The problem of human behavior in war arguments. Arguments to the Unified State Examination on the topic “War

S. Aleksievich "Uwar is not a woman's face..."

All the heroines of the book had to not only survive the war, but participate in hostilities. Some were military, others were civilians, partisans.

The narrators feel that having to combine male and female roles is a problem. They solve it as best they can. For example, they dream that their femininity and beauty will be preserved even in death. The warrior-commander of a sapper platoon tries to embroider in the dugout in the evening. They are happy if they manage to use the services of a hairdresser almost on the front line (story 6). The transition to a peaceful life, which was perceived as a return to the female role, is also not easy. For example, a participant in the war, even when the war is over, when meeting with the highest rank, one wants to take it under the hood.

The unheroic falls to the woman's lot. Women's testimonies allow us to see how enormous was the role of "non-heroic" types of activity during the war years, which we all so easily refer to as "women's business." It is not only about what happened in the rear, where the whole burden of maintaining the life of the country fell on a woman.

Women nurse the wounded. They bake bread, cook food, wash soldiers' clothes, fight against insects, delivering letters to the front line (story 5). They feed the wounded heroes and defenders of the Fatherland, themselves suffering severely from hunger. In military hospitals, the expression "blood relationship" has become literal. Falling from fatigue and hunger, women gave their blood to the wounded heroes, not considering themselves heroes (story 4). They are wounded and killed. As a result of the path traveled, women change not only internally, but also externally, they cannot be the same (it’s not for nothing that one of them will not be recognized by her own mother). The return to the female role is extremely difficult and proceeds like a disease.

The story of Boris Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet..."

They all wanted to live, but they died so that people could say: “The dawns here are quiet…” Quiet dawns cannot be in tune with war, with death. They died, but they won, they did not let a single fascist through. They won because they loved their Motherland selflessly.

Zhenya Komelkova is one of the brightest, strongest and most courageous representatives of the girls - fighters shown in the story. Both the most comical and the most dramatic scenes are connected with Zhenya in the story. Her benevolence, optimism, cheerfulness, self-confidence, implacable hatred of enemies involuntarily draw attention to her and cause admiration. In order to deceive the German saboteurs and force them to take a long road around the river, a small detachment of female fighters made a noise in the forest, pretending to be lumberjacks. Zhenya Komelkova played a stunning scene of carefree swimming in icy water in full view of the Germans, ten meters from enemy machine guns. In the last minutes of her life, Zhenya called fire on herself, just to ward off the threat from the seriously wounded Rita and Fedot Vaskov. She believed in herself, and, leading the Germans away from Osyanina, she did not doubt for a moment that everything would end well.

And even when the first bullet hit her side, she was simply surprised. After all, it was so stupid, absurd and implausible to die at nineteen...

Courage, composure, humanity, a high sense of duty to the Motherland distinguish the squad leader, junior sergeant Rita Osyanina. The author, considering the images of Rita and Fedot Vaskov as central, already in the first chapters talks about past life Osyanina. School evening, acquaintance with lieutenant - border guard Osyanin, lively correspondence, registry office. Then - the border outpost. Rita learned to bandage the wounded and shoot, ride a horse, throw grenades and defend against gases, the birth of a son, and then ... war. And in the first days of the war, she was not at a loss - she saved other people's children, and soon found out that her husband died at the outpost on the second day of the war in a counterattack.

They wanted to send her to the rear more than once, but each time she reappeared at the headquarters of the fortified area, finally, they took her on as a nurse, and six months later she was sent to study at a tank anti-aircraft school.

Zhenya learned to hate enemies quietly and mercilessly. In position, she shot down a German balloon and an ejected spotter.

When Vaskov and the girls counted the fascists who came out of the bushes - sixteen instead of the expected two, the foreman said to everyone at home: "It's bad, girls, it's business."

It was clear to him that they would not last long against heavily armed enemies, but then Rita’s firm remark: “Well, watch how they pass by?” - obviously, greatly strengthened Vaskova in decision. Twice Osyanina rescued Vaskov by taking fire on herself, and now, having received a mortal wound and knowing the position of the wounded Vaskov, she does not want to be a burden to him, she understands how important it is to bring their common cause to an end, to detain fascist saboteurs.

“Rita knew that the wound was mortal, that she would die long and hard”

Sonya Gurvich - "translator", one of the girls of the Vaskov group, "city" pigalitsa; thin as a spring rook.

The author, talking about Sonya's past life, emphasizes her talent, love for poetry, theater. Boris Vasiliev remembers. The percentage of intelligent girls and students was very high at the front. Mostly freshmen. For them, the war was the most terrible ... Somewhere among them, my Sonya Gurvich also fought.

And now, wanting to do something nice, like an older, experienced and caring comrade, a foreman, Sonya rushes after a pouch, forgotten by him on a stump in the forest, and dies from a blow of an enemy knife in the chest.

Galina Chetvertak - an orphan, pupil orphanage, a dreamer endowed by nature with a vivid figurative fantasy. The skinny, little "fuzzy" Jackdaw did not fit the army standards either in height or age.

When, after the death of her friend, Galka was ordered by the foreman to put on her boots, “she physically, to the point of faintness, felt a knife penetrating the tissues, heard the crunch of torn flesh, and felt the heavy smell of blood. And this gave rise to a dull, cast-iron horror ... ”And enemies lurked nearby, mortal danger loomed.

“The reality that women faced in the war,” says the writer, “was much more difficult than anything they could think of in the most desperate time of their fantasies. The tragedy of Gali Chetvertak is about this.

The automatic hit briefly. From Ten Steps he struck a thin back, tense in running, and Galya thrust her face into the ground without removing her hands, twisted in horror, from her head.

Everything froze in the meadow.

Lisa Brichkina died while on a mission. Hurrying to get to the junction, to report on the changed situation, Lisa drowned in the swamp:

The heart of the hardened fighter, hero-patriot F. Vaskov is filled with pain, hatred and brightness, and this strengthens his strength, gives him the opportunity to survive. A single feat - the defense of the Motherland - equalizes foreman Vaskov and five girls who "hold their front, their Russia" on the Sinyukhin ridge.

Thus, another motive of the story arises: each on his own sector of the front must do what is possible and impossible for victory, so that the dawns are quiet.

(509 words) Now you can often hear about how war awakens courage and patriotism in the human heart. However, all these enthusiastic speeches are always uttered by those people who know about the fighting by hearsay. If we ask a veteran, he will surely say that he would not want a repetition of those terrible events for anything in the world, and he would not seek any nobility on the battlefield. I fully agree with this and believe that war destroys not only cities, but also the human person.

M. Sholokhov also wrote about the depressing effect of war on a person in the story “The Fate of a Man”. While talking with a front-line soldier, the narrator notices his eyes and describes them: “The eyes, as if sprinkled with ashes, filled with such inescapable mortal longing that it is difficult to look into them.” Just like that, broken and crushed by longing, a soldier came out of the bloody mess of the world war. Andrey Sokolov lost his whole family there. Most During the war, he was a prisoner of the Nazis, and there he had to live from hand to mouth and work for three. But still there he was supported by the hope of an early victory and a meeting with his wife and children. But the shell killed his wife and daughters, and his son died on the last day of the struggle, while in Berlin. Returning home from captivity, he found that he had nowhere to go: no home, no close people. On the way, he saw a boy and introduced himself as his father, because he felt sorry for the homeless child. So they went together to look for shelter. But Andrei could not forget his relatives and the pain of their loss. He asked his random listener a rhetorical question that had already come to his mind more than once: “Why did you, life, cripple me like that? Why did you mess it up like that?" After the war, Sokolov did not enjoy victory, but suffered from longing and terrible memories that would never be erased from his memory. Struggle, captivity, death and blood brought him so much disappointment that even a peaceful life no longer pleased him. From this we can conclude that war oppresses a person and makes him suffer even after fighting.

M. Sholokhov cited a no less significant example in the epic novel Quiet Flows the Don. Grigory Melekhov was a brave soldier and rose to the rank of high rank. He began his journey with the First World War and ended up in a gang of runaway Cossacks hiding from Soviet power. All this time, the hero was tormented by the need to kill people and almost lost his mind, attacking the sailors and chopping them to pieces with his saber. Remorse of conscience became a common thing in his life. But Gregory could not find truth and justice in any of the warring parties, so there was nothing to justify himself. He did not believe in the monarchy, nor in Bolshevism, nor in the separation of the Cossacks from Russia. As a result, the endless struggle brought him, broken and aged ahead of time, to complete surrender. The novel ends with the fact that Melekhov came to surrender to the Soviet authorities, no matter what follows. The life-loving Gregory was brought to the last degree of despair by the war.

Thus, war always destroys a person and brings a person to complete disappointment in life. After numerous injuries, losses and hardships, the fighter ceases to fight with melancholy and despondency and continues to live by inertia, no longer hoping for anything. This condition affects both winners and losers.

Leonid Andreev - a bright representative of Russian literature Silver Age famous Russian writer. In his work, the author raises the question of man's attitude to war.

Pondering this subject, the writer tells the reader, "the mind of man refuses to comprehend and explain that which is insane at its core." Leonid Andreev writes that the war is not capable of bringing anything but suffering, scorched lands, on which until recently houses were located. He also writes about ruthlessness, cruelty, depicts for the reader all the "madness" of war: people who "kill each other", "hiding behind the correctness of their actions."

This is real madness. After all, people who are so awaited by relatives and friends, with all their malice and fierce hatred, destroy each other. Only if a person realizes that war brings only spiritual devastation and pain, he will be able to stop fighting!

I completely agree with this position, I am sure that war is the inhumane, most cruel method of eliminating contradictions. It is not easy to realize how many lives she has taken.

This problem was previously raised by many Russian classics. A good example is the novel The Living and the Dead by Konstantin Simonov. The writer tells us the incredible story of Ivan Sintsov. Immediately after the start of the war, he finds himself at the front, immersed in the terrible atmosphere of the war: he witnesses many deaths, suffering, pain, and the bombing of nearby villages. In addition, he observes terrible living conditions Soviet soldiers, in fact, they lived in a trench. Ivan, for the entire period of his stay at the front, clearly sees the mental and physical suffering of the soldiers who fight shoulder to shoulder with him. The writer demonstrates to the reader that war is merciless and inexorable.

I will present another striking literary example, in which a similar theme is also encountered. The work “Cursed and Killed” by Viktor Astafiev depicts the entire tragedy of the war. And yet, soldiers fearlessly cope with any difficulties: with internal conflicts, with lack of food, with dampness, cold, hunger. The author shows us the inhumanity, the pain of war, knowing the reader that millions of human lives were wasted.

In conclusion, I want to add that war is horror and cruelty, it destroys cities and villages, and most importantly, it takes many lives, breaks destinies. I am sure that humanity is obliged to learn useful lessons from past mistakes in order to prevent new terrible and fatal events in the future!

1) “Although war may perhaps aim at peace, it is an undeniable evil.” (Lao Tzu)

2) “War is a disease. Like typhoid." (Saint-Exupery A.)

3) “To be created to create, to love and conquer is to be created to live in the world. But war teaches us to lose everything and become what we were not.” (Camus A.)

4) "The greatest evil that an enemy can do to us is to accustom our hearts to hatred." (F. La Rochefoucauld)

5) “War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in life, and one must understand this and not play war. This terrible necessity must be taken strictly and seriously. It's all about this: put aside lies, and war is war, not a toy. (L.N. Tolstoy)

6) “There was already no one between the squadron and the enemies, except for small sidings. An empty space, three hundred fathoms, separated them from him. The enemy stopped firing, and the more clearly felt that strict, formidable, impregnable and elusive line that separates the two enemy troops ... "

“One step beyond this line, reminiscent of the line separating the living from the dead, and - the uncertainty of suffering and death. And what's there? who's there? there, behind this field, and a tree, and a roof lit by the sun? Nobody knows, and one wants to know; and it’s scary to cross this line, and I want to cross it; and you know that sooner or later you will have to cross it and find out what is there, on the other side of the line, just as it is inevitable to find out what is there, on the other side of death. And he himself is strong, healthy, cheerful and irritable, and surrounded by such healthy and irritably lively people. So if he does not think, then every person who is in sight of the enemy feels, and this feeling gives a special brilliance and joyful sharpness of impressions to everything that happens at these moments. (L.N. Tolstoy)

Argumentation:

1. "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu" (translated by D.S. Likhachev)

“And on the sixth day, early in the morning, the filthy went to the city - some with fires, others with battering rams, and still others with countless ladders - and took the city of Ryazan in the month of December on the 21st day. And they came to the cathedral church of the Most Holy Theotokos, and Grand Duchess Agrippina, the mother of the Grand Duke, with her daughters-in-law, and other princesses were flogged with swords, and the bishop and priests were betrayed by fire - they burned them in the holy church, and many others fell from weapons. And in the city many people, and wives, and children were cut with swords, and others were drowned in the river, and priests and monks were cut without a trace, and they burned the whole city, and all the glorified beauty, and the wealth of Ryazan, and relatives of the Ryazan princes - the princes of Kiev and Chernigov - captured. And they destroyed the temples of God and shed a lot of blood in the holy altars. And not a single living thing remained in the city: they still died and drank a single cup of death. There was no moaning, no crying - no father and mother for children, no children for father and mother, no brother for brother, no relatives for relatives, but all lay dead together. And it was all for our sins.”
The author of The Tale, describing the battlefield, recreating for the reader a picture of the ruin and burning of a Russian city, remembers the feelings of his readers and expresses what he saw with the help of traditional formulas.
“And Prince Ingvar Ingvarevich went to where his brethren were beaten by the wicked king Batu: Grand Duke Yuri Ingvarevich of Ryazan, his brother Prince Davyd Ingvarevich, his brother Vsevolod Ingvarevich, and many local princes, and boyars, and governors, and all the army, and daring, and frisky, patterned Ryazan. They all lay on the devastated ground, on feather grass, frozen with snow and ice, not being served by anyone. The beasts ate their bodies, and many birds devoured them. All lay, all died together, they drank a single cup of death.
Death in "The Tale ..." is poeticized: people lie on the ground "devastated", "frozen with snow and ice", they "drank the cup of death". Keeping in mind the historical time, we can assume how ugly and severe the wounds of the participants in the battle were, how terrible the picture of the city destroyed by Batu’s troops was, but this is not conveyed in the text. But this does not indicate the powerlessness of the work of art in recreating reality. This speaks of the wisdom of the creator of the Tale, of the humanity of ancient Russian literature.

2. "Valerik" (M.Yu. Lermontov)

• As soon as the convoy got out
• It was a terrible silence
• It didn't last long
• But in this strange expectation
• Not one heart beat.
• Suddenly a volley ... we look: they lie in rows,
• What needs? local shelves
• The people tested ... With hostility,
• More friendly! resounded behind us.
• The blood caught fire in my chest!
• All officers ahead...
• On horseback rushed to the rubble
• Who did not have time to jump off the horse ...
• Hurray - and fell silent. - Out daggers,
• In butts! - and the massacre began.
• And two hours in the jets of the stream
• The fight went on. cut brutally
• Like animals, silently, with breasts,
• The stream was blocked with bodies.
• I wanted to scoop up water ...
• (And the heat and the battle tired
• me), but muddy wave
• It was warm, it was red.

M.Yu. Lermontov, who considered the war to be the destruction of the beauty of the world, the unity of man and nature, accurately expresses this idea in the episode of the poem "Valerik". Showing the madness of what is happening, Lermontov likens people to wild animals and calls the battle a "massacre". The stream is dammed with corpses, its waters, poisoned by death, turn red. Just a few strokes - and the horror of what happened is conveyed to the reader. The emotionality of the hero's monologue enhances the impression:

• I thought: pathetic man,
• What does he want! ... the sky is clear,
• Under the sky there is a lot of space for everyone,
• But incessantly and in vain
• He alone is at enmity - why?

3. "War and Peace" (L.N. Tolstoy)

L.N. Tolstoy shows the Borodino field after the battle. In order to express disgust, horror, pain, suffering from what he saw, Tolstoy makes the silent Nature “speak”. The rain, dripping "on the dead, on the wounded, and on the exhausted people," seems to say: "Enough, enough, people. Stop...Remember. What are you doing?"

4. "Quiet Don" (Sholokhov M. A.)

The picture of the battlefield that took place between Russians and Germans during the First World War near the village of Svinyuhi made even Cossacks accustomed to the horrors of war shudder. The corpses lay rolling, in "obscene and terrible" poses, the earth was blown up, the grass crushed by the wheels of the wagon resembles scars. There is a "sweet, heavy" smell of carrion in the air. Kazakov was struck by the appearance of the young lieutenant, who continued to remain handsome even after his death; they are shocked at the sight of a dead soldier, still a boy, who was overtaken by an enemy bullet. Witnesses of this spectacle lament, looking at the boy: he must not have had a chance to know the sweetness of a girl's kiss. “Where are they so heaped up?” - those who just as ruthlessly crack down on the enemy ask themselves. Apparently, there is no limit to human cruelty.

• Updated: May 31, 2016
• Author: Mironova Marina Viktorovna

Arguments on the topic "War" from literature for an essay
The problem of courage, cowardice, compassion, mercy, mutual assistance, care for loved ones, humanity, moral choice in war. The impact of war on human life, character and worldview. Participation of children in the war. Man's responsibility for his actions.

What was the courage of the soldiers in the war? (A.M. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man")

In the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man" you can see the manifestation of true courage during the war. Main character story Andrey Sokolov goes to war, leaving his family at home. For the sake of his loved ones, he passed all the tests: he suffered from hunger, fought courageously, sat in a punishment cell and escaped from captivity. The fear of death did not force him to abandon his beliefs: in the face of danger, he retained human dignity. The war claimed the lives of his loved ones, but even after that he did not break down, and again showed courage, however, no longer on the battlefield. He adopted a boy who also lost his entire family during the war. Andrei Sokolov is an example of a courageous soldier who continued to fight the hardships of fate even after the war.

The problem of moral assessment of the fact of war. (M. Zusak "The Book Thief")

In the center of the narrative of the novel "The Book Thief" by Markus Zusak, Liesel is a nine-year-old girl who, on the brink of war, fell into a foster family. The girl's father was connected with the communists, therefore, in order to save her daughter from the Nazis, her mother gives her to strangers for education. Liesel starts new life away from her family, she has a conflict with her peers, she finds new friends, learns to read and write. Her life is filled with the usual childhood worries, but war comes and with it fear, pain and disappointment. She doesn't understand why some people kill others. Liesel's adoptive father teaches her kindness and compassion, despite the fact that this only brings him trouble. Together with her parents, she hides the Jew in the basement, takes care of him, reads books to him. To help people, she and her friend Rudy scatter bread on the road, along which a column of prisoners must pass. She is sure that the war is monstrous and incomprehensible: people burn books, die in battles, arrests of those who disagree with official policy are everywhere. Liesel does not understand why people refuse to live and be happy. It is not by chance that the narration of the book is conducted on behalf of Death, the eternal companion of war and the enemy of life.

Is the human mind capable of accepting the very fact of war? (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", G. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

It is difficult for a person who has faced the horrors of war to understand why it is needed. So, one of the heroes of the novel L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Pierre Bezukhov does not participate in the battles, but he tries with all his might to help his people. He does not realize the true horror of the war until he witnesses the Battle of Borodino. Seeing the massacre, the count is horrified by its inhumanity. He is captured, experiences physical and mental torment, tries to comprehend the nature of war, but cannot. Pierre is not able to cope with a mental crisis on his own, and only his meeting with Platon Karataev helps him understand that happiness lies not in victory or defeat, but in simple human joys. Happiness is inside every person, in his search for answers to eternal questions, awareness of himself as part of the human world. And war, from his point of view, is inhumane and unnatural.


The protagonist of G. Baklanov's story "Forever - nineteen" Alexei Tretyakov painfully reflects on the causes, the significance of the war for the people, man, life. He finds no weighty explanation for the need for war. Its meaninglessness, depreciation human life for the sake of achieving any important goal, it horrifies the hero, causes bewilderment: “... The same thought haunted: will it really turn out someday that this war could not have happened? What was in the power of people to prevent this? And millions would still be alive…”.

What feelings does the stamina of a defeated enemy evoke in the victor? (V. Kondratiev "Sasha")

The problem of compassion for the enemy is considered in the story of V. Kondratiev "Sasha". Young Russian fighter takes prisoner German soldier. After talking with the company commander, the prisoner does not give out any information, so Sasha is ordered to deliver him to headquarters. On the way, the soldier showed the prisoner a leaflet, which says that the prisoners are guaranteed life and return to their homeland. However, the battalion commander, who lost loved one in this war, orders to shoot a German. Sasha's conscience does not allow Sasha to kill an unarmed man, a young guy just like him, who behaves in the same way as he would behave in captivity. The German does not betray his own, does not beg for mercy, preserving human dignity. At the risk of being court martialed, Sashka does not follow the order of the commander. Belief in the correctness saves his life and his prisoner, and the commander cancels the order.

How does war change the worldview and character of a person? (V. Baklanov "Forever - nineteen")

G. Baklanov in the story “Forever - nineteen” speaks about the significance and value of a person, about his responsibility, memory that binds the people: “Through a great catastrophe - a great liberation of the spirit,” Atrakovsky said. “Never before has so much depended on each of us. That is why we will win. And it won't be forgotten. The star goes out, but the field of attraction remains. That's how people are." War is a disaster. However, it leads not only to tragedy, to the death of people, to the breakdown of their consciousness, but also contributes to spiritual growth, the transformation of the people, the definition of true life values ​​by everyone. In war there is a reassessment of values, the worldview and character of a person change.

The problem of the inhumanity of war. (I. Shmelev "The Sun of the Dead")

In the epic sun of the dead» I. Shmeleva shows all the horrors of war. “The smell of decay”, “cackle, clatter and roar” of humanoids, these are wagons of “fresh human meat, young meat!” and “one hundred and twenty thousand heads! Human!" War is the absorption of the world of the living by the world of the dead. She makes a beast out of a man, makes him do terrible things. No matter how great external material destruction and annihilation, they do not horrify I. Shmelev: neither a hurricane, nor famine, nor snowfall, nor crops drying up from drought. Evil begins where a person begins who does not oppose him, for him "everything - nothing!" "and there is no one, and none." For the writer, it is indisputable that the human mental and spiritual world is a place of struggle between good and evil, and it is also indisputable that always, in any circumstances, even during war, there will be people in whom the beast will not defeat man.

Responsibility of a person for the actions that he committed in the war. Mental trauma of the participants in the war. (V. Grossman "Abel")

In the story "Abel (Sixth of August)" V.S. Grossman reflects on the war in general. Showing the tragedy of Hiroshima, the writer speaks not only about the universal misfortune and ecological disaster but also about the personal tragedy of a person. Young scorer Connor bears the burden of becoming the man who is destined to push the button to activate the kill mechanism. For Connor, this is a personal war, where everyone remains just a person with their inherent weaknesses and fears in the desire to save own life. However, sometimes, in order to remain human, you need to die. Grossman is sure that true humanity is impossible without participation in what is happening, and therefore without responsibility for what happened. The pairing in one person of a heightened sense of the World and soldier's diligence, imposed by the state machine and the system of education, turns out to be fatal for the young man and leads to a split in consciousness. Crew members perceive what happened differently, not all of them feel responsible for what they have done, they talk about lofty goals. The act of fascism, unprecedented even by fascist standards, is justified by social thought, being presented as a struggle against the notorious fascism. However, Joseph Conner experiences an acute sense of guilt, washing his hands all the time, as if trying to wash them of the blood of innocents. The hero goes crazy when he realizes that his inner man can't live with the burden he's taken on.

What is war and how does it affect a person? (K. Vorobyov "Killed near Moscow")

In the story “Killed near Moscow”, K. Vorobyov writes that war is a huge machine, “made up of thousands and thousands of efforts different people, has moved, is moving not by someone else's will, but by itself, having received its move, and therefore unstoppable. The old man in the house where the retreating wounded are left, calls the war the "master" of everything. All life is now determined by the war, which changes not only life, destinies, but also the consciousness of people. War is a confrontation in which the strongest wins: "In a war, whoever fails first." The death that war brings occupies almost all the thoughts of the soldiers: “It was in the first months at the front that he was ashamed of himself, he thought he was the only one. Everything is so in these moments, everyone overcomes them alone with himself: there will be no other life. The metamorphoses that occur to a person in war are explained by the purpose of death: in the battle for the Fatherland, soldiers show incredible courage, self-sacrifice, while in captivity, doomed to death, they live guided by animal instincts. War cripples not only the bodies of people, but also their souls: the writer shows how the disabled are afraid of the end of the war, because they no longer represent their place in civilian life.
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