Volcano miracle of nature presentation. Science Project "Volcanoes"

slide 2

The volcano is a miracle of nature.

Since ancient times, people have been afraid of volcanoes.

In 79 AD Mount Vesuvius completely destroyed the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii.

slide 3

Vesuvius today

slide 4

1944 eruption

slide 5

Remains of the inhabitants of Pompeii

slide 6

HYPOTHESIS.

Even today, not everything is known about volcanoes, for example, it is not known exactly when this or that volcano will begin to erupt; how volcanoes affect the climate of the entire planet; how strong the eruption will be.

Slide 7

THE PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT is to consider the natural phenomenon VOLCANO.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES:

• consider the device of the volcano;
• study the process of volcanic eruption;
• study the types of volcanoes and related volcanic phenomena;
• create a model of a volcano eruption at home.

Slide 8

Eruption types

To date, the following types of eruptions are known

• Hawaiian;
• strombolian;
• volcanic;
• Plinian.

Slide 9

Hawaiian type

Eruptions of the Hawaiian type take place with inviscid lava and it quietly flows from the crater

Slide 10

Strombolian type

Eruptions occur with slightly more viscous lava. The gases contained in it are expelled by small explosions.

slide 11

Volcanic type. Krakatoa eruption

Volcanic-type eruptions take place with even more viscous lava. Gases burst out of it with explosions, scattering stones and a large amount of volcanic ash around

slide 12

Pliny type. Pinatubo eruption

Plinian-type eruptions occur with extremely viscous lava. During this eruption, gases escaping from it produce powerful explosions and with them volcanic ash is thrown high into the atmosphere.

slide 13

The device of volcanoes

• How are volcanoes arranged?
• Why are they erupting?
• Where do they erupt?

Slide 14

The earth's crust is made up of plates

Earthquakes occur at plate boundaries and most VOLCANOES are located

slide 15

Why do volcanoes erupt?

When the plates move, for example, if one plate goes down and presses on the magma, then the magma from the increase in pressure, melting the rocks, comes to the surface and an eruption begins.

slide 16

Eruption stages

• Magma is looking for a weak spot in the earth's crust.
• Magma accumulation.
• Magma chamber.
• The pressure increases and the magma bursts out.

Slide 17

Lava

Lava is magma erupting from a volcano.

• The viscosity of lava affects the shape of the volcano and the type of eruption
• Frozen lava flow.
• Volcano Tolbachik. Kamchatka

Slide 18

Shield and stratovolcano

Liquid lava Thicker lava

Slide 19

Lava Dome and Steep

• Thick lava. Slags.
• Perhaps the formation of lava freezes
• Volcanic bomb in a volcano channel

general education high school№10 Balkhash

Section: natural science ( inanimate nature)

Subject:

"VOLCANOES"

student 1 "B" class

Secondary School No. 10 of the city of Balkhash

Supervisor: Kuznetsova Elena Vladimirovna - teacher primary school

Balkhash, 2014

Introduction …………………………………………………………..

Main part.

2.1 Theoretical study ………………………………….

2.2 Practical research …………………………………..

III. Conclusion …………………………………………………………….

List of used literature ……………………………………..

Glossary

eruption volcano- the process of ejection by a volcano onto the earth's surface of incandescent fragments, ash, an outpouring of magma, which, having poured onto the surface, becomes lava.

Crater - Depression at the top of the volcano. Lava flows out of the crater during a volcanic eruption.

volcanic ash- Small particles of solidified magma, fragments of stone and mineral crystals thrown into the atmosphere during a volcanic eruption and descended to Earth with the formation of sediment.

Tectonic plates - gradually moving parts earth's crust covering our planet.

Volcanic bombs - pieces of solidified or solidified lava ejected from the vent of a volcano during an eruption.

Magma chambers- large accumulations of magma tending to the surface of the earth's crust.

Introduction

Purpose of the study:

Find out why volcanoes erupt.

Explore the structure of volcanoes.

Expand your knowledge of volcanoes.

Research objectives:

Study additional literature and select interesting information about - what is it - a volcano;

Find out how a volcano works;

Find out what volcanoes are;

Create a working model of a volcano at home;

Learn empirically about the properties of stones of volcanic origin;

Object of study: volcanoes

Subject: volcano

Hypothesis: the volcano erupts because the mountain is angry

Methods:

Analysis of scientific literature.

Conducting experiments.

observation.

Main part

2. Theoretical study

A volcano is a naturally formed opening in the earth's crust through which hot, molten rock called lava, as well as gases, steam, and ash (what is left after the complete combustion of some solid matter) burst out, often in the form of large and noisy eruptions or explosions. These eruptions are thought to act as safety valves, releasing massive amounts of heat and pressure from deep within the earth. Typically, a volcano is a cone-shaped mountain (the walls of which are composed of solidified lava and ash) with a hole in the center, or a crater - through which eruptions occur.

There are several different types, or stages of eruption. Many eruptions cause no noticeable damage environment. But there are eruptions very powerful and destructive. During such eruptions, lava can pour out and flow down from the volcano, flooding the territories adjacent to it; suffocating clubs of steam, ash, hot gases and stones can fall down, which descend to the ground at high speed, covering it for many kilometers around. (When, for example, Mount Washington's Mount Saint Helena erupted in 1980, it killed millions of trees.)

One of the most famous and destructive was the eruption of Mount Vesuvius (located on the territory of today's Italy) in 79 AD. As a result, the large Roman city of Pompeii was destroyed. A huge cloud of ash and ashes covered the city, thanks to which it has been well preserved to this day. By studying these amazing ruins, scientists learned a lot about the times ancient rome. Vesuvius is still an active volcano; this means that volcanic activity is observed in it and eruptions occur from time to time. There are also volcanoes that are described as dormant, which means that they have not been active for a long time, but the conditions for a possible eruption in the future still exist. An extinct volcano is one that will never erupt again.

Volcanoes often occur in places where there are tectonic plates or ridges in the earth's crust. Around the Pacific Ocean - where the plates of the earth's crust meet - there is a whole group of volcanoes, which are known as the "ring of fire". Due to the movement of tectonic plates in these areas, liquid rocks (called magma) trapped in voids inside the Earth can rise, giving rise to volcanic activity. (This also often causes earthquakes.) Volcanic activity can occur both on land and in the oceans. As a result, islands sometimes form in the oceans. This is how the Hawaiian Islands appeared about 40 million years ago. And even today, two of the most active volcanoes, Mauna Loa and Kilaua, are on an island in Hawaii. Tourists visiting the Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park can walk along the slopes surrounding the great volcanoes.

There are mountain volcanoes, and there are also underwater volcanoes that are completely hidden under water. "Waking up", such volcanoes spew not only magma, but also entire fountains of water.

There are mud volcanoes that erupt streams of hot mud, and lake volcanoes. The craters of such volcanoes look like a flat plate filled with boiling lava.

But why do volcanoes erupt anyway? In the depths of the earth's crust, at very high temperatures, rocks melt - magma is formed. Under the influence of the movement of tectonic plates, magma rises to the surface of the earth and accumulates in a volcanic chamber under the volcano. The gases that make up the magma tend to exit to the surface - to the crater, and raise the magma behind them. The closer to the crater, the more gases there are, the magma changes its composition and turns into lava. Volcanic eruptions begin with emissions of gases and volcanic ash. Explosions can also occur, then volcanic bombs fly out of the vent into the air - pieces of solidified lava, and then molten lava flows down the slope. After a violent eruption process, the pressure in the magma chamber decreases and the volcanic eruption stops.

famous volcanoes.

An active volcano in southern Italy, about 15 km from Naples. Height - 1281 meters. The crater is about 750 m in diameter. One of the three active volcanoes in Italy, the only active volcano in continental Europe. It is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world.

The last historical eruption of Mount Vesuvius occurred in 1944. One of the lava flows destroyed the cities of San Sebastiano and Massa. During the eruption, 57 people died. The height of the lava fountain from the central crater reached 800 m.

Fujiyama.

A volcano on the Japanese island of Honshu, 150 kilometers west of Tokyo. The height of the mountain is 3776 m (the highest in Japan). The volcano is weakly active, the last eruption was in 1707.

Krakatoa.

Krakatau is a former island and an active volcano in Indonesia, located in the Sunda Strait, between the islands of Java and Sumatra.
The study of the volcano and surrounding areas has established traces of powerful prehistoric eruptions. According to volcanologists, one of the most powerful eruptions occurred in 535. This eruption led to global climatic consequences on Earth, which was noted by scientists who studied the annual rings of ancient trees in different parts of the planet.

2.2 Practical research

To see in practice how volcanic eruptions occur, I conducted several experiments.

Experience No. 1 "The movement of magma in the bowels of the earth's crust." I submerged the chocolate slabs that replaced the tectonic slabs in a colored dough - "magma". With the help of sticks, he created movement and saw that "magma" seeps into the cracks. Conclusion: Under the influence of the movement of tectonic plates, magma can rise to the surface of the earth.

Experience No. 2 "Creating a model of an active volcano at home." I made a cone out of cardboard. I covered it with plasticine and gave it the color of a volcano. Placed a bottle inside the cone. I filled the bottle with "lava" - a mixture of baking soda, liquid soap and red gouache paint. Filled the "volcano" with vinegar and got an eruption. Conclusion: the gas formed when vinegar reacts with water raises the "lava" up and an eruption occurs.

Experience No. 3 "Properties of stones of volcanic origin." I immersed stones of various rocks in the water. Watching the process, I found out that all stones sink, except for pumice - a stone of volcanic origin. Conclusion: pumice has porous structure. The pores are filled with air, so the stone does not sink (pores in pumice are formed at the moment of lava solidification, when gases are still escaping).

Conclusion

During the study, the hypothesis was not confirmed. The ancient Romans also believed that God is angry, and therefore an eruption occurs - a manifestation of the wrath of God. In fact, the volcano erupts because magma has accumulated in the volcanic chamber and, under the influence of the gas that is part of it, it rises to the top. In the mouth of the volcano, the amount of gas becomes more. The magma turns into lava, reaches the crater and erupts.

Volcanoes - formidable phenomenon nature. Volcanic eruptions threaten human lives and damage the entire surrounding nature, so we need to know about them, like about any natural phenomenon of which we are a part.

List of used literature

Internet resources

http://www.bugaga.ru/interesting/1146713964

Internet resources

http://zemlyanin.info/samye-izvestnye-vulkany-zemli/

Internet resources

http://en.wikipedia.org

Internet resources

http://www.vseneprostotak.ru/jenciklopedija/vulkany/

THE PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT is to consider the natural phenomenon VOLCANO. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT: to consider the structure of the volcano; study the process of volcanic eruption; study the types of volcanoes and related volcanic phenomena; create a model of a volcano eruption at home.

Blocks and bombs are clots of molten lava that cool and solidify right in flight. Volcanic bomb in the Cut.

Pyroclastic flows Pyroclastic flows descending from a volcano at a tremendous speed of 200 km/h can engulf the surrounding area. Their temperature reaches 800C. Some flows containing more gas are called pyroclastic waves. They are even more dangerous and descend at a speed of 320 km / h. Pyroclastic flows, descending from the volcano at a tremendous speed of 200 km / h, can engulf the nearby area. Their temperature reaches 800C. Some flows containing more gas are called pyroclastic waves. They are even more dangerous and descend at a speed of 320 km/h.

Underwater smokers This is a slide at the bottom of the sea or ocean, swirling with black smoke. This is a slide at the bottom of the sea or ocean, swirling with black smoke. Water seeps up to the heated rocks and rises in a column. Water seeps up to the heated rocks and rises in a column. Smoker at the bottom of the Black Sea Conclusion I have learned a lot of interesting things about volcanoes: The shape of a volcano and the type of eruption is affected by the viscosity of the lava; The shape of the volcano and the type of eruption are affected by the viscosity of the lava; Plinian-type eruptions affect the planet's climate. Plinian-type eruptions affect the planet's climate. It became interesting to me: It became interesting to me: 1. What are geysers and how they are connected with volcanoes. 1.What are geysers and how are they related to volcanoes. 2. Why earthquakes happen. 2. Why earthquakes happen.

Research
"VOLCANO-miracle of nature?"

Completed:

4th grade student

Lomonosov school-

Cape Verde

Pavlov Ivan

Supervisor:

Kholodova Natalya Viktorovna

2016

Content

Introduction

1.Main part

1.1. The concept of "volcano"

1.2. The structure and formation of volcanoes

1.3 Classification of volcanoes

2. Volcanoes and man

2.2 Public protection

2.3 What benefits does a volcano give to a person?

3. My research. Practical part

3.1 Volcano experience

3.3 Volcano model (experiment).

Conclusion. findings

Bibliography

Internet resources

Introduction

Problem. There are many wonders on earth. Many natural phenomena are mysterious, and very interesting, and unusual. One day on television, on the news, I heard about a volcanic eruption. I became interested in this phenomenon of nature.I decided to learn more about the amazing and at the same time terriblea natural phenomenon that strikes the human imagination- volcano.

My hypothesis . Perhaps the volcano is a terrible dragon that lives underground, which wakes up from time to time and lets out flames from its mouth. And he called the topic of his research "Volcano - a miracle of nature."

The purpose of my work - the formation of the idea of ​​a volcano as a natural phenomenon.

Tasks:

Get to know the natural phenomenon of a volcano;

Explore internal structure volcano;

Find out the causes of volcanic eruptions

Find out where on Earth there are volcanoes, the name of volcanoes, in which countries they are located,

ATfind out how important volcanoes are for humans;

To acquaint classmates with the results of my research;

Conduct the "Erupting Volcano" experiment at home.

Methods I have used:

literature analysis;

study of various sources;

work with photographic materials and documents;

selection of texts;

work on the Internet;

observation and comparison;

consultation with the manager.

1. MAIN PART

1. The concept of "volcano"

Results of the 4th grade survey:

Yes

No

Doubt not really

Do you know what a volcano is?

9 students

82 %

1 student

9 %

1 student

9 %

Do you think a volcano is a miracle?

2 students

18 %

8 students

73 %

1 student

9 %

Number of respondents

11 4th grade students

I saw that not all the guys know and understand what volcanoes are, and therefore I decided to start clarifying this issue.

Volcanism - a formidable, unregulated phenomenon of nature - has been of interest to mankind for centuries.Volcano (from Latin vulcanus - fire, flame), a geological formation that occurs above channels and cracks in the earth's crust, through which lava, ash, hot gases, water vapor and
fragments of rocks.The science that studies volcanoes is calledvolcanology , geomorphology.

The word "volcano" comes from the name of the god of Fire and blacksmithing Vulcan from ancient Roman myths. This god lived underground. When he got angry, everythingshook, fire and smoke flew from the ground. Cracks formed on the surface of the earth, from which a fiery mass escaped, and everything around was covered with ash and stones.

According to the description of Herodotus, on one of the islands there is a mountain with a hole at the top, from which smoke and fire rise from time to time. The ancient Greeks believed that this was the exit (like a chimney) of the forge of the god of fire, who was digging weapons deep in the bowels. The Romans named it Vulcan, and the island was given the name Vulcano. This island became, as it were, a model of all mountains that have the same features, because of which they were called volcanoes.

1. The structure and formation of volcanoes

When a magma chamber forms in the bowels of the Earth, molten liquid magma presses down on the tectonic plate with such force that it begins to crack. Magma is removed upward along cracks and faults, melting through the rock and expanding the cracks. This is how the exit channel is formed. It passes in the center of the volcano, along it molten magma pours out from the vent of the volcano outward in the form of fiery liquid lava.

The products of the eruption - pumice, lava, tuffs - settle on the slopes of the volcano, forming a cone. At the top of the volcano, a depression is formed - a crater. At the bottom of the crater, you can see the crater of the volcano - the opening of the outlet channel, through which ash, hot gases of water vapor, lava and fragments of rock erupt. Volcano vents can be gaping - empty or filled with red-hot lava. If the lava solidifies in the vent, then a plug is formed, which can only be broken by a strong volcanic eruption, and this happens powerful explosion. Everything that comes out of the bowels of the Earth during volcanic eruptions is called the products of the eruption. They are liquid, solid and gaseous. The liquid products of the eruption include lava. Lava is called magma that has poured out onto the surface of the earth. Lava temperature 1000°C Fiery liquid lava spreads at a speed of up to 50 kilometers per hour, forming lava flows.

In the Hawaiian Islands, the local names for two different types of lava, "pa-hoe-hoe" and "ah-ah", arose. These names are now accepted in volcanology. Pa-hoe-hoe lava flow has a smooth or slightly wrinkled surface and consists of liquid lava. Solidifying, such lava forms a flat, smooth surface, sometimes with long wriggling wrinkles in the form of snakes and thick ropes - ropes. It is often referred to as "rope lava".

The lava flow "ah-ah" has an uneven surface with cracks. Such lava is very thick and viscous, so the flow moves slowly. When the lava begins to cool, it cracks into pieces, but they continue to move like clockwork on hot lava that has not yet cooled down. The upper hardened layer of lava resembles piles of slag, which is formed from the combustion of coal.

Before a volcanic eruption, underground volcanic tremors occur. The soil under your feet begins to swell and oscillate, an underground rumble is heard, cracks appear in the ground, gases, steam, hot water are released from them, smoke comes out of the crater of the volcano. Manifestations of volcanism are terrifying: volcanic ash erupts from the crater, covering the entire sky, it becomes dark for many kilometers around, like at night, fragments of rocks fly out with a roar, a deafening explosion is possible and, finally, fiery liquid lava pours out.

Translated from Greek, "magma" means "thick paste" or "dough". Hot magma increases in volume, occupies all the free space and rises from the depths of the earth along the cracks, trying to break free. Magma breaks through the earth's crust in the weakest places and breaks out to the surface - flowing down the slopes in the form of lava. This is a volcanic eruption.

The composition and properties of lava erupted on the surface are different. In the process of eruption, the gases contained in it are released from the magma. If the gases are released quietly, and the lava is sufficiently liquid, then it spreads during the outpouring. When ascending through the channel, magma can solidify in some area, and then “plugs” form. Large pieces of crushed cork from solidified magma are called volcanic bombs. More viscous lava, pouring out, increases the height of the volcano, interbedding with layers of ash and debris.

If the level of magma in the magma chamber drops, the top of the volcanic cone may fall down. This creates a huge crater called a caldera.

So, usually a volcano is a mountain, in the upper part of which there is a depression -volcanic crater, and in the thickness passes a channel calledvent. It leads to a special chamber -magma chamber. Magma - this is the molten substance of the mantle (translated from the Greek "magma" - dough, mess). It appears where the pressure is reduced and the red-hot mantle cannot remain in a solid state. This usually happens near plate boundaries. Therefore, the areas of the greatest distribution of volcanoes coincide with seismically active areas. An eruption begins when a lot of magma accumulates in the hearth, and it rushes up the vent and pours out onto the earth's surface.. Magma erupting onto the surface is calledlava. Its temperature reaches 1000degrees Celsius.

Conical volcano

Shield volcano

Lava

thick, viscous, cools quickly

Lava

liquid spreads faster

Mountain

steep slope

Mountain

gentle slope

Sometimes very viscous lava can solidify in a channel, forming a plug. However, after some time, pressure from below pushes it out, a strong eruption occurs with the release of stone blocks into the air -volcanic bombs .

During an eruption, not only lava comes to the surface, but also various gases, water vapor, volcanic dust, clouds of ash. Ashes and dust are carried by the wind for hundreds and thousands of kilometers.

1. Classification of volcanoes

All volcanoes can be divided into the following types.

By shape - conical and shield , central and fissure.

Volcanoes appear in different ways. It turns out that it depends on how lava appears, and how fast it cools.

C central - erupting from the central opening.

Fissure - which look like gaping cracks or a series of small cones.

If the lava is thick, viscous, then it cools down quickly, forming high mountain with steep slopes, having the shape of a cone. Such volcanoes are calledconical.

More liquid lava spreads faster, cools more slowly, so it has time to flow over greater distances. The slopes of such volcanoes are gentle. This isshield in ulkan.

By activity - active, asleep, extinct

volcanoes

active sleepers extinct

(active)(asleep)

Operating (active) are those that erupt more or less regularly.

An active or active volcano is considered to be a volcano that erupted red-hot rock, ash, gases and stones in historical period time.The most active volcano in the world is Kilauea on the island of Hawaii in pacific ocean. It has been continuously erupting since 1983 and ejecting lava at a rate of 5 cubic meters per second. Volcano Klyuchevaya Sopka on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Fujiyama in Japan.

Asleep (sleeping) are volcanoes,which have retained their form, but have never erupted in the memory of mankind, they can still come to life.They show signs of life: they can smoke - smoke comes out of the crater, hot springs beat. The longer a dormant volcano is at rest, the more dangerous it is. The Elbrus volcano in the Caucasus is covered by glaciers and has not erupted for thousands of years. But on its slopes there are outlets of volcanic gases, which means that volcanic activity continues.

Extinct - these are the ones that stopped the eruption altogether. True, extinct volcanoes can sometimes suddenly wake up.The hearth under them has long been extinguished, and they themselves are so badly destroyed that only studies by geologists reveal traces of ancient volcanic activity. In Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was built on a volcano that died out 340 million years ago. This group includes volcanoes of the Caucasus - Big and Small Ararat.

However, among volcanologists there is no consensus on how to define an active volcano. The period of volcano activity can last from several months to several million years. Many volcanoes showed volcanic activity several tens of thousands of years ago, but are not currently considered active.

By location - ground, underwater , subglacial

underwater volcanoes - these are those that erupt at the bottom of the ocean, waves can arise above them, coming to the shore as destructivetsunami. Volcano at the bottom Atlantic Ocean near the Canary Islands, again threw pieces of magma to the surface in November 2011.From a depth of 300 meters from the bottom of the sea near the island of El Hierro, magma came out of the cracks.

It turns out that all of Iceland is a volcanic island. And with each new eruption continues to grow.

Subglacial - volcanoes that are located under ice caps. When such volcanoes erupt, the ice caps melt and the lava that is on top flows down, thus leveling the surface and forming a flat top. For example, the Icelandic subglacial volcano - Katla,in the south of Iceland.Recently, in the northern part of Lake Tuya, a national park was formed - Tuya Mountains. It was created in order to preserve the rare landscape with subglacial volcanoes.

2.Volcanoes and man

2.1 What is the threat of a volcano?

« To live like on a volcano means to be in constant danger. For people living in the vicinity of volcanoes, this is not a metaphor, but a harsh reality.What threat does a volcano pose to humans?

In 79 a volcanic eruption Vesuvius in Italy. Under a layer of ash, lava and boiling mud, 3 cities were covered:Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae. 10,000 people died that day.

In 1883, in August in Indonesia, on the island of Krakatoa (altitude 800 m), one of the most famous and powerful volcanic eruptions occurred, the echoes of this event were heard even for 3500 km.Tens of thousands of people died, and the ashes thrown to the heights circled the globe twice. Everywhere there was a strong clouding of the atmosphere, and the morning and evening dawns were distinguished by an unusual brightness. And this was repeated throughout the whole year.

The ash hinders the movement of aircraft. For example, during the eruption of Bezymyanny volcano in Kamchatka in 1956, ash was thrown to a height of 45 km.

The eruption of underwater volcanoes leads to the emergence of a wave -tsunami.

2.2 Public protection

A volcano ejects gases, liquids and solids from high temperature. This often causes the destruction of buildings and the death of people. Lava and other hot eruptive substances flow down the slopes of the mountain and burn out everything they meet on their way, bringing innumerable victims and material losses that stagger the imagination. modern science predicts volcanic eruptions fairly accurately. Almost every active volcano has stations or instruments that allow you to monitor the life of a fiery mountain.The harbingers of an eruption are volcanic earthquakes, which are associated with the pulsation of magma moving up the supply channel. Special instruments register tilt changes earth's surface near volcanoes. Before the eruption, the local magnetic field and the composition of volcanic gases released from the places where volcanic gases come out to the Earth's surface change. In areas of active volcanism, special stations and points have been set up at which continuous monitoring of volcanoes is carried out. A reliable system is being organized to alert the management bodies of industrial enterprises and the public about the threat of a volcanic eruption. At the foot of volcanoes, the construction of enterprises, residential buildings, automobile and railways, explosive work is prohibited. Most in a reliable way protection of the population from the consequences of a volcanic eruption is the evacuation. If you receive a signal about the threat of a volcanic eruption, you must immediately leave the building and arrive at the evacuation point.

2.3 What benefits does a volcano give to a person?

My class survey results

Number of persons

AT %

1

10%

6

55 %

4

35%

Volcanic eruptions open a "window" into the secrets of the Earth's interior, give scientists reliable information about the composition and properties of substances located at a considerable depth.In our country, the world's only Institute of Volcanology, which is located in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, is engaged in the study of volcanoes.

People have long appreciated the high incomparable fertility of volcanic soils formed on the basis of volcanic ash.Ash is a fertilizer, the basis of fertile soils.It is the fertility of the soil that attracts people to volcanic areas..

Volcanoes are "suppliers" of many minerals, such as soda, sulfur, boric acid, cinnabar.

Pumice (volcanic lava) is part of some toothpastes, as a heat-insulating backfill in construction. Pumice blocks, which are mined from quarries in Italy, enter the world market as an abrasive material for grinding.

Sapphires, silver, gold - all this can be mined from volcanic rocks. They also found some of the largest diamonds.

In the history of the Earth, volcanic activity played a huge role in the formation of such rocks as basalt, tuff (compressed ash), which are used as building materials.

Volcanoes have created many ore deposits. For example, the largest copper deposit - Kounrad in Kazakhstan - is located in the crater of an ancient volcano. In the Andes, a belt stretched for several thousand kilometers, rich in reserves of copper, tin, molybdenum, gold, silver, antimony and other minerals.

Geothermal springs are associated with volcanoes. People have long learned to use them in their economic activities.

Geysers are gushing hot springs. Why are geysers found where there are volcanoes?Magma comes close to the surface, heats the groundwater, which begins to gush.There is a small village of Geyser in Iceland. In its vicinity, nature gives a spectacle every day. The same, day after day, three hours a day. Something amazing is happening. At the same time, a fountain of water shoots up from the ground for tens of meters. It is shrouded in steam, because the water is not just hot, but boiling. By the name of the place and the phenomenon was named"geyser". It is found near volcanoes and other places on earth, although not very often. There is a geyser in the USA, in New Zealand, in Kamchatka.

When only gases are erupted from the bowels, funnels - maars are formed on the surface. Many of these flat-bottomed funnels are located in Germany. Numerous outlets of mineral and thermal waters are associated with them.Thermal mineral watercomes from almost a kilometer deep and has a temperature of 20-39 degrees at the exit. Minerals rich in minerals have a beneficial effect on healththermal waters. Sources may containbromine, iodine, calcium, iron, fluorine, chlorine, magnesium, sodium and other biologically active and mineral substances.

3. My research. Practical part.

3.1 Experience "Volcano"

Having learned how volcanic eruptions occur in nature, I wanted to get a volcanic eruption at home.In order for magma to come to the surface of the volcano, I needed the following components:

1 teaspoon baking soda

3 tablespoons of citric acid,

2-3 drops of red paint (gouache can also be used),

5 drops of dishwashing liquid

test tube,

water.

Experience description:

In a test tube, mix the dye and a small amount of water.

Add soda and stir.

Add dishwashing liquid and mix again

Add citric acid and mix quickly

Put the vial on the tray

watching

The mixture starts to foam and rise up.

I did it!

3.2 Experience "Erupting Volcano"

For the next experiment, I needed plasticine (for making a volcano) and lava (vinegar, red paint, liquid detergent).

Experience description:

1. I made a volcano from plasticine, in the form of a cone.

2. Prepared lava. I mixed 1/3 cup of vinegar, red paint and a drop of liquid detergent to make the volcano foam better. I took the vinegar very carefully so that it did not get on my hands (body).

3. The volcano was placed on a large tray so that the lava would not spread on the table.

4. I poured 2 tablespoons of soda into the vent.

5. Poured the prepared lava into the volcano.

6. I observe: first a hiss is heard, then a brightly colored foam begins to flow out of the "vent".

And this experience was a success. I liked it more, as it is more spectacular.

3.3 My favorite experience "Model Volcano"

For a practical demonstration of the volcano, I needed:

Earth,

flask,

soda,

dishwashing liquid,

gouache paints (red and yellow),

food vinegar.

And here it is, a volcanic eruption!

Lukina L.I.

http://www.terepec48.ru/obj1.htm

Anastasia Elmurzaeva
Informative- research project on the topic "Volcanoes"

The relevance of the work lies in the author's interest in such natural objects as volcanoes and the emerging problem question: "Why volcanoes erupt how does this phenomenon occur? Knowledge about volcanoes help us to comprehend that on earth and in Russia there are such natural objects as - volcanoes that affect the climate of the earth, on living organisms, on changes in the relief of the earth.

Object of study: Volcanoes

Objective: Find out why erupt volcanoes.

Hypothesis. Volcano erupts on its own, when it wants to.

Research objectives:

1. Find out where in Russia they are volcanoes.

2. Determine what types are volcanoes.

3. Get to know the structure of volcanoes.

4. Create layout volcano.

5. Conduct an experiment "eruption volcano» .

Research methods: study of literature on this topic and online resources, making a model, conducting an experiment, analyzing and comparing the results obtained with the initial hypothesis.

Research novelty: the novelty of the study lies in the fact that I not only received an answer to the question, but also learned Interesting Facts about volcanoes. Together with the teacher created a layout volcano and conducted an experiment simulating an explosion volcano.

Practical significance research: Essence the project is to draw attention to the study of the earth's surface. Project contains natural science information about volcanoes, its structure, types, answers the question why they are the subject of study by scientists, a description of the creation of a model volcano and conducting the experimental part project. With the results of the study, you can familiarize your friends and relatives.

Conclusions about the results of the study.

I found out that volcano is a hole in the earth's crust. At the eruption volcano very hot molten rocks are erupted from the bowels of the Earth to the surface through this hole. I learned that there are a lot of volcanoes of various types: dormant, active and extinct. Operating volcanoes are often active. Sleepers volcanoes– may become effective in the future. Extinct is called volcano whose life has ceased forever. I found out that volcano consists of rocks, magma, a vent and a crater, from where magma comes out, forming lava. The explosion occurs due to the accumulation of gases.

Using junk material created a layout volcano and prepared the mix to make an eruption volcano using baking soda, red gouache, washing liquid and vinegar.

During research activities my hypothesis was not confirmed. Volcano does not explode on its own, when it wants to. I learned that gas pushes magma through vents. volcano during the movement of the earth's crust. Man cannot influence the eruption volcano and stop it.

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