August 17, 1806 - the sloop "Neva" under the command of Yuri Lisyansky anchored in the Kronstadt roadstead, completing the first Russian circumnavigation, which lasted a little over three years. By order of Alexander I, a special medal was issued for all participants in the journey.

On August 7, 1803, two ships set out on a long voyage from Kronstadt. These were the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva", on which Russian sailors were to make trip around the world.

Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern

Kruzenshtern project

The head of the expedition was Captain-Lieutenant Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the commander of the Nadezhda. The Neva was commanded by Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Both were experienced sailors who had already taken part in long-distance voyages. Kruzenshtern improved his skills in maritime affairs in England, took part in the Anglo-French war, was in America, India, and China. During his travels, Kruzenshtern came up with a bold project, the implementation of which was intended to promote the expansion of Russian trade relations with China. It consisted in the fact that instead of a difficult and long journey by land, to establish communication with the American possessions of the Russians (Alaska) by sea. On the other hand, Kruzenshtern offered more close point sale of furs, namely China, where furs were in great demand and were valued very dearly. To implement the project, it was necessary to undertake a long journey and explore this new path for the Russians.

After reading Kruzenshtern's draft, Paul I muttered: "What nonsense!" - and that was enough for a bold undertaking to be buried for several years in the affairs of the Naval Department. Under Alexander I, Krusenstern again began to achieve his goal. He was helped by the fact that Alexander himself had shares in the Russian-American Company. The travel plan has been approved.

preparations

It was necessary to purchase ships, since there were no ships suitable for long-distance navigation in Russia. The ships were bought in London. Kruzenshtern knew that the trip would give a lot of new things for science, so he invited several scientists and the painter Kurlyandtsev to participate in the expedition.

The expedition was relatively well equipped with precise instruments for conducting various observations, had a large collection of books, nautical charts and other manuals necessary for long-distance navigation.

Kruzenshtern was advised to take English sailors on the voyage, but he protested vigorously, and the Russian team was recruited. Krusenstern paid special attention to the preparation and equipment of the expedition. Both equipment for sailors and individual, mainly antiscorbutic, food products were purchased by Lisyansky in England.

Map of the first Russian round-the-world trip

Having approved the expedition, the king decided to use it to send an ambassador to Japan. The embassy had to repeat the attempt to establish relations with Japan, which at that time was almost completely unknown to the Russians. Japan traded only with Holland, for other countries its ports remained closed. In addition to gifts to the Japanese emperor, the embassy mission was supposed to take home several Japanese who accidentally ended up in Russia after a shipwreck and lived there for quite a long time.

Sailing to Cape Horn.

The first stop was in Copenhagen, where instruments were checked at the observatory. Departing from the coast of Denmark, the ships headed for the English port of Falmouth. While staying in England, the expedition acquired additional astronomical instruments.

Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky

From England ships headed south along the east coast Atlantic Ocean. October 20 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" were on the roadstead of the small Spanish city of Santa Cruz, located on the island of Tenerife. The expedition stocked up on food, fresh water, wine. Sailors, walking around the city, saw the poverty of the population and witnessed the arbitrariness of the Inquisition. In his notes, Kruzenshtern noted: “It is terrible for a free-thinking person to live in such a world where the anger of the Inquisition and the unlimited autocracy of the governor operate in full force, disposing of the life and death of every citizen.”

Leaving Tenerife, the expedition headed for the shores South America. During the voyage, scientists conducted a study of the temperature of different layers of water. An interesting phenomenon was noticed, the so-called "glow of the sea". A member of the expedition, the naturalist Tilesius established that the light was given by the smallest organisms, which were in abundance in the water. Carefully filtered water ceased to glow.

On November 23, 1803, the ships crossed the equator, and on December 21 they entered the Portuguese possessions, which at that time included Brazil, and anchored off Catherine Island. The mast needed to be repaired. The stop made it possible to conduct astronomical observations in the observatory installed on the shore. Kruzenshtern celebrates big natural resources edges, in particular tree species. It has up to 80 samples of valuable tree species that could be traded. Off the coast of Brazil, observations were made of the tides, the direction of sea currents, and water temperatures at various depths.

Sloop "Hope" off the coast of South America

To the shores of Kamchatka and Japan

Near Cape Horn, due to stormy weather, the ships were forced to separate. The meeting point was set at Easter Island or Nukagiva Island. Safely rounding Cape Horn, Kruzenshtern headed for Nukagiva Island and anchored in the port of Anna Maria. The sailors met two Europeans on the island - an Englishman and a Frenchman, who lived with the islanders for several years. The islanders brought coconuts, breadfruit and bananas in exchange for old metal hoops. Russian sailors visited the island. Krusenstern gives a description appearance islanders, their tattoos, jewelry, dwellings, dwells on the characteristics of life and social relations. The Neva came to Nukagiva Island late, as Lisyansky was looking for the Nadezhda near Easter Island. Lisyansky also reports a series interesting information about the population of Easter Island, the clothes of the inhabitants, dwellings, gives a description of the wonderful monuments erected on the shore, which La Perouse mentioned in his notes.

After sailing from the shores of The Nukagiva expedition headed for the Hawaiian Islands. There, Kruzenshtern planned to stock up on food, especially fresh meat, which the sailors had not had for a long time. However, what Kruzenshtern offered to the islanders in exchange did not satisfy them, since the ships that landed on the Hawaiian Islands often brought European goods here.

The Hawaiian Islands were the point of travel where the ships had to separate. From here, the path of the Nadezhda went to Kamchatka and then to Japan, and the Neva was supposed to follow to the northwestern shores of America. The meeting was scheduled in China, in the small Portuguese port of Macau, where the purchased furs were to be sold. The ships parted.

Sloop "Hope"

July 14, 1804 "Nadezhda" entered the Avacha Bay and anchored off the city of Petropavlovsk. In Petropavlovsk, the goods brought for Kamchatka were unloaded, and the ship's gear, which had worn out during a long journey, was repaired. In Kamchatka, the main food of the expedition was fresh fish, which, however, could not be stocked up for further sailing due to the high cost and lack of the required amount of salt.

On August 30, Nadezhda left Petropavlovsk and headed for Japan. Almost a month has passed in swimming. On September 28, the sailors saw the shores of the island of Kiu-Siu (Kyu-Su). Heading to the port of Nagasaki, Kruzenshtern explored the Japanese coast, which has many bays and islands. He was able to establish that on the sea charts of that time, in a number of cases, the shores of Yaponka were plotted incorrectly.

Dropping anchor in Nagasaki, Kruzenshtern informed the local governor of the arrival of the Russian ambassador. However, the sailors were not allowed to go ashore. The issue of receiving the ambassador was to be decided by the emperor himself, who lived in Ieddo, so he had to wait. Only after 1.5 months, the governor allocated a certain place on the shore, surrounded by a fence, where the sailors could walk. Even later, after repeated appeals from Krusenstern, the governor set aside a house for the ambassador on the shore.

Only on March 30 did a representative of the emperor arrive in Nagasaki, who was instructed to negotiate with the ambassador. During the second meeting, the commissioner said that the Japanese emperor had refused to sign a trade treaty with Russia and that Russian ships were not allowed to enter Japanese ports. The Japanese, brought to their homeland, nevertheless, finally got the opportunity to leave the Nadezhda.

Back to Petropavlovsk

From Japan, Nadezhda headed back to Kamchatka. Kruzenshtern decided to return by another route - along the western coast of Japan, almost unexplored at that time by Europeans. The Nadezhda sailed along the coast of Nipon Island (Hopshu), explored the Sangar Strait, and passed the western coast of Iesso Island (Hokkaido). Having reached the northern tip of Iesso, Kruzenshtern saw the Ainu, also living in the southern part of Sakhalin. In his notes, he gives a description of the physical appearance of the Ainu, their clothes, dwellings, occupations.

Following further, Kruzenshtern carefully explored the shores of Sakhalin. However, he was prevented from continuing his journey to the northern tip of Sakhalin by the accumulation of ice. Krusenstern decided to go to Petropavlovsk. In Petropavlovsk, the ambassador with the naturalist Langsdorf left the Nadezhda, and after a while Kruzenshtern went to continue exploring the shores of Sakhalin. Having reached the northern tip of the island, Nadezhda rounded Sakhalin and went along its western coast. In view of the fact that the deadline for departure to China was approaching, Kruzenshtern decided to return to Petropavlovsk in order to better prepare for this second part of the voyage.

From Petropavlovsk, Kruzenshtern sent maps and drawings drawn up during the trip to St. Petersburg so that they would not be lost in the event of an accident that could happen during the return voyage.

“The shores of Petropavlovsk,” writes Kruzenshtern, “are covered with scattered stinking fish, over which hungry dogs gnaw for rotting remains, which is an extremely disgusting view. Upon reaching the shore, you will look in vain for the roads that have been made, or even for any convenient path leading to the city, in which you do not find a single well-built house ... Near it there is not a single verdant good plain, not a single garden, not a single decent vegetable garden, which would show traces of cultivation. We only saw 10 cows grazing between the cabins.”

Such was then Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Kruzenshtern points out that the supply of bread and salt almost did not provide the population. Krusenstern left the salt and cereals received as a gift in Japan for the population of Kamchatka.

The population of Kamchatka also suffered from scurvy. Health care almost absent, the drugs were not enough. Describing the disastrous condition of the inhabitants of Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern pointed out the need to improve the supply and the possibility of developing agriculture there. He especially noted the extremely difficult situation of the native population - the Kamchadals, who were robbed and drunk with vodka by Russian fur buyers.

Swimming in China

Having completed the necessary work to repair the rigging and renewed the food supply, Kruzenshtern went to China. The weather interfered with routine surveys to locate the island. In addition, Krusenstern was in a hurry to arrive in China.

On a stormy night, the Nadezhda passed through the strait near the island of Formosa and on November 20 anchored in the port of Macau. At the time when Kruzenshtern traveled with the ambassador to Japan and explored the shores of Japan, Sakhalin and Kamchatka, the Neva visited the Kodiak and Sitkha islands, where the possessions of the Russian-American Company were located. Lisyansky brought the necessary supplies there and then set sail along the coast of the northwestern part of America.

Lisyansky wrote down a large amount of information about the Indians and collected a whole collection of their household items. The Neva spent almost a year and a half off the coast of America. Lisyansky was late for the meeting scheduled by Kruzenshtern, but the Neva was loaded to capacity with valuable furs that had to be transported to China.

Upon arrival in Macau, Kruzenshtern learned that the Neva had not yet arrived. He informed the governor of the purpose of his arrival, but before the arrival of the Neva, Nadezhda was asked to leave Macau, where military courts were forbidden to stay. However, Kruzenzenshtern managed to persuade the local authorities, assuring them that the Neva would soon arrive with a valuable cargo that was of interest to Chinese trade.

The Neva arrived on December 3 with a large load of furs. However, it was not immediately possible to ask permission for both ships to enter the harbor near Canton, and Krusenstern went there together with Lisyansky on the Neva. Only after intense efforts did Kruzenshtern receive this permission, promising to buy a large amount of Chinese goods.

Significant difficulties were also encountered in the sale of furs, as Chinese merchants did not dare to enter into trade relations with the Russians, not knowing how the Chinese government would view it. However, Kruzenshtern, through a local English trading office, managed to find a Chinese merchant who bought the imported cargo. Having shipped the furs, the Russians began loading tea and other purchased Chinese goods, but at that time their export was prohibited until permission was obtained from Beijing. Again, it took a long time to get this permission.

Homecoming. Expedition results.

Coin "Sloop" Neva "

Kruzenshtern's expedition made the first attempt to establish maritime trade relations with China - before that, Russian trade with China was carried out by land. Kruzenshtern in his notes described the state of the then Chinese trade and indicated the ways in which trade with the Russians could develop. February 9, 1806 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" left Canton and headed back to their homeland. This route lay across the Indian Ocean, past the Cape of Good Hope and further along the route well known to Europeans. August 17, 1806 "Nadezhda" approached Kronstadt. The Neva was already there, having arrived a little earlier. The journey, which had lasted three years, was over. The journey of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky gave a lot of new things for the knowledge of a number of areas of the globe. The studies carried out enriched science, valuable material was collected, necessary for the development of navigation. During the voyage, astronomical and meteorological observations were systematically made, the temperature of different layers of water was determined, depth measurements were made. During the long stay in Nagasaki, observations were made of the tides, the Expedition carried out work on compiling new maps and checking old ones. Dr. Tilesius compiled a large atlas illustrating the nature and population of the countries visited.

Extraordinarily interesting are household items brought by the expedition from the Pacific Islands and North America. These things were transferred to the Museum of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences. The notes of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were published. The round-the-world trip on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" wrote a glorious page in the history of Russian navigation.

Based on materials: http://azbukivedi-istoria.ru/

This expedition made a significant contribution to, erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and clarifying many points. The participants of the first conducted oceanological observations: they discovered the Intertrade countercurrents in and; carried out measurements at depths up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the cause of the glow of the sea; collected numerous data about , in a number of areas .

At the end of July 1803, the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the leadership left Kronstadt, and three months later, south of the islands of Cape Verde, Kruzenshtern established that both sloops were being carried to the east by a strong current - this was how the trade wind countercurrent was discovered. In mid-November, the ships crossed the equator, and on February 19, 1804, rounded Cape Horn. V pacific ocean they separated. Lisyansky, by agreement, went to Easter Island, described the coast and got acquainted with the life of the inhabitants. At Nukuhiva (one of the Marquesas Islands), he caught up with the Nadezhda, and together they headed for the Hawaiian Islands, and then the ships followed different routes: Kruzenshtern in; Lisyansky - to Russian, to the island of Kodiak.

Having received a letter from A. A. Baranov testifying to his plight, Y. Lisyansky arrived at the Alexander Archipelago and provided military assistance to Baranov against the Tlingit Indians: these “koloshis” (as the Russians called them), incited by disguised agents of an American pirate, destroyed the Russian fortification on the island of Sitka (Baranov Island). In 1802, Baranov built a new fortress there - Novoarkhangelsk (now the city of Sitka), where he soon transferred the center of Russian America. At the end of 1804 and in the spring of 1805, Yu. Lisyansky, together with the navigator of the Neva, D.V. Kalinin, described Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska, as well as part of the Alexander Archipelago. At the same time, to the west of the island of Sitka, D. Kalinin discovered the island of Kruzov, which was previously considered. Lisyansky named a large island to the north of the island of Sitka after V. Ya. Chichagov. In the autumn of 1805, the Neva, with a load of furs, moved from Sitka to Macau (South China), where it joined the Nadezhda. On the way, the uninhabited island of Lisyansky and the Neva reef were discovered, classified as part of the Hawaiian archipelago, and to the southwest of them - a reef. From Canton, where he managed to profitably sell furs, Lisyansky made an unparalleled non-stop passage around the Cape of Good Hope to Portsmouth (England) in 140 days, but at the same time parted from Nadezhda in the weather off the southeastern coast of Africa. On August 5, 1806, he arrived in Kronstadt, having completed a round-the-world voyage, the first in the annals of the Russian fleet. "Nadezhda" anchored at Petropavlovsk in mid-July 1804. Then I. Kruzenshtern brought N. Rezanov to Nagasaki, who was sent as an envoy to conclude a trade agreement, and after negotiations that ended in complete failure, in the spring of 1805 he returned with an envoy to Petropavlovsk, where he parted ways with him. On the way to I. Kruzenshtern, he followed the Eastern Passage to and photographed the western coast of the island of Hokkaido. Then he passed through the La Perouse Strait to Aniva Bay and performed a number of determinations there. geographical location noteworthy points. Intending to chart the still poorly explored eastern coast of Sakhalin, on May 16 he rounded Cape Aniva, moving north along the coast with the survey. I. Kruzenshtern discovered a small bay of Mordvinov, described the rocky western and northern low-lying shores of the Gulf of Patience.

Reaching Cape Patience and continuing shooting to the north was prevented powerful ice(the end of May). Then I. Kruzenshtern decided to put aside the descriptive work and go to Kamchatka. He headed east to the Kuril ridge and the strait, now bearing his name, entered the Pacific Ocean. Suddenly, four islets (Trap Islands) opened up in the west. The approach of the storm forced the Hope to return to. When the storm subsided, the ship proceeded through the Severgin Strait to the Pacific Ocean and on June 5 arrived in the Peter and Paul Harbor. To continue the exploration of the eastern coast, I. Kruzenshtern in July passed through the Strait of Hope to the Sakhalin Cape Patience. Having weathered the storm, on July 19 he began shooting north. Further, I. Kruzenshtern examined the eastern shore of the Sakhalin Bay; he wanted to check whether Sakhalin was an island, as it appeared on Russian maps of the 18th century, or a peninsula, as J. F. La Perouse claimed. Having come to the conclusion that Sakhalin was a peninsula, he returned to Petropavlovsk. As a result of the voyage, he first mapped and described about 1500 km of the eastern, northern and northwestern coast of Sakhalin.

On August 7, 1803, two sloops left the port in Kronstadt. The names Nadezhda and Neva flaunted on their sides, although until recently they had other names - Leander and Thames. It was under the new names that these ships, bought by Emperor Alexander I in England, were to go down in history as the first Russian ships to circumnavigate the globe. Idea round the world expedition belonged to Alexander I and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Count Nikolai Rumyantsev. It was supposed that its participants would collect as much information as possible about the countries that would be on their way - about their nature and about the life of their peoples. And besides, it was planned to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, through which the route of travelers also passed.
Yuri Lisyansky, captain of the Neva sloop

Conflicts on board

Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed captain of the Nadezhda, and Yuri Lisyansky became the captain of the Neva - both at that time were already quite famous sailors who had been trained in England and participated in naval battles. However, another co-leader, Count Nikolai Rezanov, who was appointed ambassador to Japan and endowed with very great power, was “attached” to Kruzenshtern on the ship, which the captain naturally did not like. And after the sloops left Kronstadt, it turned out that Rezanov was not Krusenstern's only problem. As it turned out, among the members of the Nadezhda team was Fyodor Tolstoy, a well-known brawler, duelist and lover of eccentric antics in those years. He never served in the Navy and did not have the education necessary for this, and he got on the ship illegally, replacing his cousin, who bore the same name and surname and did not want to go on a long journey. And the brawler Tolstoy, on the contrary, was eager to sail - he was interested in seeing the world, and even more wanted to escape from the capital, where he was threatened with punishment for another drunken brawl.
Fyodor Tolstoy, the most restless member of the expedition During the trip, Fyodor Tolstoy entertained himself as best he could: quarreled with other members of the team and pitted them against each other, made fun, sometimes very cruelly, of the sailors and even of the priest accompanying them. Kruzenshtern several times put him in the hold under arrest, but as soon as Fedor's imprisonment ended, he fell back to the old. During one of the stops on an island in the Pacific Ocean, Tolstoy bought a tame orangutan and taught him various pranks. In the end, he launched the monkey into the cabin of Krusenstern himself and gave her ink, with which she spoiled the captain's travel notes. This was the last straw, and in the next port, in Kamchatka, Krusenstern landed Tolstoy ashore.
Sloop "Nadezhda" By that time, he finally quarreled with Count Rezanov, who refused to recognize his captain's authority. The rivalry between them began from the very first days of the voyage, and now it is already impossible to say who initiated the conflict. In the surviving letters and diaries of these two, directly opposite versions are expressed: each of them blames the other for everything. Only one thing is known for sure - Nikolai Rezanov and Ivan Kruzenshtern at first argued about which of them was in charge on the ship, then they stopped talking to each other and communicated using notes passed by the sailors, and then Rezanov completely locked himself in his cabin and stopped answering captain even on notes.
Nikolai Rezanov, who never reconciled with Krusenstern

Reinforcements for the colonists

Autumn 1804 "Neva" and "Nadezhda" were divided. Kruzenshtern's ship went to Japan, and Lisyansky's ship went to Alaska. Rezanov's mission in the Japanese city of Nagasaki was unsuccessful, and this was the end of his participation in the round-the-world expedition. "Neva" at that time arrived in Russian America - the settlement of Russian colonists in Alaska - and its team took part in the battle with the Tlingit Indians. Two years earlier, the Indians had ousted the Russians from the island of Sitka, and now the governor of Russian America, Alexander Baranov, was trying to return this island. Yuri Lisyansky and his team provided them with very important assistance in this.
Alexander Baranov, founder of Russian America in Alaska Later, Nadezhda and Neva met off the coast of Japan and moved on. "Neva" went ahead along the east coast of China, and "Nadezhda" explored the islands in the Sea of ​​Japan in more detail, and then set off to catch up with the second ship. Later, the ships met again in the port of Macau in southern China, for some time they walked together along the coasts of Asia and Africa, and then the Nadezhda fell behind again.
Sloop "Neva", drawing by Yuri Lisyansky

triumphant return

The ships returned to Russia in different time: "Neva" - July 22, 1806, and "Hope" - August 5. The expedition members collected a huge amount of information about many islands, created maps and atlases of these lands, and even discovered a new island, called Lisyansky Island. The almost unexplored Aniva Bay in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk was described in detail and the exact coordinates of Ascension Island were established, about which it was known only that it was “somewhere between Africa and South America”.
Thaddeus Bellingshausen All participants in this circumnavigation of the world, from captains to ordinary sailors, were generously rewarded, and most of them continued to pursue a maritime career. Among them was midshipman Thaddeus Bellingshausen, who traveled on the Nadezhda, who 13 years later led the first Russian Antarctic expedition.

Many readers of the magazine are asked to tell about the origins of Russian round-the-world travel. This request is supplemented by other letters from our readers who would like to see an essay on the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the pages of the magazine.

History of long-distance voyages

In the summer of 1803, two Russian ships set sail under the command of naval officers, fleet lieutenant commanders Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky. Their route amazed the imagination - it was laid, as it was customary to say at that time, "around the world." But, talking about this voyage, one cannot fail to notice that the traditions of "distant voyages" date back to times much older than early XIX century.

In December 1723, the carts of Admiral Daniel Wilster arrived at Rogverik, which lay not far from Reval. Here the admiral was met by members of the expedition. In the bay, tightened thin ice, there were two ships. The secret decree of Peter the Great was read in the cabin of flag-captain Danila Myasny. Captain Lieutenant Ivan Koshelev, "Russian under the Swede" advisor to the expedition, was also present. “You must go from St. Petersburg to Rogverik,” the decree said, “and there sit on the frigate Amsterdam-Galei and take another Dekrondelivde with you, and with the help of God, embark on a voyage to the East Indies, namely to Bengal". They were to be the first to cross the "line" (equator). Alas, the plan to “do business” with the “great mogul” failed.

The ships set out on December 21, but due to a leak formed in a storm, they returned to Revel. And in February of the following year, Peter I canceled the voyage until "another favorable time."

Peter also had a dream to send ships to the West Indies. That is why he decided to establish trade relations with the mistress of the "Gishpan lands" in America. In 1725-1726, the first commercial voyages to Cadiz, a Spanish port near Gibraltar, took place. The ships prepared for the voyage "to Bengal", to which the "Devonshire" was added, also came in handy. A detachment of three ships with goods in May 1725 was led by Ivan Rodionovich Koshelev. After returning to his homeland, the former adviser was promoted to captain of the 1st rank, "after all, he was the first in Spain with Russian ships." So the tradition of ocean voyages of Russian ships was laid.

But when did the idea of ​​circumnavigating the world emerge in Russian minds?

250 years ago, a well-thought-out plan for a round-the-world trip was drawn up for the first time: the minutes of the Senate meeting of September 12, 1732 are known. The senators puzzled over how to send Bering's expedition to the East, by sea or by land. “For advice, members of the Admiralty Board were called to the Senate, who suggested that ships could be sent to Kamchatka from St. Petersburg ...” The authors of the project are Admiral N.F. Golovin, President of the Admiralty Boards and Admiral T.P. Sanders. Golovin himself wanted to lead the voyage. He considered such a voyage best school, for "... in one such way those officers and sailors can learn more than at the local sea in ten years." But the senators chose a dry path and did not heed the advice of eminent admirals. Why is unknown. Apparently there were good reasons. They doomed Vitus Bering to incredible hardships with the transportation of thousands of pounds of equipment to Okhotsk, where the construction of ships was planned. Therefore, the epic of the Second Kamchatka stretched out for a good ten years. But it could have been different...

And yet - remember - this was the first project of a round-the-world trip.

In the annals of long-distance voyages, 1763 is distinguished by two remarkable events. The first took place in St. Petersburg. Mikhailo Lomonosov proposed to the government a project for an Arctic expedition from Novaya Zemlya to the Bering Strait via the North Pole. The following year, three ships under the command of Captain 1st Rank Vasily Chichagov made the first attempt to penetrate the polar basin north of Svalbard. The transpolar transition failed. The meeting scheduled in the Bering Strait between Chichagov and the leader of the Aleutian expedition, Krenitsyn, did not take place. After the departure of both expeditions, it was planned to send two ships around the world from Kronstadt with a call to Kamchatka. But the preparation for the approach was delayed, and which began soon Russian-Turkish war forced to completely cancel access to the sea.

In the same 1763, in London, Ambassador A. R. Vorontsov received from the board of the East India Company permission to send two Russian officers on the ship Spikey. So in April 1763 midshipman N. Poluboyarinov and non-commissioned lieutenant T. Kozlyaninov went to Brazil. They were destined to become the first Russians to cross the equator. Midshipman Nikifor Poluboyarinov kept a journal, which conveyed to the descendants the impressions of this one and a half year voyage to the shores of Brazil and India ...

The long-distance voyage of the Russians from Kamchatka around Asia and Africa took place in 1771-1773. Colonel of the Commonwealth Confederation Moritz Beniowski, exiled to Bolsheretsk for speaking out against the authorities, revolted. Together with his accomplices, the exiles, he captured a small ship - the galliot "St. Peter, who was wintering at the mouth of the river. About 90 Russians, among whom, in addition to the exiles, were free industrialists and several women, went into the unknown - some voluntarily, some under threat of reprisal, and some simply out of ignorance. The ship of the fugitives was led by sailors Maxim Churin and Dmitry Bocharov.

In the Portuguese colony of Macao, Beniovsky sold a Russian ship and chartered two French ones. In July 1772, the fugitives arrived at a French port in southern Brittany. From here

16 people who wished to return to Russia set out on foot for 600 miles to Paris. In the capital, through the ambassador and famous writer Fonvizin received permission. Among the returning sailors was a navigator's student, the commander of the Okhotsk ship "St. Ekaterina" Dmitry Bocharov. Later, in 1788, he became famous in a wonderful voyage to the shores of Alaska on the galliot "Three Saints", completed on the instructions of the "Columbus of Russia" - Shelikhov, together with Gerasim Izmailov. No less interesting is the fact that women participate in this voyage. One of them, Lyubov Savvishna Ryumina, is probably the first Russian woman to visit the southern hemisphere of the Earth. By the way, the husband of the brave traveler most reliably told about the adventures of the fugitives in the “Notes of the clerk Ryumin ...”, printed half a century later.

The next attempt to pass "near the world" was the closest to being realized. But this was again interrupted by the war. And so it was. In 1786, the personal secretary of Catherine II, P. P. Soymonov, submitted to the Commerce Collegium a “Note on trading and animal trades on the Eastern Ocean”. It expressed fears for the fate of Russian possessions in America and proposed measures to protect them. Only armed ships could hold back the expansion of the British. The idea was not new either for the maritime or for the trade department and their leaders. By decree of the Empress of December 22, 1786, the Admiralty was instructed to "immediately send from Baltic Sea two ships armed following the example of those consumed by the English captain Cook and other sailors for similar discoveries ... ". The 29-year-old experienced sailor Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky was appointed to lead the expedition. The most capable ships for discoveries were hastily prepared: Kholmogor, Solovki, Sokol, Turukhtan. The route of the expedition was laid "meeting the sun": from the Baltic Sea to the southern tip of Africa, then to the shores of New Holland (Australia) and to Russian lands in the Old and New Worlds. The Olonets plant even cast iron coats of arms and medals for installation on newly discovered lands, but the war with Turkey began again. A decree followed: "... we order the expedition to be canceled due to the present circumstances." Then Mulovskiy's squadron was planned to be sent on a campaign to the Mediterranean Sea to fight the Turkish fleet, but ... a war broke out with Sweden. Having suddenly attacked Russian positions and ships, the Swedish king Gustav III intended to return all pre-Petrine possessions, destroy St. Petersburg and put his autograph on the recently opened monument to Peter I. So in the summer of 1788, Mulovsky was appointed commander of the Mstislav. The 17-year-old midshipman Ivan Kruzenshtern, released ahead of schedule (on the occasion of the war), arrived on the same ship. When the 36-gun Mstislav forced the surrender of the 74-gun Sophia-Magdalena, Mulovsky instructed the young officer to take the flags of the ship and the Swedish Admiral Lilienfild. Mulovsky's dreams of an ocean campaign sunk into the heart of Kruzenshtern. After the death of Mulovsky in battle on July 15, 1789, a series of failures ends and the story of the first Russian journey "around the whole world" begins.

Three years in three oceans

The draft of the first round-the-world was signed by Kruzenshtern "on January 1, 1802." The conditions for the implementation of the project were favorable. Naval Minister Nikolai Semenovich Mordvinov (by the way, included by the Decembrists in the future "revolutionary government") and Minister of Commerce Nikolai Petrovich Rumyantsev (the founder of the famous Rumyantsev Museum, whose book collections served as the basis for the creation of the State Library of the USSR named after V. I. Lenin) supported the project and highly appreciated the progressive undertaking of the 32-year-old lieutenant commander. On August 7, 1802, Kruzenshtern was approved as the head of the expedition.

It is known that most funds for the equipment of the expedition were allocated by the board of the Russian-American Company. The haste in collecting and the generosity of the company were the reason that the ships decided not to build, but to purchase abroad. To this end, Kruzenshtern sent lieutenant commander Lisyansky to England. For 17 thousand pounds sterling, two rather old, but with a strong hull, two three-masted sloops "Leander" and "Thames" were bought, which received the new names "Nadezhda" and "Neva".

The peculiarity of the campaign was that the ships carried naval flags and at the same time served as merchant ships. On the Nadezhda, a diplomatic mission headed by one of the company's directors, Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, was heading to Japan ...

The historic day came on August 7, 1803. Driven by a light fair wind, Nadezhda and Neva left the Great Kronstadt roadstead. Having visited Copenhagen and the English port of Falmouth and survived the first severe storm, the ships made their last "European" stop in Tenerife in the Canary Islands.

On November 26, 1803, the guns of Nadezhda and Neva saluted the Russian flag for the first time in the southern hemisphere of the Earth. A holiday was arranged on the ships, which became traditional. The role of the "sea lord" - Neptune was played by the sailor Pavel Kurganov, who "welcomed the Russians on their first arrival in the southern Neptune regions with sufficient decency." After stopping in Brazil and replacing part of the rigging, on March 3, 1804, the ships rounded Cape Horn and began sailing in the Pacific Ocean. After a separate voyage, the ships met at the Marquesas Islands. In an order for sailors, Kruzenshtern wrote: "I am sure that we will leave the shore of this quiet people, without leaving a bad name behind us." A humane attitude towards the "wild" - a tradition laid down by our sailors, was strictly observed by all subsequent Russian expeditions ...

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky have already done a lot for science: for the first time, hydrological observations were made, as well as magnetic and meteorological ones. In the area of ​​Cape Horn, the current velocity was measured. During the stay of the Neva at Easter Island, Lisyansky clarified the coordinates of the island and compiled a map. A collection of weapons and household items was collected in the Marquesas Islands. In early June 1804, the sailors reached the Hawaiian Islands. Here the ships parted for almost a year and a half. The meeting was scheduled for November 1805 near the Chinese port of Canton.

On the way to Petropavlovsk, according to the instructions, the Nadezhda passed the ocean area southeast of Japan and dispelled the myth about the lands supposedly existing here. From Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern took a ship to Japan to deliver Rezanov's envoy there. A fierce typhoon caught sailors off the eastern coast of Japan. “One must have the gift of a poet in order to vividly describe his rage,” Kruzenshtern wrote in his diary and lovingly noted the courage and fearlessness of the sailors. The Hope was in the Japanese port of Nagasaki for more than six months, until mid-April 1805. Rezanov's mission was not accepted by the authorities, who adhered to an archaic law in force since 1638 that prohibited foreigners from visiting the country "as long as the sun illuminates the world." On the contrary, on the day of departure of the Nadezhda, ordinary Japanese, showing sympathy for the Russians, saw the ship off in hundreds of boats.

Returning to Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern took the ship in courses completely unknown to Europeans - along the western shores of the Land of the Rising Sun. It was first made scientific description Tsushima Island and the strait separating it from Japan. Now this part of the Korea Strait is called the Krusenstern Passage. Further, the sailors made an inventory of the southern part of Sakhalin. Crossing the ridge of the Kuril Islands by the strait, now bearing the name of Kruzenshtern, the Nadezhda almost perished on the rocks. They entered the Avacha Bay in early June, when floating ice was visible everywhere and solid shores were white.

Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov left the ship in Petropavlovsk. On one of the company's ships, he went to Russian America. We must pay tribute to this active person, who did a lot for the development of fisheries in the waters of Russian possessions. Rezanov is also involved in choosing a site for the southernmost Russian settlement in America, Fort Ross. The story of Rezanov's engagement with the daughter of the Spanish governor José Argüello, Conchita, is also romantic. At the beginning of 1807, he left for Russia to apply for permission to marry a Catholic. But in March 1807, Nikolai Petrovich died suddenly in Krasnoyarsk on his way to St. Petersburg. He was 43 years old. His betrothed in the New World a year later received news of the death of the groom and, fulfilling her vow of fidelity, went to the monastery.

The time remaining before the meeting with the Neva, Kruzenshtern again devoted to the survey of Sakhalin. It just so happened that Sakhalin, discovered back in the 17th century, was considered an island, and no one seemed to doubt it. But the French navigator La Perouse, exploring the Tatar Strait from the south on an expedition of 1785-1788, mistakenly considered Sakhalin a peninsula. Later, the mistake was repeated by the Englishman Broughton. Krusenstern decided to penetrate the strait from the north. But, having sent Lieutenant Fedor Romberg on the boat, Kruzenshtern ordered the boat to return to the ship ahead of time with a cannon signal. Of course, fearing for the fate of sailors in uncharted places, the head of the expedition hurried. Romberg simply did not have time to go far enough to the south to find the strait. The decreasing depths seemed to confirm the conclusions of previous expeditions. This delayed the discovery of the mouth of the Amur and the restoration of the truth for some time ... Having completed over one and a half thousand miles of route survey with many astronomical definitions, the Nadezhda anchored in Petropavlovsk. From here, the ship, after loading the furs for sale, headed for the meeting point with the Neva.

No less difficult and interesting was the voyage of the Neva. The silhouette of the "Nadezhda" melted away over the horizon, and the crew of the "Neva" continued to explore the nature of the Hawaiian Islands. Everywhere local residents warmly welcomed kind and considerate messengers. northern country. Sailors visited the village of Tavaroa. Nothing reminded of the tragedy 25 years ago, when Captain Cook was killed here. The hospitality of the islanders and their unfailing help made it possible to replenish the ethnographic collections with samples of local utensils and clothing...

After 23 days, Lisyansky brought the ship to the village of Pavlovsky on Kodiak Island. The Russian inhabitants of Alaska solemnly welcomed the first ship that had made such a difficult and long journey. In August, the sailors of the Neva, at the request of the chief ruler of the Russian-American company Baranov, participated in the liberation of the inhabitants of the fort Arkhangelskoye on the island of Sitka, captured by the Tlingit, led by American sailors.

More than a year "Neva" was off the coast of Alaska. Lisyansky, together with navigator Danila Kalinin and navigator Fedul Maltsev, compiled maps of numerous islands, made astronomical and meteorological observations. In addition, Lisyansky, studying the languages ​​​​of local residents, compiled " Concise Dictionary languages ​​of the northwestern part of America with Russian translation. In September 1805, having loaded furs from Russian crafts, the ship headed for the shores of southern China. On the way, the Neva ran into a sandbank near an island hitherto unknown to sailors. In stormy conditions, the sailors selflessly fought to save the ship - and won. On October 17, a group of sailors spent the whole day on the shore. In the very middle of the island, the discoverers placed a pole, and under it they buried a bottle with a letter containing all the information about the discovery. At the insistence of the team, this piece of land was named after Lisyansky. “This island, except for obvious and inevitable death, promises nothing to the enterprising traveler,” wrote the commander of the Neva.

Three months took the passage from Alaska to the port of Macau. Severe storms, fogs and treacherous shoals required caution. On December 4, 1805, the sailors of the Neva happily looked at the familiar silhouette of the Nadezhda, congratulating them with flag signals on their safe return.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky

After selling furs in Canton and accepting a cargo of Chinese goods, the ships weighed anchor. Through the South China Sea and the Sunda Strait, travelers entered the Indian Ocean. On April 15, 1806, they crossed the meridian of the Russian capital and thus completed the bypass of the globe.

Here it must be remembered that the round-the-world route for Krusenstern personally closed back in Macau in November 1805, and for Lisyansky on the meridian of Ceylon a little later. (Both commanders, while sailing abroad on English ships, visited the West Indies, the USA, India, China and other countries in the period 1793-1799.)

However, the concept of round-the-world travel has changed over time. More recently, to circumnavigate the world meant to close the circle of the route. But in connection with the development of the polar regions, a round-the-world trip according to such criteria has lost its original meaning. Now a more rigorous formulation is in use: the traveler must not only close the circle of the route, but also pass near the antipode points lying at opposite ends of the earth's diameter.

At the Cape of Good Hope, in thick fog, the ships parted. Now, until the very return to Kronstadt, the navigation of the ships took place separately. Kruzenshtern, upon arriving on the island of St. Helena, learned about the war between Russia and France and, fearing a meeting with enemy ships, proceeded to his homeland around the British Isles with a stop at Copenhagen. Three years and twelve days later, on August 19, 1806, the Nadezhda arrived in Kronstadt, where the Neva had been waiting for her for two weeks.

Lisyansky, after parting in the fog with the flagship, having carefully checked the supplies of water and food, decided on a non-stop passage to England. He was sure that “... a brave enterprise will bring us great honor; for no navigator like us has ventured so far a journey without going somewhere for rest. The Neva traveled from Canton to Portsmouth in 140 days, covering 13,923 miles. The Portsmouth public enthusiastically greeted the crew of Lisyansky and, in his person, the first Russian sailors around the world.

The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky was recognized as a geographical and scientific feat. A medal with the inscription: "For traveling around the world 1803-1806" was knocked out in his honor. The results of the expedition were summarized in the extensive geographical works of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, as well as natural scientists G.I. Langsdorf, I.K. Horner, V.G. Tilesius and other participants.

The first voyage of the Russians went beyond the "distant voyage". It brought glory to the Russian fleet.

The personalities of the ship commanders deserve special attention. There is no doubt that they were progressive people for their time, ardent patriots, tirelessly caring for the fate of the "servants" - sailors, thanks to whose courage and diligence the voyage went extremely well. The relations between Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - friendly and trusting - decisively contributed to the success of the case. A popularizer of domestic navigation, a prominent scientist Vasily Mikhailovich Pasetsky, cites a letter from his friend Lisyansky in his biographical sketch about Kruzenshtern during the preparation of the expedition. “After dinner, Nikolai Semenovich (Admiral Mordvinov) asked if I knew you, to which I told him that you were a good friend of mine. He was glad about this, spoke about the dignity of your pamphlet (that was the name of Kruzenshtern's project for his free-thinking! - V. G.), praised your knowledge and intelligence, and then ended up saying that he would have considered it happiness to be acquainted with you. For my part, in front of the entire assembly, I did not hesitate to say that I envy your talents and intelligence.

However, in the literature about the first voyages, at one time, the role of Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky was unfairly belittled. Analyzing the "Journal of the ship" Neva ", the researchers of the Naval Academy made interesting conclusions. It was found that out of 1095 days of historical navigation, only 375 days the ships sailed together, the remaining 720 Neva sailed alone. The distance traveled by Lisyansky's ship is also impressive - 45,083 miles, of which 25,801 miles are on their own. This analysis was published in 1949 in Proceedings of the Naval Academy. Of course, the voyages of the Nadezhda and the Neva are, in essence, two round-the-world voyages, and Yu. F. Lisyansky is equally involved in the great feat in the field of Russian naval glory, like I. F. Kruzenshtern.

In the finest hour, they were on an equal footing ...

Vasily Galenko, long-distance navigator

Domestic navigators - explorers of the seas and oceans Zubov Nikolai Nikolaevich

2. Round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the ships Nadezhda and Neva (1803–1806)

2. Round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva"

The main tasks of the first Russian round-the-world expedition of Kruzenshtern-Lisyansky were: delivery to Far East cargoes of the Russian-American company and the sale of furs of this company in China, the delivery of an embassy to Japan, which had the goal of establishing trade relations with Japan, and the production of associated geographical discoveries and research.

For the expedition, two ships were bought in England: one with a displacement of 450 tons, called the Nadezhda, and another with a displacement of 350 tons, called the Neva. Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern took command of the Nadezhda, Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky took command of the Neva.

The crews of both ships, both officers and sailors, were military and recruited from volunteers. Krusenstern was advised to take several foreign sailors for the first round-the-world voyage. “But,” writes Kruzenshtern, “I, knowing the predominant properties of Russian, which I even prefer to English, did not agree to follow this advice.” Kruzenshtern never repented of this. On the contrary, after crossing the equator, he noted a remarkable property of a Russian person - it is equally easy to endure both the most severe cold and burning heat.

71 people sailed on the Nadezhda and 53 people on the Neva. In addition, the astronomer Horner, the naturalists Tilesius and Langsdorf, and the doctor of medicine Laband participated in the expedition.

Despite the fact that Nadezhda and Neva belonged to a private Russian-American company, Alexander I allowed them to sail under a military flag.

All preparations for the expedition were carried out very carefully and lovingly. On the advice of G. A. Sarychev, the expedition was equipped with the most modern astronomical and navigational instruments, in particular chronometers and sextants.

Unexpectedly, just before setting sail, Kruzenshtern was given the task of taking to Japan Ambassador Nikolai Petrovich Rezanov, one of the main shareholders of the Russian-American Company, who was supposed to try to establish trade relations with Japan. Rezanov and his retinue fit on the Nadezhda. This task forced us to reconsider the work plan of the expedition and, as we will see later, resulted in the loss of time for the Nadezhda to sail to the shores of Japan and stop in Nagasaki.

The very intention of the Russian government to establish trade relations with Japan was quite natural. After the Russians entered the Pacific Ocean, Japan became one of Russia's closest neighbors. It has already been mentioned that even the Spanberg expedition was tasked with finding sea routes to Japan, and that the ships of Spanberg and Walton were already approaching the shores of Japan and conducted friendly barter with the Japanese.

It happened further that on the Aleutian island of Amchitka around 1782 a Japanese ship was wrecked and its crew was brought to Irkutsk, where they lived for almost 10 years. Catherine II ordered the Siberian governor-general to send the detained Japanese home and use this pretext to establish trade with Japan. Lieutenant Adam Kirillovich Laksman, elected as a representative for the negotiations of the guards, on the transport "Ekaterina" under the command of navigator Grigory Lovtsov, set off from Okhotsk in 1792 and spent the winter in the harbor of Nemuro on the eastern tip of the island of Hokkaido. In the summer of 1793, at the request of the Japanese, Laksman moved to the port of Hakodate, from where he traveled by land for negotiations to Matsmai, the main city of the island of Hokkaido. During the negotiations, Laxman, thanks to his diplomatic skill, was successful. In particular, paragraph 3 of the document received by Laxman stated:

“3. The Japanese cannot enter into negotiations on trade anywhere, except for the one designated for this port of Nagasaki, and therefore now they only give Laxman a written form with which one Russian ship can arrive at the aforementioned port, where Japanese officials will be located who will have to negotiate with the Russians on this subject. ". Having received this document, Laxman returned to Okhotsk in October 1793. Why this permission was not used immediately remains unknown. In any case, Nadezhda, together with Ambassador Rezanov, was supposed to go to Nagasaki.

During the stay in Copenhagen (August 5-27) and in another Danish port, Helsingør (August 27-September 3), cargoes were carefully shifted on the Nadezhda and on the Neva and the chronometers were checked. The scientists Horner, Tilesius and Langsdorf invited to the expedition arrived in Copenhagen. On the way to Falmouth (southwest England), during a storm, the ships parted and the Neva -14, and the Nadezhda -16 September arrived there.

Nadezhda and Neva left Falmouth on September 26 and on October 8 anchored in Santa Cruz Bay on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands), where they stayed until October 15.

November 14, 1803 "Nadezhda" and "Neva" for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet crossed the equator. Of all the officers and sailors, only the commanders of the ships, who had previously sailed as volunteers in the English fleet, crossed it before. Who would have thought then that seventeen years later the Russian warships Vostok and Mirny, making a round-the-world voyage in high southern latitudes, would discover what the sailors of other nations failed to do - the sixth continent of the globe - Antarctica!

On December 9, the ships came to the island of St. Catherine (off the coast of Brazil) and stayed here until January 23, 1804, to change the fore and main masts on the Neva.

Rounding Cape Horn, the ships parted on March 12 during a storm. In this case, Kruzenshtern appointed successive meeting places in advance: Easter Island and the Marquesas Islands. However, on the way, Kruzenshtern changed his mind, went straight to the Marquesas Islands, and on April 25 anchored off the island of Nuku Hiva.

Lisyansky, unaware of such a change in route, went to Easter Island, stayed with him under sail from April 4 to April 9, and, without waiting for Kruzenshtern, went to the island of Nuku-Khiva, where he arrived on April 27.

The ships stayed off the island of Nuku Hiva until May 7. During this time, a convenient anchorage was found and described, called the port of Chichagov, and the latitudes and longitudes of several islands and points were determined.

From the island of Nuku Hiva, the ships went north and on May 27 approached the Hawaiian Islands. Kruzenshtern's calculations to purchase fresh provisions from local residents were unsuccessful. Kruzenshtern stayed off the Hawaiian Islands under sail on May 27 and 28, and then, in order not to delay his task of visiting Nagasaki, he went straight to Petropavlovsk, where he arrived on July 3. Lisyansky, anchored off the island of Hawaii from May 31 to June 3, went according to plan to Kodiak Island.

From Petropavlovsk, Kruzenshtern went to sea on August 27, went south along the eastern coast of Japan and then through the Vandimen Strait (south of Kyushu) from the Pacific Ocean to the East China Sea. September 26 "Hope" anchored in Nagasaki.

Rezanov's embassy was unsuccessful. The Japanese not only did not agree to any treaty with Russia, but did not even accept gifts intended for the Japanese emperor.

On April 5, 1805, Krusenstern, finally leaving Nagasaki, passed through the Korea Strait, ascended the Sea of ​​Japan, which was then almost unknown to Europeans, and put on the map many notable points of the western coast of Japan. The position of some points was determined astronomically.

On May 1, Kruzenshtern passed through the La Perouse Strait from the Sea of ​​Japan to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, carried out some hydrographic work here, and on May 23, 1805, returned to Petropavlovsk, where Rezanov's embassy left Nadezhda.

Round-the-world voyage of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" (1803-1806).

On September 23, 1805, Nadezhda, after reloading the holds and replenishing provisions, left Petropavlovsk on the return voyage to Kronstadt. Through the Bashi Strait, she proceeded to the South China Sea and on November 8 anchored in Macau.

"Neva" after parking at the Hawaiian Islands went, as already mentioned, to the Aleutian Islands. On June 26, Chirikov Island was opened, and on July 1, 1804, the Neva anchored in Pavlovskaya Harbor of Kodiak Island.

Having fulfilled the instructions given to him, having performed some hydrographic work off the coast of Russian America and having received the furs of the Russian-American Company, Lisyansky on August 15, 1805 left Novo-Arkhangelsk also for Macau, as was previously agreed with Kruzenshtern. From Russian America, he took with him three Creole boys (Russian father, Aleut mother) so that they received a special education in Russia, and then returned to Russian America.

October 3 on the way to Canton, in the northern subtropical Pacific Ocean, we saw a lot of birds. Assuming that some unknown land was nearby, proper precautions were taken. However, in the evening, the Neva still ran aground. At dawn we saw that the Neva was near a small island. Soon it was possible to get off the shallows, but the Neva was again struck by a squall on the stones. Refloating, raising the cannons thrown into the sea with floats to lighten the ship, delayed the Neva in this area until October 7th. The island in honor of the commander of the ship was named Lisyansky Island, and the reef on which the Neva was sitting was the Neva reef.

On the way to Canton, the Neva withstood a severe typhoon, during which it received some damage. A significant amount of fur goods was soaked and then thrown overboard.

On November 16, rounding the island of Formosa from the south, the Neva entered the South China Sea and on November 21 anchored in Macau, where the Nadezhda was already anchored at that time.

The sale of furs delayed the Nadezhda and the Neva, and only on January 31, 1806 did both ships leave Chinese waters. Subsequently, the ships passed through the Sunda Strait and on February 21 entered the Indian Ocean.

On April 3, being almost at the Cape of Good Hope, in cloudy weather with rain, the ships parted.

As Kruzenshtern writes, “on April 26 (April 14, old st. N. 3.) we saw two ships, one on NW, and the other on NO. We recognized the first one as the Neva, but as the Nadezhda went worse, the Neva soon fell out of sight again, and we didn’t see it until our arrival in Kronstadt.

Kruzenshtern appointed the island of St. Helena as a meeting place in case of separation, where he arrived on April 21. Here Kruzenshtern learned about the break in relations between Russia and France, and therefore, having left the island on April 26, in order to avoid meeting with enemy cruisers, he chose the path to the Baltic Sea not through the English Channel, but to the north of the British Isles. On July 18–20, Nadezhda anchored in Helsingør and on July 21–25 in Copenhagen. On August 7, 1806, after an absence of 1,108 days, Nadezhda returned to Kronstadt. During the voyage, Nadezhda spent 445 days under sail. The longest passage from St. Helena to Helsingør lasted 83 days.

The Neva, after parting with the Nadezhda, did not go to St. Helena, but went straight to Portsmouth, where she stood from June 16 to July 1. Having stopped for a short time on the roadstead of the Downs and in Helsingor, the Neva arrived in Kronstadt on July 22, 1806, having spent 1090 days in the absence, of which 462 days were under sail. The longest was the passage from Macau to Portsmouth, it lasted 142 days. No other Russian ship made such a long sailing trip.

The health of the crews on both ships was excellent. During the three-year voyage on the Nadezhda, only two people died: the envoy's cook, who was ill with tuberculosis even when he entered the ship, and Lieutenant Golovachev, who shot himself for an unknown reason while staying off St. Helena. On the Neva, one sailor fell into the sea and drowned, three people were killed during a military skirmish near Novo-Arkhangelsk, and two sailors died of accidental illnesses.

The first Russian circumnavigation was marked by significant geographical results. Both ships, both in a joint voyage and in a separate one, all the time tried to arrange their courses either in such a way as to pass along the still “untrodden” paths, or in such a way as to pass to the dubious islands shown on old maps.

There were many such islands in the Pacific Ocean at that time. They were charted by brave sailors who used poor navigational tools and poor methods. It is not surprising, therefore, that the same island was sometimes discovered by many navigators, but placed under different names in different places on the map. Especially large were the errors in longitude, which on old ships was determined only by reckoning. So, for example, longitudes were determined during the voyage of Bering - Chirikov.

On "Nadezhda" and "Neva" there were sextants and chronometers. In addition, relatively shortly before their voyage, a method was developed for determining longitude on ships from the angular distances of the Moon from the Sun (in other words, the “method of lunar distances”). This greatly facilitated the determination of latitudes and longitudes at sea. And on the "Nadezhda" and on the "Neva" they did not miss a single opportunity to determine their coordinates. So, during the voyage of the Nadezhda in the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, the number of points determined astronomically was more than a hundred. Frequent definitions geographical coordinates points visited or seen by the expedition members are a great contribution to geographical science.

Due to the accuracy of their calculation, based on frequent and accurate determinations of latitudes and longitudes, both ships were able to determine the directions and speeds of sea currents in many areas of their navigation by the difference between the numbered and observed places.

The accuracy of the reckoning on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" allowed them to "remove from the map" many non-existent islands. Thus, upon leaving Petropavlovsk for Canton, Kruzenshtern arranged his courses with the expectation to follow the paths of the English captains Clerk and Gore and inspect the space between 33 and 37 ° N. sh. along the 146° east meridian. Near this meridian, several dubious islands were shown on their maps and on some others.

Lisyansky, on leaving Kodiak for Canton, arranged his courses in such a way as to cross the then almost unknown spaces of the Pacific Ocean and pass through the area in which the English captain Portlock in 1786 noticed signs of land and where he himself, on the way from the Hawaiian Islands to Kodiak, saw the sea otter. As we have seen, Lisyansky eventually succeeded, albeit much to the south, in discovering Lisyansky Island and the Kruzenshtern Reef.

Continuous and thorough meteorological and oceanological observations were carried out on both ships. On the Nadezhda, in addition to the usual measurements of the temperature of the surface layer of the ocean, the Six's thermometer, invented in 1782, was used for the first time for deep-sea research, designed to measure the highest and lowest temperatures. With the help of this thermometer, the vertical distribution of temperatures in the ocean was studied in seven places. In total, deep temperatures, down to a depth of 400 m, were determined in nine places. These were the first in the world practice to determine the vertical distribution of temperatures in the ocean.

Particular attention was paid to observations of the state of the sea. In particular, the bands and patches of the rough sea (rips) created at the meeting of sea currents were carefully described.

The glow of the sea was also noted, at that time still insufficiently explained. This phenomenon was studied on Nadezhda as follows: “... they took a cup, put several sawdust in it, covered it with a white thin, double-folded handkerchief, on which they immediately poured water scooped from the sea, and it turned out that many dots that glowed when the handkerchief was shaken; the filtered water did not give the slightest light ... Dr. Langsdorf, who tested these small luminous bodies through a microscope ... discovered that many ... were real animals ... "

Now it is known that the glow is created by the smallest organisms and is divided into constant, arbitrary and forced (under the influence of irritation). The latter is discussed in the description of Kruzenshtern.

The descriptions of the nature and life of the population of the areas visited by Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky are very interesting. Of particular value are the descriptions of the Nukukhivs, Hawaiians, Japanese, Aleuts, American Indians and inhabitants of the northern part of Sakhalin.

On the island of Nuku Hiva, Krusenstern spent only eleven days. Of course, in such a short time, only a cursory impression could be created about the inhabitants of this island. But, fortunately, on this island, Kruzenshtern met an Englishman and a Frenchman who lived here for several years and, by the way, were at enmity with each other. From them, Kruzenshtern collected a lot of information, checking the stories of an Englishman by polling a Frenchman, and vice versa. In addition, the Frenchman left Nuku Khiva on the Nadezhda, and during the further voyage, Kruzenshtern had the opportunity to replenish his information. All sorts of collections, sketches, maps and plans brought by both courts deserve special attention.

Kruzenshtern, during his voyage in foreign waters, described: the southern coast of the island of Nuku-Hiva, the southern coast of the island of Kyushu and the Van Diemen Strait, the islands of Tsushima and Goto and a number of other islands adjacent to Japan, the northwestern coast of Honshu, the entrance to the Sangar Strait, and also the western coast of Hokkaido.

Lisyansky, while sailing in the Pacific Ocean, described Easter Island, discovered and put on the map Lisyansky Island and the reefs of the Neva and Kruzenshtern.

Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were not only brave sailors and explorers, but also excellent writers who left us descriptions of their voyages.

In 1809–1812 Kruzenshtern's work "Traveling around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships" Nadezhda "and" Neva "in three volumes with an album of drawings and an atlas of maps" was published.

The books of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky were translated into foreign languages and for a long time served as navigation aids for ships sailing in the Pacific Ocean. Written on the model of Sarychev's books, they, in terms of content and form, in turn, served as a model for all books written by Russian navigators of the subsequent time.

It should be emphasized once again that the voyages of the Nadezhda and the Neva pursued purely practical goals- scientific observations were made only in passing. Nevertheless, the observations of Krusenstern and Lisyansky would do credit to many purely scientific expeditions.

It is necessary to say a few words about some of the malfunctions, which, unfortunately, somewhat overshadow the brilliant first voyage of Russian sailors around the world from a purely maritime point of view.

The fact is that it was not by chance that two ships were sent to this expedition. Just as when organizing the sea expeditions of Bering - Chirikov and Billings - Sarychev, it was believed that the ships, sailing together, could always help each other in case of need.

According to the instructions, the separate voyage of the Nadezhda and the Neva was allowed only for the duration of the Nadezhda's visit to Japan. This was justified by the fact that Japan, according to the previous agreement, allowed only one Russian ship to enter Japan. What actually happened?

During a storm near Cape Horn, the Nadezhda and the Neva parted ways. Kruzenshtern did not go to the agreed in advance, in case of separation, meeting place - Easter Island, but went straight to the second agreed meeting point - the Marquesas Islands, where the ships met and went on together to the Hawaiian Islands. From the Hawaiian Islands, the ships went again separately, performing various tasks. The ships met again only in Macau, from where they went together to the Indian Ocean. Not far from Africa, the ships again lost sight of each other during a storm. In such a case, the island of St. Helena was appointed as the meeting place, where the Nadezhda entered. Lisyansky, carried away by the record for the duration of sailing, went straight to England. Kruzenshtern was wrong in not going to Easter Island, as was due. Lisyansky was also wrong in not going to St. Helena. References to separations due to the storm are not very convincing. Storms, fogs off the coast of Antarctica are no less frequent and strong than in Indian Ocean, but meanwhile, the ships of Bellingshausen and Lazarev, as we will see later, never separated during the rounding of Antarctica.

This text is an introductory piece.

JOURNEY AROUND THE WORLD IN 1803, 1804, 1805 AND 1806 ON THE SHIPS "NOPE" AND "NEVA" observations were made

M. P. LAZAREV’S AROUND THE WORLD VISION ON THE VESSEL “SUVOROV”

Chapter Five The last circumnavigation of the world Enter into a share with Goldney, who contributed about 4 thousand pounds. Art. in a new enterprise, there were many willing from the most famous families of Bristol. Among them were merchants, and lawyers, and the alderman of Bristol Batchelor himself. I contributed my share and

6. Golovnin's circumnavigation on the sloop "Kamchatka" (1817–1819) In 1816, it was decided to send a warship to the Far East with the following tasks: American company

11. Round-the-world voyage of M. Lazarev on the frigate "Cruiser" (1822-1825) and the voyage of Andrei Lazarev on the sloop "Ladoga" to Russian America (1822-1823) 36-gun frigate "Cruiser" under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev and the 20-gun sloop Ladoga, which

13. Kotzebue circumnavigating the world on the sloop "Enterprise" (1823–1826) The sloop "Enterprise" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue was entrusted with the delivery of goods to Kamchatka and cruising to protect Russian settlements on the Aleutian Islands. At the same time

14. Wrangel's round-the-world voyage on the Krotkiy transport (1825–1827) The Krotkiy military transport (90 feet long) specially built for the upcoming voyage under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who had already completed a round-the-world voyage

15. Stanyukovich's round-the-world voyage on the sloop "Moller" (1826-1829) Following the example of the previous round-the-world voyages, in 1826 it was decided to send two warships from Kronstadt to protect the fisheries in Russian America and to deliver cargo to the port of Peter and Paul. But

16. Litke's circumnavigation of the world on the Senyavin sloop (1826–1829) The commander of the Senyavin sloop, which went on a joint circumnavigation with the Moller sloop, Lieutenant Commander Fyodor Petrovich Litke circumnavigated the world as a midshipman on the Kamchatka in 1817–1819 years. Then

17. Gagemeister's round-the-world voyage on the Krotkiy transport (1828–1830) The military transport Krotkiy, which returned from a round-the-world voyage in 1827, was again sent in 1828 with cargoes for Petropavlovsk and Novo-Arkhangelsk. It was commanded by Lieutenant Commander

19. Shants' circumnavigation on the transport "America" ​​(1834–1836) The military transport "America", which returned in 1833 from the circumnavigation and was somewhat redesigned, on August 5, 1834, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Ivanovich Shants, again left Kronstadt with loads

20. Juncker's circumnavigation on the transport "Abo" (1840-1842) The military transport "Abo" (128 feet long, with a displacement of 800 tons) under the command of Lieutenant Commander Andrei Logginovich Junker left Kronstadt on September 5, 1840. Going to Copenhagen, Helsingor, Portsmouth, to the island

2. Kruzenshtern's voyage on the ship "Nadezhda" in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk (1805) The ship of the Russian-American company - "Nadezhda" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on July 3, 1804. Overloaded and restocked

3. Lisyansky's voyage on the ship "Neva" in the waters of Russian America (1804-1805) The ship of the Russian-American company "Neva" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, leaving Kronstadt together with the "Nadezhda" on July 26, 1803, came to Pavlovsk harbor of the island