studied human anatomy, dissecting animals - pigs, dogs, sheep, monkeys: he was sure of the similarity in the structure of the bodies of animals and humans. For fourteen centuries his work was the main source of anatomical and medical knowledge.
In the era of early feudalism (5th-10th centuries), the dominance of the church hindered the development of the natural sciences in European countries. At the same time, these sciences developed rapidly
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a description of the structure and functions of the human body, provides information about the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, the structure of the teeth, skull and nerves.
At the beginning of the 11th millennium, the rapid development of trade, culture, cities began to grow, sciences developed, among them biology and medicine. The first medical schools appear in Europe. The development of anatomy was facilitated by the discovery in Europe in XII-XIV centuries first universities. IN XIV-XV centuries Universities were given the right by special order to dissect one or two human corpses a year for educational purposes.
In 1326 Mondino da Luzzi(1275-1327) published the first textbook on anatomy.
Anatomy, like other sciences, achieved particular success during the Renaissance. Particularly significant contribution to the development of anatomy was made by Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) and Andreas Vesalius(1514-
The remarkable artist, mathematician, engineer Leonardo da Vinci studied the proportions of the body, for the first time compiled a classification of muscles, made about 800 accurate drawings of bones, muscles, heart and other organs, scientifically described them. These drawings were in various private collections for a long time, and only at the end of the 19th century. became aware of the anatomical work of Leonardo. These drawings have not lost their cognitive significance even today.
A. Vesalius in his work “On the structure of the human body” was the first to describe the systematic anatomy of a person (according to systems - bones, muscles, entrails, etc.), based on his own experience of dissecting corpses. It is no coincidence therefore
A. Vesalius is called the founder of modern systematic anatomy. At that time, anatomy was banned, and A. Vesalius was forced to secretly
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but, with the danger to life, to get corpses, removing them at night from the graves in the cemetery. In his anatomical works, A. Vesalius pointed out the anatomical errors of his predecessors, for which he was persecuted by opponents and ill-wishers. Because of this, he left the University of Padua, where he taught anatomy and surgery, A. Vesalius took the post of court physician.
Pupils and followers of A. Vesalius in the XVI-XVII centuries. many have been made important discoveries, previous errors have been corrected. So, G. Fallopius(1523-1562) in "Anatomical Observations" for the first time carefully described the structure of many bones, muscles, organs of hearing, and vision. B. Eustachius(1510-1574) studied the anatomy of teeth, kidneys, veins, the organ of hearing, and was engaged in comparative anatomy. I. Fabricius(1537-1619) studied the structure of the esophagus, larynx, described venous valves. The organs described by them were named after these researchers: fallopian (uterine) tube, Eustachian (auditory) tube, Fabricius bag.
In the XVII-XIX centuries. anatomy was enriched with new facts and discoveries. In 1628 the English scientist W. Harvey(1578-1657) in his book "Anatomical Studies on the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals" proved that blood moves in a vicious circle: through the arteries from the heart, through the veins - to the heart. His works served to form an independent science of the work of organs - physiology.
Thanks to the improvement of the microscope A. van Leeuwenhoek(1632-1723) it became possible to study the microscopic structure of organs and tissues.
In 1661 M. Malpighi(1628-1694), studying the lungs, discovered al
veoli and capillaries, which are the connecting link between the arteries and veins of the lungs. In 1685 G. Bidloo(1649-1713) proved that the nerves are composed of an accumulation of thin nerve fibers. K. M. Baer(1792-1876) discovered the human egg.
In Russia, the first anatomical information can be found already in ancient manuscripts of the 10th-11th centuries. The first medical schools (academies) were opened in our country in the 17th-17th centuries. In 1658 Epiphanius Slavinetsky translated into Russian the works of Vesalius. A great contribution to the development of the science of the structure of the human body was made by the first Russian anatomists. A. P. Protasov(1724-1796) - the author of many Russian anatomical terms, works on the physique of a person, the structure and functions of the stomach. FROM. G. Zybelin(1735-1802) published the book "A word about the composition of the human body and about the ways how to protect it from diseases", in his writings
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The first textbooks on anatomy in Russia appeared at the beginning of the 19th century: a manual P. A. Za Gorsky(1764-1846) "Toward a knowledge of the structure of the human body", "Course of Anatomy" E. ABOUT. Mukhina(1766-1850) and
translated M. I. Shein(1712-1762) into Russian work on Geister's anatomy.
The creator of a new branch of science - topographic anatomy, which describes the relative position of the internal organs relative to each other and in relation to the bones of the skeleton, and the doctrine of the location of the main blood vessels and nerve trunks was N. I. Pirogov(1810-1881).
P. F. Lesgaft(1837-1909) - the author of many works on theoretical anatomy, in which he studied the relationship between the functions of organs and their structure.
A major role in the development of anatomy belongs to the professor of Moscow University D. N. Zernov(1843-1917). He studied the individual variability of the sulci and convolutions of the brain, the sense organs, published a textbook on human anatomy, reprinted 14 times. Kharkov anatomist V. P. Vorobyov(1876-1937) developed new methods for studying the nerves of the heart, stomach, created a five-volume Atlas of Human Anatomy. Vorobyov invented a new method of embalming, which was used to preserve the body of V. I. Lenin. A well-known anatomist worked in St. Petersburg - Leningrad V. N. Tankov(1872-1954), who studied the roundabout ways of blood flow, the nerves of many organs. He is the author of a famous textbook on human anatomy.
In a small section it is impossible to describe the contribution that scientists have made to the development of knowledge about the structure of the human body.
Of all the sciences that study the human body, we single out the most important ones.
human anatomy(from the Greek "anatomy" - opening, dissection) - the science of the structure of the human body.
human physiology(from the Greek "physis" - nature) - the science of functions human body and his organs.
Hygiene(from the Greek "hygienos" - healthy) - a science that studies the effect natural environment, work and life on the human body in order to develop measures to protect health.
Biology. General biology. Grade 11. Basic level Sivoglazov Vladislav Ivanovich
20. Human races
20. Human races
Remember!
What races of man do you know?
What is a nation?
All modern humanity belongs to the same species Homo sapiens (reasonable man), within which there are large systematic divisions - race. Each race is characterized by a set of hereditary characteristics, such as the color of the skin, hair, eyes, shape of the nose and lips, height, structural features of the skull, etc. Not all morphological features of a person are racial, for example, the development of muscles and body fat often depend on individual characteristics.
Big races. Usually there are three big races: Eurasian (Caucasian), Asian-American (Mongoloid) and Australo-Negroid (Equatorial) (Fig. 64). Large races are divided into races of the second and third order, the so-called small races. Sometimes Australoids and American Indians are separated into separate large races.
Rice. 64. Representatives of the Mongoloid, Equatorial and Caucasoid races
Caucasian race. Members of this race are mostly fair-skinned, with soft straight or wavy, often blond hair. Most Caucasians have thin lips, a narrow protruding nose, as a rule, a strongly protruding chin. Men usually grow beards and mustaches well. Within the Caucasoid race, there is a very large variability in hair and eye color, so this large race is divided into three large parts: light-colored northern, dark-colored southern and Central European with an intermediate type of pigmentation. Now Caucasians live on all continents, but initially they formed in Europe and Western Asia.
Mongoloid race. Typical representatives of this race have dark, yellowish skin, dark brown eyes, coarse, straight, dark hair. In men, the hairline on the body is very poorly developed, the beard and mustache, as a rule, do not grow. The face is rather flat, the cheekbones are wide, the chin protrudes slightly forward. Most Mongoloids are characterized by a highly developed and peculiarly located fold of the upper eyelid (epicanthus), which covers the inner corner of the eye, thereby causing a somewhat oblique position of the palpebral fissure. At present this race predominates in Asia.
equatorial race. characteristic features Negroids are black curly hair, very dark skin and brown eyes. The beard and mustache, like those of the Mongoloids, usually grow weakly. The nose is rather flat, slightly protruding, with wide wings. Most of the representatives have thick lips and protruding jaws of the skull. The most striking signs of this race are expressed among the Sudanese Negroes.
Race and nation. Races are biological formations, but there are human communities based on other principles, to which people often attach more importance. It is necessary to clearly distinguish between the concepts of "race" and "nation". National differences are formed on the basis of economic, political, religious and other factors. Self-awareness is important for the nation and cultural heritage, but not genetic inheritance like for race. The concepts of race and nation do not coincide, therefore it is strictly forbidden to use such combinations as “Japanese race”, “French race”, “Polish race”, etc.
Similarly, there is no connection between race and linguistic community. For example, peoples who speak Turkic languages belong to Caucasoids (Turks and Azerbaijanis), Mongoloids (Yakuts), and mixed racial types (Uzbeks, Turkmens). For a person of any race, the native language will be the one in whose environment he grew up.
Origin of races. There is no consensus among scientists about the time of formation modern races. It is known that already among the neoanthropes there was big variety physical types. About 40 thousand years ago, the rapid settlement of neoanthropes around the globe began. Apparently, as a result of these migrations, individual populations of people found themselves in different natural and climatic conditions. Geographical isolation contributed to the fixation in populations of those traits that had an adaptive value and allowed the population to adapt to local conditions as much as possible.
The dark skin of Negroids, for example, absorbs ultraviolet rays, so it protects well from the rays of the tropical sun. Curly hair forms an air layer around the head that protects against overheating. The narrow palpebral fissure and epicanthus protect the eyes of the Mongoloids from dust carried by the wind in the steppes, or from snowstorms and bright rays reflected from snow-covered spaces in the north. The light skin of Caucasians as a result of exposure to ultraviolet rays forms vitamin D, thereby protecting the body from rickets, and the large size of the nose of the inhabitants of high mountain regions is important when breathing cold rarefied air.
Over time, the intensity of the action of biological factors of evolution decreased, social relationships were formed, and none of the races reached the level of a species in its development. As society developed, racial characteristics lost their adaptive significance, for example, differences in thermoregulation among representatives of the Negroid and Caucasian races become insignificant if a person lives in a house, wears clothes, uses air conditioners and heaters. For a modern person, the determining factor is not the color of the skin and the shape of the eyes, but the ability to realize oneself as a person, the opportunity to develop and show one's intellectual qualities.
Species unity of mankind. All human races are equal in biological and psychological relationship. The signs by which we differ from each other do not have a fundamental species value and do not represent a biological value for human existence in any environment. Therefore, from a biological point of view, these differences in no way allow us to speak of the general superiority or inferiority of one or another race.
In the composition of any human race, one can find more typical and less typical representatives of it. Since absolutely identical people in the human population do not exist, the assertion of the so-called "pure races" has no basis. In the same way, it makes no sense to talk about "inferior" and "superior" races, because under equal conditions, representatives of any race are able to achieve the same success. Even Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay proved that there are no fundamental differences in the structure of the brain of the Papuans of New Guinea, Australian Aborigines and Europeans.
The disappearance of class and religious barriers, the freedom of movement of people throughout the globe increase the number of mixed marriages, which leads to a mixture of racial characteristics and an increase in the genetic diversity of mankind. For example, in our country now more than 45 million people belong to the transitional Caucasoid-Mongoloid type. The mixing of races speaks of the species unity of mankind. The species community of mankind is one of the proofs of the unity of the origin of the human races, since in the case of origin from different animal species, the human races would at present be at least different species.
The great genetic diversity of mankind is a guarantee of prosperity and a guarantee of its further progress. It is the diversity of gene pools that ensures the survival of communities, and social evolution creates optimal opportunities for revealing the individual abilities of each person.
Well-known researchers A. Jacard and R. Ward wrote: “... the strength of our species is not so much in favorable alleles, gifted individuals or specific achievements of social systems, but in the diversity of people and their genes ... It is necessary to convince each person and each group that another person is rich to the extent that it differs from them…”
Review questions and assignments
1. What are the major races within the Homo sapiens species?
2. What mechanisms underlie the formation of human races?
3. Give evidence of the unity of the origin of the races.
4. Why in the process of evolution none of the races has reached the level of the species in its development?
5. What are the differences between race and nation?
Think! Execute!
1. Prove that all human races belong to the same species - Homo sapiens. Explain the failure of racism.
2. Do you think racial traits will increase or decrease in the future? human society? Justify your opinion.
3. How can one imagine the future development of man? Write an essay on this topic.
4. Compare the concepts of "race", "nation", "linguistic community". What are their similarities and differences? Which of these three categories is more meaningful to you personally? Explain your point of view.
5. In the "round table" mode, discuss the problem of interracial contradictions that currently exist in a number of states. Express your opinion on this issue. What measures, in your opinion, can mitigate racial hostility and normalize human relations in modern society?
6. Prepare a presentation or essay on the topic "Modern racism as a global problem."
7. Take part in the organization of the school exhibition "I am a citizen of planet Earth."
Work with computer
Refer to the electronic application. Study the material and complete the assignments.
Your future profession
1. People of what professions contribute to the development of the synthetic theory of evolution? Choose one of these professions that you are most interested in and prepare a short (no more than 7-10 sentences) message about it.
2. Find out what the science of paleobotany studies. How does the work of specialists in this field relate to the topic of this chapter?
3. Prove that basic knowledge of evolution is necessary not only for biologists, but also for specialists in other areas of the natural sciences.
This text is an introductory piece. From the book Naughty Child of the Biosphere [Conversations on Human Behavior in the Company of Birds, Beasts and Children] author Dolnik Viktor RafaelevichRaces of man In the most visible form, the action of selection manifested itself at the last stage of human evolution - in the formation of races. Outwardly, representatives of some races differ greatly, more strongly than many species. But the genetic basis for these differences is small. If taken for
From the book Races and Peoples [Gene, Mutation and Human Evolution] author Asimov IsaacChapter 10 Present and Future Races What to Say About Racism In Chapter 9, we listed six races that differ from each other in gene frequency and blood type. Among these races there are also differences in the frequencies of other genes. We are sure of all this. However, the question arises: what
From the book Anthropological Detective. Gods, Humans, Monkeys... [Illustrated] author Belov Alexander IvanovichGIANTS AND RACES Pacific Ocean tribes celebrate the same way of life, culture, similar beliefs. Darwin's co-author on his theory, among other things, is also a mystic and spiritualist, A. R. Wallace, many
From the book The Human Race author Barnett AnthonyRaces It is customary to subdivide the human species into three main groups, differing mainly in the shape of the hair. The first group is the Negroids, who have a spiral shape of hair and a wide nose in the wings. This includes Africans who speak Bantu languages,
From the book Forbidden Archeology the author Cremo Michel A From the book Biology [ Complete reference to prepare for the exam] author Lerner Georgy Isaakovich From the book We and Her Majesty DNA author Polkanov Fedor MikhailovichRaces and genes There is no race problem for a geneticist. Differences between races are only in genes. Here is the inheritance scheme for skin color. The difference is in the two gene pairs. In white people, these two genes are represented by "light" variants, in blacks - "dark". As a result
From the book A Treatise on Love as the Creepy Bore Understands It (4th Edition) author Protopopov AnatolyAbout our primitive "I", or in general terms about human instincts There are two "I" in me - two poles of the planet Two different person, two enemies When one aspires to ballets The other aspires directly to the races ... V. Vysotsky Man, as you know, belongs to the order of primates, the species HOMO
From the book Neanderthals [History of failed humanity] author Vishnyatsky Leonid Borisovich From the book of Race. Peoples. Intelligence [Who is smarter] by Lynn Richard5. Are there races? From the eighteenth century to the mid-twentieth century, anthropologists, biologists, and sociologists have all recognized that the human race consists of a series of biologically distinct races. So, in the 1920s. British anthropologist Sir Arthur Keith wrote: "Human types
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