Foreign Asia: general characteristics. Natural resources of Asia The main wealth of Southwest Asia

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Southwest Asian countries presentation

Brief description of the countries of southwestern Asia: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman. Geographic data, minerals, climate, population, vegetation and animal world, the political structure of the countries of the region.

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Geographical location of India, China, Kazakhstan, Israel, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey and Maldives. Characteristics of the relief, mineral deposits, climatic conditions and hydrological network of Asian countries, state Agriculture.

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Macroregions of Foreign Asia, Africa and global problems of mankind

Economic and geographic characteristic countries located in South-West, South, South-East, East Asia. Commonwealth of Australia and Oceania: Population, Economic Development. Natural resources and economy of Africa. Global problems humanity.

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Development of the newly industrialized countries of Southeast Asia

The century of the new economy. Features of the economic development of the countries of South-East Asia in the 80-90s. Asian financial crisis. Errors in economic policy. Comparative characteristics NIS of South-East Asia and Latin America.

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Deserts and semi-deserts, their inhabitants

Definition of the concept of deserts and semi-deserts. Acquaintance with the flora and fauna of dry and barren regions of the Earth. Features of sandy, rocky and clayey deserts. Acquaintance with the reasons for the absence of rain in the deserts. Formation of oases.

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Formation of complexes in the regions of Russia (mineral resource complex)

Fuel and energy mineral resources... Fuel and energy balance. Oil production in Russia. Prospects for the development of the oil industry. Gas fields... Metal ore mineral resources. Non-metallic mineral resources.

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Overseas asia

Geographical position and level of socio-economic development of Asia. Forms of government and population in Japan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Turkey, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Study of the location on the map of Southwest, East and South Asia.

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Economic and geographical position of Overseas Asia

Study of geographic location, area and composition of the states of Foreign Asia. Assessment of countries by size of territory and level of development. Features of the population of Foreign Asia, dynamic characteristics of the population; language groups, agriculture.

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Southwest Asia

Natural landscapes are varied. Sun-scorched deserts, semi-deserts and mountain steppes prevail. Against their background, there are snow-capped mountain ranges and river valleys buried in greenery, oases near water sources. This is the land of lowlands, plateaus, highlands, mountains.

With the vastness of the territory and the extremely complex nature of the surface, of course, there is a wide variety of climatic conditions.

It is an exceptionally hot area and receives the most solar radiation, and therefore is the driest part of the continent of Eurasia. Here, two climatic zones are clearly expressed on the plains: tropical and subtropical; in the mountains, with a pronounced altitudinal zonality, the climate is sharply continental.

South- Western asia extremely poor in soils suitable for agriculture. Sandy and rocky deserts, highlands, and a super-dry climate limit the use of land. The following types of soils prevail here: sierozem, chestnut and red soil.

Southwest Asia has the richest oil reserves.

In its depths there are about 50 billion tons of explored "black gold". Until the 70s, oil production in the countries of Southwest Asia was almost completely controlled by the largest capitalist monopolies. Since 1973, all oil-producing countries have operated under the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), foreign companies have been nationalized, and Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain have acquired (through share buybacks) most of the property of foreign oil monopolies.

In the bowels of South-West Asia there are also huge reserves of natural gas (about 10 trillion.

m3), chromite, iron, copper, manganese, lead, zinc, antimony, molybdenum ores, phosphorites, bauxite, natural sulfur, boracite, potassium and sodium chloride, building materials, etc. were found.

Some mineral deposits are among the largest in the world in terms of their reserves.

For example, Turkey ranks fourth in terms of chromite reserves (after Zimbabwe, South Africa and the Philippines). Jordan and Israel have a unique deposit of potash salt (Dead Sea). There are rich deposits of phosphorites in Iraq and Syria.

Natural conditions and resources of Southwest Asia wikipedia
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Southeast Asia

conclusion

Over the past three decades, the countries of the region have realistically moved from underdeveloped to high level development. This made it easier:

First, the ASEAN countries have an extremely advantageous geographic location.

They are located at the intersection of the most important sea, the air routes from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean;

Secondly, the countries of Southeast Asia have a rich potential of minerals and raw materials. In this area, there are reserves of the world's tin, tungsten, chromium and timber. There are large deposits of oil, gas, nickel, cobalt, copper ore, gold, precious stones, coal, as well as large reserves of hydroelectric power plants and agro-climatic sources;

Third, the countries of Southeast Asia are currently the first in the world in terms of investment inflows of 39.5 billion euros.

Investment flows have been generated in the region as capital accumulated in several Southeast Asian countries. ASEAN countries are implementing a number of projects in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia;

Fourth, human resources in these countries are enormous and characterized by a high degree of reproduction, which allows companies to evaluate them inexpensively;

Fifth, for the model with the countries of Southeast Asia, Japanese capitalism, with increased attention to the latest development of STR and the acceleration of their implementation in practice.

For the Japanese, the "crane-crane" flies;

Sixth, the development of export-oriented products that provide these countries with rapid growth in the global economy (computer equipment, consumer and industrial, textiles, footwear, clothing, watches, super tankers, bulk carriers, container ships, cars, etc. )); Information Technology, biotechnology, optical fibers; Southeast Asian countries are gradually moving from labor-intensive to capital-intensive industries;

Seventh, R&D spending, which accounts for 1-2% of GDP and GDP per capita, is growing.

in Hong Kong, Singapore - 14-15 thousand.

General characteristics of farms in Southwest Asia

Eighth, the non-manufacturing sector is growing: transit international financial transactions, tourism (5 million people a year), a tropical resort, etc.

List of resources used

1. To record abstract materials from the outside were used

http://ecosocio.ru at http://www.allbestazia.ru.

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Natural resources of Central Asia

The natural resources of the plains of Central Asia are diverse. Of combustible minerals, Jurassic stony coals were found in Dzhanak and brown coals in Mangyshlak and in the Alakul region; oil and gas in Mangyshlak, in Bukhara and in the Ili depression, oil in the Cheleken peninsula, in Nebit-Dag and Kum-Dag, ozokerite in Cheleken. Of the ore deposits, manganese in Mangyshlak (Aitkokshe), and oolitic iron ore in the Northern Aral Sea region become famous.

Asbestos, graphite and copper have been found on the territory of the Paleozoic uplands of the Kyzylkum desert.

Mineral resources of Southwest Asia

In the Low-lying Karakum, for many years, sulfur has been mined in Sernye Bugry, located 250 km north of Ashgabat; in recent years, gas reserves have been explored. The richest reserves of self-precipitated salts are found in the Kara-Bogaz-Gol gulf on the Caspian Sea (mirabilite), in the Karagie tectonic depression (magnesian salts), in the Aralsk region (astrakhanite) and the Aral Sea region (sodium sulfate).

The supplies of gypsum and sodium chloride are unlimited everywhere.

The plains of Central Asia are rich in light and warmth. In the Low-lying Karakum, heat resources for a period with temperatures over 10 ° C exceed 5000 C, in Kyzyl Kum - about 4000 ° C; in the deserts of the Aral Sea region, the southern Balkhash region and in Muyunkum - 3000-3500 ° C. With such heat resources in the presence of water, subtropical plants such as fine-staple cotton, sesame seeds, peanuts, world famous Charju melons, and high-sugar table grape varieties are successfully grown in the southern deserts.

Over the past decades, new cultures for those places have been mastered on the plains of Central Asia: southern hemp, kenaf, jute, sugar beet. Southern fruit growing is developing successfully.

The plains of Central Asia are poor in surface watercourses, except for transit rivers, the sources of which are in mountainous areas. Measures for the collection and storage of temporary runoff waters, including the installation of underground rain runoff collectors, are of great economic importance.

The underground waters of the plains are concentrated in the vast Artevian basins, explored by Soviet hydrogeologists in recent decades.

Among the basins, the Aral Sea group (Turgai, Syr-Darya and Karakum) artesian basins is distinguished. The Chuisky and Iliiskin basins are located within the Tien Shan folded region, and the group of artesian basins of the Balkhash region is located in the Dzhungarsk region.

All basins have pressure (self-flowing) or semi-pressure waters of different flow rates and variegated mineralization - from fresh to salty, inclusive.

Part of the groundwater is used for the drinking needs of the population and animal husbandry. For this purpose, many mine and artesian wells have been built in the deserts in the last decade.

The deepest groundwater is found on the Badkhyz and Karabil plateaus.

Here, dug wells for watering livestock reach a depth of 200-260 m. Upon entering the Karakum Desert, groundwater rises closer to the surface (15-40 m and closer) and becomes noticeably lonely. The eastern regions of the Zaunguz Karakum are relatively well supplied with water and are poorly watered western regions Low-lying Karakum.

In Kyzylkum, as well as in the Aral Sea region, Muyunkum and the southern Balkhash region, everywhere in the sands there is fresh groundwater, the flow rate of which for the most part small, but the total reserves of fresh and slightly saline groundwater in Muyunkum and in the sandy massifs of the South Balkhash region are large. On the foothill plains, groundwater often wedges out, forming numerous "karasu" - small streams and rivers used by the population for irrigation and watering. An abundance of "karasu" can be observed on the foothill plains of the northern slopes of the Kirghiz, Zailiyskiy and Dzhungarskiy ridges, in the Fergana Valley.

The development of solar technology makes it possible to obtain fresh water from brackish and salty groundwater. The plant resources of the plains are of great economic importance in connection with the intensive development of animal husbandry, in particular, karakul and fine-wool sheep breeding.

Pastures are the dominant type of farmland in the deserts and semi-deserts of Central Asia. Desert-woody and wormwood associations are of the greatest nutritional value.

Deserts with a predominance of desert-woody associations, which, along with saxaul, kandyms and other woody associations, are many ephemeroids and ephemerals, are used mostly as year-round pastures. The average productivity of the forage mass is 0.8-1.9 c / ha.

Deserts with dominant wormwood in the vegetation are considered the best autumn-winter pastures. Their average fodder productivity is 1.3-2.7 c / ha. Horses and cattle are most often grazed in tugai. Hay is collected on reed and sedge bogs.

The most valuable in terms of food are psammothy-shrub and saltwort communities.

In the fuel balance of the Central Asian republics, a significant place belongs to the wood of the saxaul woodlands.

Of the total area of 20.5 million hectares of desert forests and thickets of Central Asia, saxaul forests account for 19.8 million hectares. The timber stock in this area is about 35 million liters * 1.

The bonitet of saxaul forests is closely related to the level of groundwater and the type of soil: the best saxaul forests develop on sandy loam and light loamy soils with groundwater occurrence at a depth of 3-8 m.

Over the decade 1947-1967.

sown saxaul and desert shrubs on an area of about 97 million hectares.

Large areas of land have been developed for agriculture in the largest irrigated oases: Ferghana, Khorezm, Tashkent Zeravshan, Murghab, Tezhensky, Gol one-step with a lump, Chuiskom, Talassky, Semirechensky. Total irrigated land in the republics of Central Asia, excluding Tajikistan, 6.8 mln.

ha. In the future, it is possible to irrigate about 15 million hectares in the republics of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (B-D. Korzhavin, 1962).

Much work on studying the methods of developing deserts and fixing sands was carried out in soviet period Aral, Repetek and Dzhezkazgan experimental stations. They have developed a series of effective methods for oasis transformation of deserts: new methods of rainfed and irrigated agriculture and forage, developed a trench method for growing vegetables, potatoes and fruit in the sands, scientifically substantiated and introduced into production effective methods of fixing sands and their afforestation.

All these methods make it possible to more efficiently use the natural resources of the deserts of Central Asia.

The work of zoologists and physicians to eliminate the nesting sites of the Asiatic locust, to drastically reduce the incidence of malaria, and to develop ways to combat ticks and other vectors of serious human and animal diseases are of invaluable importance.

On the plains of Central Asia, fur and other animal industries are of some importance.

Commercial species of animals that occupy a prominent place in national economy plains, include ground squirrels, jerboas, muskrat, acclimatized on Balkhash (Ili river delta) since 1935, gazelles and saigas, the shooting of which is limited by the law on nature protection. Wild boars are shot in tugai and many waterfowl are hunted - ducks, coots, geese, cormorants, and fewer pheasants.

Protection and expanded reproduction of natural resources are the most important state and public measures.

The regulation of cattle grazing on the sands and the hunting of animals, as well as the rational use of water resources require close attention.

Tourist resources and centers of Southwest Asia

Southwest Asia includes the states of the Near and Middle East with an ancient history and predominantly Muslim culture.

The exception is Israel - a country of immigration and widespread Judaism with its shrines. Historically, the city of Jerusalem is currently located on the territory of Israel, in which the shrines of three religions are located: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, which, on the one hand, attracts a very large number of tourists, partly pilgrims, and on the other, creates the basis for constant acute conflicts, which has an impact on the scale of tourism.

In the countries of this zone, the attention of tourists is attracted by the warm sea (especially widely - the Mediterranean, washing the shores of Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Israel), a favorable subtropical climate for recreation.

Ancient cities or their ruins, numerous cities with their historical and cultural population attract fans of educational tourism. Among them are Istanbul (Turkey), Amman (Jordan), the ancient cities of Lebanon - Baalbek, Sayda, as well as the country's tourism center - its capital Beirut, Nicosia (Cyprus), the Iranian cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, Hamadan. There are many interesting historical, cultural and archaeological sites outside these centers.

Individual countries of the Arab East, as well as Turkey, attract many "shuttle traders" - participants in shopping tours.

Afghanistan has interesting tourist opportunities, but the events of recent decades make it impossible to use them.

As part of South-West Asia, tourist macro-regions: Turkey and Cyprus, Palestine, Arab states (Middle East), the Middle East.

Turkey and Cyprus connected by their history, and modern relations... The fact is that the northern part of Cyprus is occupied by Turkish troops: the Turkish Republic of Cyprus is proclaimed there, which, however, is not recognized by any state except Turkey. This northern part of Cyprus is home to Turkish-speaking Muslim Cypriots, while the rest of the island is predominantly Greek-speaking Orthodox.

Naturally, the partition of Cyprus creates unnecessary tension, but this does not prevent a large number of resort tourists from enjoying the benefits Mediterranean Sea and a fertile Mediterranean climate. In addition to relaxing on coastal beaches, tourists have the opportunity to visit low mountainous areas, take baths near mineral springs.

In the capital of the state of Nicosia, tourists visit the Selim Mosque, the Cathedral of St. Sophia, the six-meter Venetian column, the ruins of the fortress wall, rich in objects Bronze Age and masterpieces of historical art museum; in Famagusta and its surroundings - ancient ruins; in Paphos - the ruins of the temples of Aphrodite and Apollo; near Limassol - the tower of Colossia.

Tourists from the CIS countries have also mastered Cyprus.

They are also private visitors to neighboring Turkey. At the same time, the latter also attracts recreational tourists: the coastal areas (along the Mediterranean, Aegean, Marmara, Black Seas) are known for their numerous swimming seasons (warm sea, subtropical climate), which contributed to the emergence of famous Mediterranean resorts (Antalya, Alanya, etc. ).

There are resorts in the interior of Turkey based on the use of mineral springs. For example, springs near the city of Bursa were used by the Byzantines.

But, of course, Turkey attracts tourists with its historical and cultural values. Many of them are concentrated on the shores of the Bosphorus in Istanbul (in the past - Constantinople, in ancient Russian documents - Constantinople).

The transformation of the Orthodox Byzantine capital into a Muslim city also led to a change in the appearance of the city: Orthodox churches turned into mosques. There are many of them, therefore, there are also many minarets. The most famous temple is the outstanding work of Byzantine architecture, Hagia Sophia. After the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in the 15th century. a large number of new mosques were built, including those outstanding for their architectural merits. There are also museums in Istanbul, including archaeological (with the sarcophagus of Alexander the Great), monuments of civil architecture.

In the twentieth century. Istanbul is largely Europeanized.

Other centers of educational tourism in Turkey: the capital Ankara (where both ancient buildings and the mausoleum of the founder of modern Turkey Ataturk (Kemal Pasha) are located; Izmir (which is famous for antiquities and annual fairs); Bursa, Adana, Erzurum (with their ancient monuments and numerous mosques).

Most of Turkey is plateaus and low mountains, which in the east of the country turn into high-altitude regions, where the altitudinal zonation is well expressed (up to the nival zone), the Ararat massif, sacred to Armenians (but located after World War I on the territory of Turkey), is located, where According to biblical tradition, Noah's Ark, a large and very picturesque Lake Van, completed its journey.

So there are many natural attractions in the east of Turkey. However, so far this undoubtedly potential resort area has been little developed.

Palestine.

This macro-region includes the State of Israel, inhabited mainly by Jews (indigenous people and immigrants), and Arab territories that have been fighting for the creation of an Arab Palestinian state for many decades.

The territory of Palestine has seen many historical events that have left their mark on its ancient monuments. Suffice it to say that in the Jordan Valley “the very first city in the world was discovered - Jericho (“ the city of dates ”), which is seven thousand years old.

Archaeological excavations are being carried out on a large hill, which attracts the attention of many tourists. " South of the most big city Palestine Jerusalem is the city of Bethlehem, over which, according to legend, a star was lit at the moment when Jesus Christ was born in a humble manger. A grandiose temple was built here.

But, of course, the largest number of tourists is attracted by Jerusalem itself, associated with the relics of the Jewish, Christian, Muslim religions. This is really a city of three historical confessions and therefore attracts countless of their representatives, as well as simply curious tourists.

Among the historical and cultural monuments, it is enough to name the Jewish Wailing Wall, Christian shrines - the chapel of the Holy Sepulcher, Golgotha, where Christ was crucified, the rock where he prayed (and many more places associated with evangelical subjects). According to Islam, the Muslim prophet Muhammad later ascended to heaven from the rock where Christ prayed (the magnificent Omar mosque was built here).

It is no coincidence that during the division of Palestine after World War II, the UN decided on a special status for Jerusalem, which is historically divided into the Old and New City.

Among other cities in the region, the de facto capital of Israel, Tel Aviv, should be named (although the government considers Jerusalem as the capital, which is not recognized by most of the world's states) with its Haaretz Museum of Mediterranean Art and an art gallery.

Among the streets of Tel Aviv there are streets Korolenko, Zola and others. Jaffa practically merged with Tel Aviv, in contrast to the very young Tel Aviv, which has existed for several centuries. In this city you can walk along Pushkin Street, Pestalozzi, Michelangelo, M. Gorky, Ozheshko, Dante.

Even more ancient is another city of Israel on the Mediterranean Sea - Haifa. Therefore, in these cities there are also historical and cultural objects of previous centuries.

Sea resorts are located on the Mediterranean coast, especially in the Natanya area and in the Eilat area in the Arabian Gulf of the Red Sea.

There are resorts on the coast of the Dead Sea located below ocean level, the very high salinity of the waters of which allows swimmers to freely float on the water. A corresponding infrastructure has been created for tourists in Israel.

Arab countries of Southwest Asia include practically the whole of this zone, with the exception of the two regions described above, and the states of the Middle East.

In practice, we are talking about the Middle East or most of Asia Minor (from Lebanon in the northwest to Yemen in the southeast). All these are Muslim Arab states.

With the exception of its outskirts - Mediterranean Lebanon and partly Syria in the northwest and "happy Arabia" (southern Yemen) on the edge of the Arabian Peninsula - all countries in the region are arid desert and semi-desert territories. Therefore, civilization developed there only in areas where it was possible to create irrigation systems at the expense of rivers (as in Mesopotamia) or groundwater - in oases.

From the middle of the twentieth century. In many countries of the region, oil began to be extracted in large quantities, and this led to the formation of oases on an "industrial basis" due to the supply of water from deep horizons or the desalination of sea water. In the course of these processes, a modern civilization is formed with all its pluses and minuses. In particular, the centers of this new civilization attract a large number of shuttle tourists from the CIS countries to the countries of the region. In some states of the region, modern sea resorts have appeared on the shores of the seas.

There are also mountain resorts in the cities of Lebanon. All this serves the development of recreational tourism. However, we must not forget that in almost all countries of the macroregion there are many historical and cultural attractions - monuments of distant millennia and centuries.

So, on the territory of Lebanon there is one of the earliest human settlements - Baalbek, "where the ruins of religious buildings dedicated to Jupiter, statues, sculptural images of Venus, Bacchus, rows of columns and sculptures, stairs" are preserved.

One of the oldest settlements in Lebanon is the city of Sayda. The very same capital of the country - Beirut, along with the old quarters, is distinguished by quite modern buildings, corresponding to the role of Beirut as a center of finance and culture.

In Syria, the ancient cities of Palmyra and Aleppo with their monuments and Hellenistic art are of great interest to tourists.

The capital of the country Damascus attracts with objects of Muslim culture, among which one of the most famous shrines of Islam - the Omayyad Mosque.

Muslim architecture is typical for most areas of the capital of Iraq - Baghdad.

Characteristics of the natural resources of Asia

The Nazimiya Mosque, or the Golden Mosque, is very famous, decorated with four minarets with gilded domes (which is a rarity in such structures). The city has many modern buildings and monuments stylized in the spirit of Muslim traditions. Away from the capital, located on the banks of the famous Tigris River, are the ruins of ancient cities, including the famous Babylon. There are in Iraq (in the north and north-east of the country) and summer alpine resorts.

Despite the undoubted tourist attraction of Lebanon, Syria and Iraq, the flow of tourists to these countries is limited due to political instability.

Other Arab countries of the Middle East are much less interesting for educational tourism: Jordan, Yemen, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates.

The latter, as a rule, attract a large number of shuttle tourists. In these countries, whose economies are based on oil production (Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates), modern cities are attracting attention.

Saudi Arabia occupies a special place among the countries of the Middle East. It is on its territory that the main places of pilgrimage for Muslims are located - the holy cities of Mecca (with the black stone Kaaba) and Medina, cities associated with the activities of the Prophet Muhammad and the birth of Islam.

Hundreds of thousands, and in some years even millions of Muslims from all over the world come here as pilgrims. The pilgrimage (hajj) brings huge incomes to the country, and the pilgrims "attach" themselves to eternal life in paradise.

On the Red Sea coast of the country is the city of Jeddah, through which thousands of pilgrims go. There are also several historical monuments, among which, according to legend, the grave of the first woman Eve.

Middle East countries- these are Iran and Afghanistan. From the point of view of tourism, Iran is especially interesting - a country of very diverse nature and ancient history... Nature lovers will find in Iran the seas and rivers, plains (low and elevated) and high Elbrus mountains with the main peak Demavend (in the north of the country), various forests, dry steppes, semi-deserts and deserts, healing mineral springs and curative mud.

In Iran, there are numerous monuments of Muslim culture (civil and religious buildings) in the capital Tehran, the cities of Isfahan, Tabriz, Mashhad, Qazvin and others. Currently, due to the difficult international situation of Iran (largely due to its isolation), the flow of tourists to the country is very limited, which is facilitated by external forces, and the activity of Islamic fundamentalists.

It is practically impossible in our days to travel to Afghanistan - a multinational mountainous country, where military operations have been going on for many years.

Therefore, as well as due to the very low level of development of tourist infrastructure, the harsh, but impressive nature of Afghanistan, and its historical and cultural sites located in the capital Kabul, the cities of Herat, Kandahar and others, remain unclaimed. One of the most famous tourist sites throughout Asia, Biamin, is practically inaccessible.

In this depression, located at an altitude of more than 2 thousand meters, in the central part of the country there is a rock dug by hundreds of caves. In the rocks there are two carved 50-meter statues of Buddha, and on the hill there is the Shahar-i-Gulgula fortress. The possibilities of the winter resort of Jalalabad, the possibilities of hunting, and the observation of local ritual holidays are also unclaimed.

1. General characteristics, a brief history of foreign Asia

Overseas Asia is the largest in terms of population (more than 4 billion people) and the second (after Africa) in area of the region of the world, and it retains this primacy, in essence, throughout the entire existence of human civilization. The area of overseas Asia is 27 million square meters. km, it includes more than 40 sovereign states. Many of them are among the oldest in the world. Foreign Asia is one of the centers of the origin of mankind, the birthplace of agriculture, artificial irrigation, cities, many cultural values and scientific advances... The region is mainly composed of developing countries.

2. Variety of countries in overseas Asia by area

The region includes countries of different sizes: two of them belong to the giant countries (China, India), there are very large ones (Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Indonesia), the rest are mainly referred to as quite large countries... The boundaries between them run along well-defined natural boundaries.

Features of EGP in Asia:

Neighboring situation.
Seaside position.
The deep position of some countries.

The first two features have a beneficial effect on their economy, and the third complicates external economic relations.

3. Diversity of countries in foreign Asia by population

Largest countries in Asia by population (2012)
(according to CIA)

4. Diversity of countries in overseas Asia by geographic location

Countries in Asia by geographic location:

Seaside (India, Pakistan, Iran, Israel, etc.).
Insular (Bahrain, Cyprus, Sri Lanka, etc.).
Archipelagos (Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Maldives).
Inland (Laos, Mongolia, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, etc.).
Peninsular (Republic of Korea, Qatar, Oman, etc.).

5. Diversity of overseas Asian countries in terms of development

The political structure of countries is very diverse.
Monarchies of Overseas Asia (according to wikipedia.org):











	Saudi Arabia

All other countries are republics.
Developed Asian countries: Japan, Israel, Republic of Korea, Singapore.
All other countries in the region are developing countries.
Least developed countries in Asia: Afghanistan, Yemen, Bangladesh, Nepal, Laos, etc.
The largest volume of GDP is in China, Japan, India, per capita - Qatar, Singapore, UAE, Kuwait.

6. Forms of government and structure of the countries of foreign Asia

By the nature of the administrative-territorial structure, most Asian countries have a unitary structure. The following countries have a federal administrative-territorial structure: India, Malaysia, Pakistan, UAE, Nepal, Iraq.

7. Regions of overseas Asia

Regions of Asia:

Southwest.
South.
South-East.
Eastern.
Central.

Natural resources of overseas Asia

1. Introduction

The endowment of foreign Asia with resources is determined, first of all, by the variety of relief, location, features of nature and climate.

The region is extremely homogeneous in terms of tectonic structure and relief: within its limits, there is the greatest amplitude of heights on earth (more than 9000 m), both ancient Precambrian platforms and areas of young Cenozoic folding, grandiose mountainous countries and vast plains are located here. As a result, the mineral resources of overseas Asia are very diverse.

2. Mineral resources of overseas Asia

The main basins of coal, iron and manganese ores, and nonmetallic minerals are concentrated within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Ores predominate within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific fold belts, including a copper belt along the Pacific coast. But the main wealth of the region, which also determines its role in the international geographical division of labor, is oil and gas. Oil and gas reserves have been explored in most of the countries of Southwest Asia (Mesopotamian trough of the earth's crust). The main deposits are located in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. In addition, large oil and gas fields have been explored in the countries of the Malay Archipelago. Indonesia and Malaysia are especially distinguished by reserves. The countries of Central Asia are also rich in oil and gas (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan).

The largest reserves of salts are found in the Dead Sea. The Iranian Highlands have large reserves of sulfur and non-ferrous metals. In general, Asia is one of the main regions in the world in terms of mineral reserves.

Countries with the largest reserves and variety of minerals:

China.
India.
Indonesia.
Iran.
Kazakhstan.
Turkey.
Saudi Arabia.

3. Land, agroclimatic resources of foreign Asia

Asia's agro-climatic resources are heterogeneous. Vast tracts of mountainous countries, deserts and semi-deserts are not very suitable for economic activities, with the exception of animal husbandry; the provision of arable land is low and continues to decline (as the population grows and soil erosion increases). But on the plains of the east and south, rather favorable conditions are created for agriculture. Asia contains 70% of the world's irrigated land.

4. Water resources (moisture resources), agroclimatic resources

The countries of East and Southeast Asia, as well as some regions of South Asia, have the largest reserves of water resources. At the same time, in the countries of the Persian Gulf, water resources are sorely lacking.

China, India, Indonesia are the most provided with soil resources in terms of general indicators.
The largest reserves of forest resources: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, China, India.

Population of Overseas Asia

The population of Asia exceeds 4 billion people. Many countries in the region are at the stage of "population explosion".

2. Fertility and mortality (population reproduction)

All countries in the region, with the exception of Japan and some countries in transition, belong to the traditional type of population reproduction. Moreover, many of them are in a state of population explosion. Some countries are fighting this phenomenon by pursuing a demographic policy (India, China), but most countries do not pursue such a policy, the rapid growth of the population and its rejuvenation continue. At the current rate of population growth, the countries of overseas Asia are experiencing food, social and other difficulties. Among the subregions of Asia, East Asia has moved farthest from the peak of the population boom. Currently, the highest population growth rates are characteristic of the countries of South-West Asia. For example, in Yemen, on average, there are almost 5 children per woman.

3. National composition

The ethnic composition of the Asian population is also extremely complex: more than 1,000 peoples live here - from small ethnic groups numbering several hundred people to the largest nations in the world.

The largest peoples of foreign Asia in terms of population (more than 100 million people):

Chinese.
Hindustans.
Bengalis.
Japanese.

The peoples of overseas Asia belong to about 15 language families... There is no such linguistic diversity in any other large region planets.
The largest language families in overseas Asia by population:

Sino-Tibetan.
Indo-European.
Austronesian.
Dravidian.
Austro-Asian.

The most difficult ethnolinguistically countries: India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia. India and Indonesia are considered the most multinational countries in the world. East and South-West Asia, with the exception of Iran and Afghanistan, is characterized by a more homogeneous ethnic composition. The complex composition of the population in many parts of the region leads to acute ethnic conflicts.

4. Religious composition

Foreign Asia is the homeland of all major religions, all three world religions were born here: Christianity, Buddhism, Islam.
Christianity: Philippines, Georgia, Armenia, a significant proportion of Christians in Kazakhstan, Japan, Lebanon.
Buddhism: Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Bhutan, Mongolia.
Islam: Southwest Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh.
Among other national religions, it is necessary to note Confucianism (China), Taoism, Shintoism. In many countries, interethnic contradictions are based precisely on religious grounds.

Lesson presentation:

!? Exercise.

The border of Russia.
Subregions of Overseas Asia.
Republics and monarchies.

Overseas Asia is the largest region in the world in terms of population and area, and it has retained its primacy since the ancient times of the birth of the first civilizations. The total area of the territory of Foreign Asia reaches 27.5 million km2. The region includes 40 sovereign states, many of which belong to the group of developing countries.

All the states of Foreign Asia are large enough in terms of their area, two of them, China and India, have the status of giant countries. The borders that separate the states of Overseas Asia are established according to natural and historical boundaries.

The political structure of states is very diverse, so in Japan, Thailand, Bhutan, Nepal, Malaysia, Jordan there are constitutional monarchies, in the UAE, Kuwait, Oman, absolute monarchical regimes have been preserved, all other states have a republican form of government.

Natural conditions and resources

Foreign Asia has a fairly homogeneous tectonic structure and relief. The region has the largest amplitude of heights on the planet: mountain ensembles are combined with vast plains. The territory of Asia is located on the Precambrian platform, some areas on the Cenozoic folding.

Due to such a geographical location, the states of Overseas Asia possess many natural mineral resources. Rich reserves of coal, manganese and iron ores and other minerals are concentrated within the Hindustan and Chinese platforms.

The main wealth of the region is the oil and gas basins, which are located in most of the states of South-West Asia. The agro-climatic characteristics of Asia hinder the development of agricultural activities.

Population

The population of Overseas Asia is over 3 billion people. Many states are going through the process of the so-called "population explosion". The state policy of many countries is aimed at reducing the birth rate; in China and Japan, large families are forced to pay special taxes.

The ethnic composition of Foreign Asia is diverse: representatives of more than 1 thousand ethnic groups and nationalities live here, the most numerous peoples are the Chinese, Bengalis, Hindustans and Japanese. Only Iran and Afghanistan are among the mono-national countries.

The peoples of Asia belong to 15 linguistic families. There is no such linguistic diversity in any other region of the world. Foreign Asia is the cradle of all world religions, here Christianity, Islam and Buddhism originated. Shintoism, Confucianism and Taoism also occupy a leading place in the region.

Economy of Foreign Asia

In the last decade, the role of the states of Foreign Asia in the world economy has increased significantly. The level of economic development is the most contrasting here than in any other region of the world. Japan is the absolute leader in industrial development.

This is the only state in Foreign Asia, which is included in the "big seven". Also among the industrial countries are China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand. The economy of the Gulf states is focused primarily on the oil industry.

Mining and metallurgy are well developed in Mongolia, Jordan, Vietnam and Afghanistan. In most states, the bulk of the EAN is engaged in agricultural production. The most popular crops are rice, tea, wheat and millet.

The video lesson is dedicated to the topic "Natural Resources of Overseas Asia". From the lesson you will learn about the natural resource potential of Overseas Asia, get acquainted with the main resources that are rich in various territories of Asia. The teacher will tell you about the Asian countries leading in the provision of various types of resources.

Topic: Overseas Asia

Lesson: Natural Resources of Overseas Asia

The endowment of foreign Asia with resources is determined, first of all, by the variety of relief, location, features of nature and climate.

Countries with the largest reserves and variety of minerals:

3. Indonesia.

5. Kazakhstan.

6. Turkey.

7. Saudi Arabia.

Rice. 2. Desalination plant in Israel ()

China, India, Indonesia are the most provided with soil resources in terms of general indicators.

The largest reserves of forest resources: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, China, India.

Rice. 3. Rainforests in Malaysia ()

Homework

Topic 7, P. 1

1. What are the features of the distribution of mineral resources in foreign Asia?

2. Give examples of countries in overseas Asia and their characteristic resources.

Bibliography

The main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions/ A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2012 .-- 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10 cl. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2001 .-- 672 p .: ill., Maps .: color. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical compilations

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and those entering universities. - 2nd ed., Rev. and finished. - M .: AST-PRESS SHKOLA, 2008 .-- 656 p.

Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam

1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumov. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009 .-- 80 p.

2. The most complete edition of typical options for real assignments of the Unified State Exam: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: Astrel, 2010 .-- 221 p.

3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Single State exam 2012. Geography: Textbook / Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2012 .-- 256 p.

4. The most complete edition of typical versions of real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2010 .-- 223 p.

5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Examination 2011. - M .: MCNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: Eksmo, 2009 .-- 272 p.

7. Tests in geography: grade 10: to the textbook of V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 "/ E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

8. Textbook on geography. Geography Tests and Practical Tasks / I.A. Rodionova. - M .: Moscow Lyceum, 1996 .-- 48 p.

9. The most complete edition of typical options for real assignments of the Unified State Exam: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2009 .-- 250 p.

10. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for training students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.

11. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.

12. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: Eksmo, 2009 .-- 144 p.

13. USE 2012. Geography: Typical exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M .: National education, 2011 .-- 288 p.

14. USE 2011. Geography: Typical exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M .: National education, 2010 .-- 280 p.

Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements ( ).

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().

Farms, especially rural ones, will depend on the natural conditions of the territory. And the conditions in Asia are distinguished by great diversity and contrasts. The highest mountain ranges with steep slopes coexist with lowlands and the uniformity of their flat relief. Large contrasts are characteristic of the climate, especially humidification. Low-lying areas are well supplied with moisture, because they are located in the monsoon climate - these are the eastern and southern parts of the region.

In the area of the Mediterranean climate lies Western part Overseas Asia. In these parts of Asia, $ 90 \% $ of all arable land is concentrated. The central and southwestern parts are arid. The Asian part of the world lies in several climatic zones. The south of the territory lies in tropical latitudes and receives a total solar radiation of $ 2 $ times more than the northern regions. Summer and winter temperatures on the islands of Indonesia are almost the same, the average January temperature is + $ 25 degrees, and the north of Manchuria, for example, has a January temperature of $ 24, - $ 28 degrees. And frosts there have a long duration. Significant climatic differences are also characteristic of mountainous regions and even within the mountainous territories themselves. This is due to the height of the mountains, their position, the exposure of the slopes. The circulation of the atmosphere has a very pronounced effect on the climate of East and South Asia, there is clearly expressed seasonal change in air masses.

Finished works on a similar topic

Coursework 410 rubles.
abstract Natural conditions and resources of Overseas Asia RUB 250
Test Natural conditions and resources of Overseas Asia RUB 200

The winter monsoon is typical for the winter of these territories, the summer monsoon is in effect in summer. All of East Asia, Hindustan and Indochina are in the monsoon circulation zone, where the annual precipitation can reach $ 2000 $ mm per year. Cold continental air masses are associated with the winter monsoon, causing cooling in East Asia and partly in the tropics of northern Indochina.

In the southern part of Asia, winter cold snaps do not occur, because the territory is influenced by the Indian monsoon, which has smaller baric gradients. On the other hand, India is closed in the north by the highest mountain ranges from the cold air masses of Central Asia. The interior regions of Asia, located at high altitudes and surrounded by mountains, have a sharply continental climate.

In winter, the Asian anticyclone dominates here, and a severe and long winter sets in. At low temperatures, the soil deeply freezes, which leads to the formation of permafrost areas. In the summer, the territory warms up well and an area of low atmospheric pressure is formed. Hot and dry weather persists. There is very little precipitation, and high mountain ranges hinder their penetration. In closed basins, only up to $ 50 $ mm falls out. But this inland region also has its own internal climatic differences. The reason for this lies in the different availability of heat resources and thermal conditions.

Southwest Asia is an exceptionally hot region. It receives the largest amount of solar radiation, therefore it is the driest part of the continent. Deserts and semi-deserts are widespread here.

Remark 1

For the development of agriculture, a significant part of Asia Abroad has unfavorable climatic conditions. The equatorial regions are highly humid, and the vast plateaus and plains of Southwest and Central Asia are too dry. Agriculture in these areas is possible only with land reclamation.

The location of agricultural production, the composition of cultivated plants, the peculiarities of farming techniques, and the productivity of crops largely depend on climatic conditions. The level of development of agriculture in the countries of Foreign Asia is relatively low, therefore, the yield is highly dependent on weather conditions. Based on the climatic features, several agro-climatic regions are distinguished in foreign Asia.

Mineral resources of Overseas Asia

The surface of Asia Abroad is represented by vast mountainous areas and lowlands, the areas of which are small. Low-lying areas are located on the outskirts of Asia - these are the eastern and southern coasts. The relief and the main tectonic regions are associated with mineral deposits, which are rich in the bowels of Foreign Asia. In terms of reserves of fuel and energy raw materials, Asia occupies a leading place in the world.

These are, first of all, huge deposits of coal, oil and gas. The bowels of this part of the world contain the world's reserves of tin, antimony, mercury, graphite, sulfur, muscovite, zirconium, phosphate raw materials, potassium salts, chromites, and tungsten. True, from a geographical point of view, these resources are distributed unevenly. Coal, iron and manganese ores, non-metallic minerals were formed within the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. There is a copper belt along the Pacific coast. In the Alpine-Himalayan fold area, ores are predominant.

A decisive role in the international geographical division of labor in Asia is played by oil and gas reserves, which are the main wealth of the region. The main hydrocarbon deposits are concentrated in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates. Large oil fields have been discovered in the countries of the Malay Archipelago - Indonesia, Malaysia. There is oil and gas in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. The Dead Sea is known for its large reserves of salts, and the Iranian Highlands - for sulfur and non-ferrous metals.

From all Asian countries greatest variety and mineral reserves are concentrated on the territory of the following states:

India;
Indonesia;
Iran;
Kazakhstan;
Turkey;
Saudi Arabia.

Remark 2

Those mineral deposits that are well known today do not reflect the true picture of the mineral wealth of this region. The ongoing prospecting work is discovering new deposits of mineral raw materials. In terms of hydrocarbon production, shelf zones are becoming promising, which provide the mining industry with new opportunities.

Different subregions of Asia are characterized by their own set of minerals.

Western asia... Here, first of all, the largest oil and gas fields are concentrated, in terms of reserves of which Western Asia is the leader among other regions of the world. According to the data of $ 1980 $ in this area $ 43 billion tons of oil and more than $ 20 trillion. cub. m of gas. Coal reserves amount to more than $ 23 billion tons. The reserves of ferrous metal ores are $ 14 billion tons and they are located in Turkey and Iraq. Reserves of titanium ores in Saudi Arabia and chromium ores in Turkey and Iran, Afghanistan and Oman. Nonmetallic building materials are represented by gypsum, the reserves of which amount to $ 3 billion tons. In some countries of the region there are deposits of precious and ornamental stones, for example, Iranian turquoise, Afghan lapis lazuli, ruby, emerald, rock crystal, aquamarine, marble onyx.

South asia... It holds a leading position in the reserves of muscovite, barite, titanium, pyrite, beryl, graphite, iron and manganese ores. This part also has significant reserves of oil and gas, as well as gold, copper, nickel, tungsten ores. The most important energy raw material for South Asia is coal, the reserves of which are estimated at $ 115 billion tons. The total reserves of iron ore are more than $ 13.5 billion tons. They are concentrated in India, Pakistan. There are small stocks in Sri Lanka and Nepal. Extraction of manganese ores has been going on in India for a long time. There are aluminum and nickel ores in this region. There is about $ 30 \% $ of the total reserves of mining and chemical raw materials - India, Pakistan, Nepal. Nonmetallic raw materials are represented by Indian asbestos - India, gypsum - Pakistan, graphite - Sri Lanka. There are quartz, construction sands, dolomites, limestone and marble. There are precious stones only in India - diamonds.

Southeast Asia... The region is on the $ 1 $ place in the world in terms of tin reserves and has significant reserves of nickel, cobalt, tungsten, copper, antimony, barite. In addition, there is oil, gas, bauxite, chromite and other mineral resources. Prospecting for hydrocarbons is carried out on the continental shelf. Of the $ 36 promising pools, $ 25 belongs to Indonesia. Bituminous coals are also found in Indonesia and Vietnam. Ore minerals with reserves of more than $ 1271 million tons are in Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines, Kampuchea. Of the ores of non-ferrous metals, aluminum and copper ores are known - Indonesia, Vietnam, Kampuchea.

Other types of resources of Overseas Asia

Foreign Asia is rich in its superficial water resources, but the distribution of water resources throughout the territory is uneven, and the supply decreases from the south-east to the north-west. Water resources are used, as a rule, for irrigation, which helps to solve problems associated with drought, soil salinization and from waving. In India, for example, $ 95 \% $ consumed fresh water goes to irrigation. Mountain rivers contain colossal reserves of hydropower, which are best provided for in the humid tropics. Due to economic backwardness mountainous areas the hydro potential of the rivers is used poorly. For example, the hydro potential of the rivers of India and Pakistan is used for about $ 10 \% $. Major Asian rivers have basins covering hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. They are among the most important types of natural resources.

Another type of resource is soil... The huge size, varied topography and climate were the conditions for the formation of a complex soil cover. In the temperate climatic zone, podzolic, sulfur and brown forest soils have formed. In the steppe regions - chernozem and chestnut soils. In the subtropics of the Mediterranean, brown soils are dominant, and in the monsoon regions, yellow soils and red soils. Peculiar tropical soils - regur or black soils formed on the Indian subcontinent.

If speak about forest resources, then Foreign Asia is not rich in them. Per capita forest resources account for only $ 0.3 $ ha, while the world average is $ 1.2 $ ha per person. Low availability of forest resources is typical for India, Pakistan, Lebanon, Singapore. The southeast of the region is best provided with forest resources. Here, the areas of forest resources are not only large, but also accessible, which endangers their existence.

Recreational the resources of the region began to be explored and used only in the second half of the $ XX century. The warm seas of South-West Asia - Turkey and South-East Asia - Thailand, Malaysia are attractive for tourists.

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