(1103 - 1120). On April 11, in the area of the city of Suten (east of the Dnieper rapids), a battle took place between the army under the command of the Russian princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh and the Polovtsian army under the command of Khan Urusoba. At the beginning of the battle, the Russians surrounded the Polovtsian avant-garde under the command of the hero Altunopa and completely exterminated it. Then, encouraged by their success, they attacked the main Polovtsian forces and inflicted a crushing defeat on them. According to the chronicler, the Russians have never won such a brilliant victory over the Polovtsy. Urusoba and 19 other khans fell in the battle. This victory marked the beginning of the offensive actions of the Russians against the Polovtsians.
The battle of Lipitsa in 1176 - this year the Rostovites and their boyars, knowing about the imminent death of the sick great prince. Vladimir Mikhail (Mikhalka) Yuryevich, sent to Novgorod the Great for the prince who was sitting there. Mstislav Rostislavich. He immediately arrived in Rostov and, having gathered an army, moved to Vladimir, wanting to occupy the city and thereby preventing the election of other applicants for the great table. But the people of Vladimir were already kissing the cross of Mikhalok's brother, Vsevolod the Big Nest, who moved his troops towards Mstislav. From Suzdal, Vsevolod made an attempt to reconcile with Mstislav. He invited everyone to stay in the city that elected him, while Suzdal himself chooses whoever he wants as a prince. Having received a refusal, Vsevolod at Yuryev-Polsky joined with the Pereyaslavites. Meanwhile, Mstislav was already on his way to Vsevolod. The battle took place on June 27 near Yuryev, between the Lipitsa and Gza rivers. Vsevolod utterly defeated the army of Mstislav, who fled to Rostov with great losses.Cards:
Notes
Pereyaslavl-Zalessky- an ancient Russian city on the shores of Lake Pleshcheyevo (now the river center of the Yaroslavl region, Pereslavl-Zalessky). Founded in 1152 by Yuri Dolgoruky as a fortress that covered the Rostov-Suzdal land. In 1175-1302 - the capital of the Principality of Pereyaslavl. Here the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl-Suzdal was compiled. In 1302 he became part of the Moscow principality. It was repeatedly destroyed: in 1238 by the Tatars of Batu Khan, in 1293 by Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Gorodets, in 1382 by Khan Tokhtamysh, in 1408 by Emir Yedigey. The city is adorned with many temples and monasteries. The first temple was founded by the founder of the city (1152) and received the name Spas-Preobrazhensky. In 1585, the tent church of Peter the Metropolitan was built. Goritsky and Danilov monasteries were erected in the 16th century. In the vicinity of the city, earthen ramparts of the town of Kleshchino (XII century) have been preserved.
Dmitrov- Old Russian. city on the river Yakhroma. Mentioned for the first time. Chronicles (c. 1154 in connection with the birth of the Suzd. Prince Yuri Dolgoruky's son Vsevolod the Big Nest, who had the church name of Dimitri, in whose honor Dmitrov was built. In 1180, he was burned by Chernigov. Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodich. Twice ( 1238 and 1293) was burned and devastated by the Tatar-Mongols. In 1272, Dmitrov was owned by Gal.-Dmitrov Prince Davyd Konstantinovich, then his son Boris Davidovich and grandson Dmitry Ivanovich, who was driven from Dmitrov, the inheritance by Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy. XIII - XIV centuries Dmitrov was the center of the prince's appanage of the same name, from the end of the 14th century until his death (1428) it was owned by the son of Dmitry Donskoy - Pyotr Dmitrievich, after which Dmitrov was annexed to Moscow.
Salnitsa (Russian-Polovtsian wars, XI-XIII centuries). A river in the Don steppes, in the area of which on March 26, 1111, a battle took place between the united army of Russian princes under the command of Prince Vladimir Monomakh (up to 30 thousand people) and the Polovtsian army. The outcome of this bloody and desperate, according to the chronicle, battle was decided by the timely strike of the regiments under the command of Princes Vladimir Monomakh and Davyd Svyatoslavich. The Polovtsian cavalry tried to cut off the way home for the Russian army, but suffered a crushing defeat during the battle. According to the legend, heavenly angels helped the Russian soldiers to smash the enemies. The Battle of Salnitsa was the largest Russian victory over the Polovtsians. Never since the campaigns of Svyatoslav (X century) did Russian soldiers go so far into the eastern steppe regions. This victory contributed to the growing popularity of Vladimir Monomakh, the main character of the campaign, the news of which reached "even to Rome."
Domestic policy. Russia in the 10th and early 12th centuries was a feudal state created as a result of the subjugation and conquest of the Slavic tribes, where important role played feudal landownership. The land was owned by princes, boyars, warriors, and after the adoption of Christianity, the church. A population dependent on them was formed - serfs (slaves), purchases, outcasts, ryadovichi, smerds.
The most numerous was the group of free or already addicted - smerds. Free smerds included community members who had a household and the tools necessary for its management. The ruined free producers lost their independence. From their midst, other categories of the dependent population were formed.
The main form of exploitation was rent in kind.
X-XII centuries- this is the heyday of Russian cities. In them, the main population was artisans and merchants. An important role in the life of the city was played by the veche, which was in charge of issues of war and peace, convened the militia, and changed princes. The boyars, the highest hierarchs of the church and the princes were at the top of the pyramid of power. But the power of the prince was not autocratic. It was limited to the will of free communities and the veche system of cities.
Foreign policy. The era of the X-XII centuries. was notable for both frequent wars and the first attempts at legal regulation international relations. The first well-known foreign policy action of the Old Russian state was the sending of an embassy to Constantinople, the capital of Byzantine Empire. In 907 he led (by sea and coast) to the capital of Byzantium a large army. The result of the campaign was the conclusion in 907.911. beneficial for Russia peace treaties. Their texts, reported by chronicle early XII in. — "The Tale of Bygone Years", are the most ancient monuments of ancient Russian diplomacy and law. According to the treaty of 907, Russians who came to Byzantium for trading purposes received a privileged position. Treaty of 911 regulated Russian-Byzantine relations on a wide range of political and legal issues.
In 941 Kyiv Prince Igor marched on Constantinople. The reason, apparently, was the violation of the treaty by the Byzantines. Having suffered a defeat, he united with the Pechenegs and undertook a new campaign in 944. This time it did not come to a battle: a new peace treaty was concluded.
Princess Olga. , the widow of Igor, maintained peaceful relations with Byzantium. In 956 she paid a diplomatic visit to Constantinople and converted to Christianity. The people cherished the memory of this person. There are legends about her as a "wise" and "cunning" ruler. She not only defeated the Drevlyans, but also outwitted the king of Greece himself, who decided to take her as his wife.
Svyatoslav. The foreign policy activity of the son of Igor and Olga was distinguished by unusual activity. He remained a pagan, despite his mother's persuasion to accept Christianity. In 964-965. Svyatoslav conquered the Vyatichi who lived on the Oka, went to the Volga, defeated Volga Bulgaria and fell upon the old enemy of the Eastern Slavs -. The army of the Khazars was defeated, the capital of the state - Itil - was destroyed. Svyatoslav conquered the North Caucasian tribes of Yases (ancestors of the Ossetians) and Kasogs (ancestors of the Adyghes) and laid the foundation for the Russian Tmutarakan principality on the Taman Peninsula (Eastern Sea of Azov).
In 967, Svyatoslav, under an agreement with the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus Phocas, opposed the Bulgarian kingdom, won a victory and entrenched himself on the Danube, from where he began to threaten Byzantium. But I had to fight with the Pechenegs, who, in the absence of the prince, threatened to take Kyiv. However, Svyatoslav was unable to conquer Byzantium. He was forced to conclude an agreement, as a result of which he lost his position in the Balkans. In 972, the troops returned to Kyiv along the Dnieper. At the Dnieper rapids, the Pechenegs, bribed by Byzantine diplomats, ambushed, and Svyatoslav was killed.
Vladimir Saint. at the time of Svyatoslav's death he was Prince of Novgorod. Having eliminated his elder brother Yaropolk, he seized the throne of Kiev in 980 and tried to create an all-Russian pagan pantheon headed by Perun, the god of thunder, who was worshiped by the prince's warriors. This action did not lead to the desired result. Then the prince made an attempt to convert all the inhabitants of Kyiv to Christianity. Mass baptism took place in Russia in 988-990. The spread of the new religion did not always proceed peacefully and was accompanied by bloody clashes. A Russian metropolis was established, subordinate to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. In the most important centers (Novgorod, Polotsk, Chernigov, Rostov) during the X-XI centuries. bishoprics were created. Orthodox clergy appeared in Russia (at first Greek). Liturgical books in the Slavic language were brought from Bulgaria, which spoke of the cultural ties of Russia with its neighbors.
Yaroslav the Wise. continued the work of Vladimir in the Christianization of Russia and the strengthening of feudal relations. Of particular importance during his reign was the creation of a code of laws called "Russian Truth" - the first written source of Russian feudal law. The legal content of Russkaya Pravda can be characterized as the legislative consolidation of the customs that existed in the tribal society. Thus, the principle of blood vengeance for murder, for causing bodily harm, was confirmed. True, only the closest relatives could avenge the murder, and the victim himself could avenge other offenses. As an alternative to blood feud for an offense against a person, fines (virals, sales) were paid in favor of the prince and compensation for harm in favor of the victim (halfing, lesson).
In addition to customs in "Russian Truth" new rules appeared, aimed primarily at protecting private property. The law provided for fines for the theft of a horse, weapons, clothing; demanded compensation for damage to someone else's property. The debtor was obliged to pay off his creditor on time.
"Russian Truth" servants, serfs were considered as property. The owner was responsible for their actions.
"Russian Truth" established an important rule, expressed in the prohibition of unauthorized resolution of disputes and the seizure of disputed property. From now on, all disputes were to be resolved in court by the prince or the court of the community. After the death of Yaroslav began.
Vladimir Monomakh. managed to maintain the unity of the state and limit the desire for independence of some princes (Yaroslav, Gleb). Under him, aggression from the Polovtsians was repelled. In 1116-1118. Vladimir Monomakh organized a large-scale military and political offensive against Byzantium. The result was the strengthening of the influence of Russia on the left bank of the Lower Danube. The son of Monomakh, Mstislav, was the last prince who managed to maintain the unity of Russia. After his death, in 1132, the process of disintegration of the state began.
In the X-XII centuries. Russia strengthened its external ties. Negotiation opportunities were increasingly used along with traditional actions. The adoption of Christianity made it possible to strengthen ties with other states through international marriages. So, Yaroslav the Wise was married to the daughter of the Swedish king. Yaroslav's daughters were married: Anastasia - to King Andrew of Hungary, Elizabeth - to King Harald of Norway, Anna - to King Henry of France. Vsevolod Yaroslavovich was married to the daughter of the emperor of Byzantium. The wife of Mstislav Vladimirovich was the daughter of the King of Sweden Christina. Marriages of Russian princes with the daughters of their closest neighbors, the Polovtsian khans, were also common.
Question.
History- one of the most important humanities in the program high school, the content of which is the study of the process of emergence and development human society, all over the earth. Mastering knowledge on the history of society forms ... feelings, enriches the student's intellect.
History- the process of development of nature and society (on a large scale). Science assumes the reliability of the events described and the objectivity of the ist. personality. The founder is Herodotus, an ancient Greek philosopher (history as a science of discipline).
Fatherland History:
Assimilation of the main laws of the logic and history of the development of Russia;
Understanding the origins of the originality of many processes and the multidimensionality of the development of events;
A holistic and balanced understanding of the historical path traversed by our country from the beginning of the formation of the ancient Russian state to the modern period of time.
Development periods:
Primitive
Middle Ages
New time
East Sources:
Written (laws, treaties, annals, diaries, letters, etc.)
Oral (epics, fairy tales, sayings)
Material (tools, household items, remains of stone structures)
Linguistic (language)
Ethnographic (ceremonies, customs).
Auxiliary ist. Sources:
Genealogy()
Heraldry()
· Diplomacy (documents of diploma character)
Metrology (magnetic measurement)
Onomastics ( geographical names)
Numismatics ( money turnover)
paleography (handwriting)
Sphragistics ()
Chronology (time)
Etymology (origin)
Historiography - history in general. The totality of research th. Dedicated to the definition of th., East. Period using ist. sources and literature
Origin of the Eastern Slavs
The ancestors of the Slavs - the Proto-Slavs - belonged to Indo-European family peoples who inhabited the vast territories of the European continent, stretching from Europe to India, in the 4th-3rd millennia BC.
In the second half of the 1st millennium BC, the ancient Slavs settled the lands from the Elbe and Oder in the West to the Upper Dnieper and Middle Dnieper in the East. During the period of cohabitation, the Slavic tribes spoke the same Proto-Slavic language. However, as they settled, they began to move further and further away from each other, which was especially evident in language and culture.
Somewhat later, the Slavic family was divided into three branches, which served as the basis for three modern nations - Western Slavs (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks), Southern Slavs (Bulgarians, Croats, Serbs, Slovenes, Macedonians, Bosnians, Montenegrins), Eastern Slavs (Russians, Belarusians , Ukrainians).
The resettlement of the Eastern Slavs in antiquity
In the VI-IX centuries, the Eastern Slavs settled in the territory stretching from east to west from the upper reaches of the Don and the Middle Oka to the Carpathians and from south to north from the Middle Dnieper to the Neva and Lake Ladoga. The main occupation of the East Slavic tribes was agriculture. The most influential, according to historians, was the union of the meadows that inhabited the territory of the middle reaches of the Dnieper. The land of glades, according to ancient chronicles, was called "Rus". It is considered to be the core of the ancient Russian state.
The process of gathering the Slavic lands into a single whole took place from north to south around two centers: in the northwest - Novgorod, in the south - Kyiv. As a result, Novgorod-Kievan Rus was formed. Conventionally, the date of this unification is considered to be the reign of Oleg - 882. The two-center system actually remained in the future, despite the fact that Kiev was named the capital.
Formation of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus) was a natural completion of the process of decomposition of the primitive communal system in a dozen Slavic tribal unions. However, primitive communal traditions persisted for a long time in almost all spheres of life of the Eastern Slavs. According to one of the most famous - Norman - the first state of the Eastern Slavs was created under the influence of the Scandinavian ethnic group. This theory, which has been widely popular for a long time, is based on the presence of Varangian combatants in Russia in the 9th-10th centuries and the Varangian origin of the Rurik dynasty.
Question
7th c. in the steppes between the Lower Volga, the Don and the North Caucasus, a strong Khazar state was formed. Slavic tribes in the regions of the Lower Don and Azov fell under his dominion, retaining, however, a certain autonomy. The territory of the Khazar kingdom (kaganate) extended to the Dnieper and the Black Sea. At the beginning of the 8th c. the Arabs inflicted a crushing defeat on the Khazars and through North Caucasus deeply invaded the north, reaching the Don. A large number of Slavs - allies of the Khazars - were taken prisoner. From the north, “Varangians” (Normans, Vikings) penetrate Russian lands. At the beginning of the 8th c. they settle around Yaroslavl, Rostov and Suzdal, establishing control over the territory from Novgorod to Smolensk. Part of the northern colonists penetrate into southern Russia, where they mix with the Rus, taking their name. In Tmutarakan (on the Taman Peninsula) the capital of the Russian-Varangian Khaganate was formed, which ousted the Khazar rulers. In their struggle, the opponents turned to the Emperor of Constantinople for an alliance. In such a difficult situation, the consolidation of the Slavic tribes into political unions took place, which became the embryo of the formation of a single East Slavic statehood. 882, the two largest political centers of the ancient Slavs, Kyiv and Novgorod, united under the rule of Kyiv, forming Old Russian state. From the end of the 9th to the beginning of the 11th century. this state included the territories of other Slavic tribes - the Drevlyans, Severyans, Radimichi, Ulichs, Tivertsy, Vyatichi. In the center of the new state was a tribe of glades. The Old Russian state became a kind of federation of tribes, in its form it was an early feudal monarchy.
Question
The first ancient Russian princes:
Rurik (? -879) - the ancestor of the Rurik dynasty, the first Russian prince. Chronicle sources claim that Rurik was called from the Varangian lands by Novgorod citizens to reign together with his brothers - Sineus and Truvor in 862. After the death of the brothers, he ruled all Novgorod lands. Before his death, he transferred power to his relative - Oleg.
Oleg(?-912) - the second ruler of Russia. He reigned from 879 to 912, first in Novgorod, and then in Kyiv. He is the founder of a single ancient Russian state, created by him in 882 with the capture of Kyiv and the subordination of Smolensk, Lyubech and other cities. After the transfer of the capital to Kyiv, he also subjugated the Drevlyans, Northerners, and Radimichi. One of the first Russian princes undertook a successful campaign against Constantinople and concluded the first trade agreement with Byzantium. He enjoyed great respect and authority among his subjects, who began to call him "prophetic", that is, wise.
Igor(? -945) - the third Russian prince (912-945), the son of Rurik. The main direction of his activity was to protect the country from the raids of the Pechenegs and preserve the unity of the state. Undertook numerous campaigns to expand the possessions of the Kievan state, in particular against the Uglichs. He continued his campaigns against Byzantium. During one of them (941) he failed, during the other (944) he received a ransom from Byzantium and concluded a peace treaty that secured the military-political victories of Russia. Undertook the first successful campaigns of the Rus within the North Caucasus (Khazaria) and Transcaucasia. In 945, he tried twice to collect tribute from the Drevlyans (the procedure for collecting it was not legally fixed), for which he was killed by them.
Olga(c. 890-969) - the wife of Prince Igor, the first female ruler of the Russian state (regent for her son Svyatoslav). Installed in 945-946. the first legislative procedure for collecting tribute from the population of the Kievan state. In 955 (according to other sources, 957) she made a trip to Constantinople, where she secretly adopted Christianity under the name of Helen. In 959, the first of the Russian rulers sent an embassy to Western Europe, to Emperor Otto I. His answer was the direction in 961-962. with missionary purposes to Kyiv, Archbishop Adalbert, who tried to bring to Russia Western Christianity. However, Svyatoslav and his entourage refused to Christianize and Olga was forced to transfer power to her son. IN last years life from political activity was actually removed. Nevertheless, she retained significant influence on her grandson - the future Prince Vladimir the Holy, whom she was able to convince of the need to adopt Christianity.
Svyatoslav(? -972) - the son of Prince Igor and Princess Olga. The ruler of the Old Russian state in 962-972. He had a militant character. He was the initiator and leader of many aggressive campaigns: against the Oka Vyatichi (964-966), the Khazars (964-965), the North Caucasus (965), Danube Bulgaria (968, 969-971), Byzantium (971). He also fought against the Pechenegs (968-969, 972). Under him Russia became the largest power in the Black Sea. Neither the Byzantine rulers nor the Pechenegs, who agreed on joint actions against Svyatoslav, could come to terms with this. During his return from Bulgaria in 972, his army, bloodless in the war with Byzantium, was attacked by the Pechenegs on the Dnieper. Svyatoslav was killed.
Vladimir I Saint(? -1015) - the youngest son of Svyatoslav, who defeated his brothers Yaropolk and Oleg in an internecine struggle after the death of his father. Prince of Novgorod (from 969) and Kyiv (from 980). He conquered the Vyatichi, Radimichi and Yotvingians. He continued his father's struggle with the Pechenegs. Volga Bulgaria, Poland, Byzantium. Under him, defensive lines were built along the rivers Desna, Osetr, Trubezh, Sula, etc. Kyiv was fortified anew and built up with stone buildings for the first time. In 988-990. introduced as state religion Eastern Christianity. Under Vladimir I, the Old Russian state entered the period of its heyday and power. The international prestige of the new Christian power grew. Vladimir was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church and is referred to as Saint. In Russian folklore, he is called Vladimir the Red Sun. He was married to the Byzantine princess Anna.
Svyatoslav II Yaroslavich(1027-1076) - son of Yaroslav the Wise, Prince of Chernigov (since 1054), Grand Duke Kyiv (since 1073). Together with his brother Vsevolod, he defended the southern borders of the country from the Polovtsians. In the year of his death, he adopted a new code of laws, the Izbornik.
Vsevolod I Yaroslavich(1030-1093) - Prince of Pereyaslavl (from 1054), Chernigov (from 1077), Grand Duke of Kyiv (from 1078). Together with the brothers Izyaslav and Svyatoslav, he fought against the Polovtsy, took part in the compilation of the Truth of the Yaroslavichs.
Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich(1050-1113) - grandson of Yaroslav the Wise. Prince of Polotsk (1069-1071), Novgorod (1078-1088), Turov (1088-1093), Grand Duke of Kyiv (1093-1113). He was distinguished by hypocrisy and cruelty both towards his subjects and his inner circle.
Vladimir II Vsevolodovich Monomakh(1053-1125) - Prince of Smolensk (from 1067), Chernigov (from 1078), Pereyaslavl (from 1093), Grand Duke of Kyiv (1113-1125). . Son of Vsevolod I and daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Monomakh. He was called to reign in Kyiv during the popular uprising of 1113, which followed the death of Svyatopolk P. He took measures to limit the arbitrariness of usurers and the administrative apparatus. He managed to achieve the relative unity of Russia and the cessation of strife. He supplemented the codes of laws that existed before him with new articles. He left the "Instruction" to his children, in which he called for strengthening the unity of the Russian state, living in peace and harmony, and avoiding blood feuds
Mstislav I Vladimirovich(1076-1132) - son of Vladimir Monomakh. Grand Duke of Kyiv (1125-1132). From 1088 he ruled in Novgorod, Rostov, Smolensk, etc. He participated in the work of the Lyubech, Vitichev and Dolobsky congresses of Russian princes. He took part in campaigns against the Polovtsians. He led the defense of Russia from its Western neighbors.
Vsevolod P Olgovich(? -1146) - Prince of Chernigov (1127-1139). Grand Duke of Kyiv (1139-1146).
Izyaslav II Mstislavich(c. 1097-1154) - Prince of Vladimir-Volyn (from 1134), Pereyaslavl (from 1143), Grand Duke of Kyiv (from 1146). Grandson of Vladimir Monomakh. Member of feudal strife. A supporter of the independence of the Russian Orthodox Church from the Byzantine Patriarchate.
Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky (90s of the XI century - 1157) - Prince of Suzdal and Grand Duke of Kyiv. Son of Vladimir Monomakh. In 1125 he transferred the capital of the Rostov-Suzdal principality from Rostov to Suzdal. From the beginning of the 30s. fought for southern Pereyaslavl and Kyiv. Considered the founder of Moscow (1147). In 1155 recaptured Kiev. Poisoned by Kievan boyars.
Andrey Yurievich Bogolyubsky (c. 1111-1174) - son of Yuri Dolgoruky. Prince Vladimir-Suzdal (since 1157). Moved the capital of the principality to Vladimir. In 1169 he conquered Kyiv. Killed by the boyars in his residence in the village of Bogolyubovo.
Vsevolod III Yurievich Big Nest(1154-1212) - son of Yuri Dolgoruky. Grand Duke of Vladimir (since 1176). Severely suppressed the boyar opposition, which participated in the conspiracy against Andrei Bogolyubsky. Subdued Kyiv, Chernigov, Ryazan, Novgorod. During his reign, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus reached its peak. Nickname received for a large number of children (12 people).
Roman Mstislavich(? -1205) - Prince of Novgorod (1168-1169), Vladimir-Volyn (from 1170), Galician (from 1199). Son of Mstislav Izyaslavich. He strengthened princely power in Galich and Volhynia, was considered the most powerful ruler of Russia. Killed in the war with Poland.
Yuri Vsevolodovich(1188-1238) - Grand Duke of Vladimir (1212-1216 and 1218-1238). In the course of the internecine struggle for the throne of Vladimir, he was defeated in the Battle of Lipitsa in 1216. and ceded the great reign to his brother Constantine. In 1221 he founded the city of Nizhny Novgorod. He died during the battle with the Mongol-Tatars on the river. City in 1238
Daniel Romanovich(1201-1264) - Prince of Galicia (1211-1212 and from 1238) and Volyn (from 1221), son of Roman Mstislavich. He united the Galician and Volyn lands. Encouragedconstruction of cities (Kholm, Lvov, etc.), crafts and trade. In 1254 he received the title of king from the Pope.
Yaroslav III Vsevolodovich(1191-1246) - son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. He reigned in Pereyaslavl, Galich, Ryazan, Novgorod. In 1236-1238. reigned in Kyiv. From 1238 - Grand Duke of Vladimir Twice traveled to the Golden Horde and Mongolia.
Baptism of Russia or the adoption by Russia (the Russian people) of the Christian religion of the Greek sense occurred during the reign of Kievan Rus, Grand Duke Vladimir I Svyatoslavich (Vladimir the Red Sun, Vladimir the Holy, Vladimir the Great, Vladimir the Baptist) (960-1015, reigning in Kyiv since 978)
After the death of Olga, Svyatoslav planted his eldest son, Yaropolk, in Kyiv and the second, Oleg, among the Drevlyans, the youngest, Vladimir, remained without appointment. Once Novgorod people came to Kyiv to ask for a prince and directly declared to Svyatoslav: "If none of you come to us, we will find a prince on the side." Yaropolk and Oleg did not want to go to Novgorod. Then Dobrynya taught the Novgorodians: "Ask for Vladimir." Dobrynya was Vladimir's uncle, the brother of his mother, Malusha. She served as a housekeeper for the late Princess Olga. Novgorodians said to the prince: "Give us Vladimir." Svyatoslav agreed. So there were three princes in Russia, and Svyatoslav went to the Danube Bulgaria, where he died in battle with the Pechenegs. (Karamzin. History of the Russian State)
Reasons for the baptism of Russia
The desire of Kievan princes to be equal to European monarchs
Striving to strengthen the state: one monarch - one faith
Many noble people of Kiev were already Christians in the Byzantine way
Archeological data confirm the beginning of the spread of Christianity before the official act of the baptism of Russia. From the middle of the 10th century, the first pectoral crosses were found in the burials of the nobility. Princes Askold and Dir, with the boyars and a certain number of people, were baptized, because during the campaign against Constantinople they were frightened by the power of the Patriarch of Constantinople, who, according to legend, lowered the holy relics into the water, and most of fleet immediately sank during a storm that rose at the same second
The desire of Vladimir to marry Princess Anna, the sister of the Emperors of Byzantium, Basil and Constantine
Vladimir was captivated by the beauty of Byzantine temples and rituals
· Vladimir was a Varangian. He cared little for the beliefs of the Russian people
Until the middle of the 10th century, paganism dominated Russia. It was based on the idea of equivalence and eternity of opposite principles (“good” and “evil”). And the world was perceived by them on the basis of these paired concepts. The circle was considered a symbol of protection from evil forces. Hence the appearance of such ornaments as wreaths, chains, rings
Short story baptism of Russia
· 882 - Varangian Oleg becomes prince of Kiev. Takes the title "Great", unites the Slavic lands as part of the state of Kievan Rus
912-945 - reign of Igor, son of Rurik
· 945-969 - reign of Olga, Igor's widow. Strengthening the state, Accepted Christianity under the name of Elena
964-972 - The reign of Svyatoslav, the son of Igor and Olga, the continuation of the construction of the state of Kievan Rus
980-1015 - Reign of Vladimir the Red Sun
980 - Religious reform, the creation of a pantheon of the gods of Slavic paganism (Perun, Khors, Dazhdbog, Stribog, Semargl and Mokosh)
987 - Boyar Council, convened by Vladimir to discuss the adoption new faith
987 - Rebellion of Vardas Phokas the Younger against Emperor Basil II of Byzantium
988 - Vladimir's campaign in the Crimea, the siege of Korsun (Chersonese)
988 - Agreement between Vladimir and Vasily II on providing assistance in suppressing the uprising of Varda Foki and the marriage of Vladimir to Princess Anna
988 - Marriage of Vladimir, baptism of Vladimir, squad and people (some historians indicate the year of baptism 987)
· 989 - The Russian detachment defeated the army of Varda Foki. Capture and annexation of Chersonese (Korsun) to Russia
The baptism of Russia was not always voluntary and the process of Christianization of the country dragged on for a long time. Many annals have preserved meager information about the forced baptism of Russia. Novgorod actively resisted the introduction of Christianity: he was baptized in 990. In Rostov and Murom, resistance to the introduction of Christianity continued until the 12th century. Polotsk was baptized around 1000
The consequences of the baptism of Russia
The Baptism of Russia had a significant impact on the fate of Christianity: its split into Orthodoxy and Catholicism
Baptism contributed to the acceptance of Russians into the family of European peoples, the flourishing of culture in Kievan Rus
Kievan Rus became a fully centralized state
Russia, and then Russia, turned into one of the religious centers of the world along with Rome
Orthodox Church became the backbone of power
The Orthodox Church performed functions that united the people during the period of unrest, fragmentation, the Mongol-Tatar yoke
The Orthodox Church has become a symbol of the Russian people, its cementing force.
Kievan Rus 9th-12th centuries The first Russian princes
The formation of the state among the Eastern Slavs was a natural result of the decomposition of the primitive system and the emergence of new feudal relations. The ubiquitous distribution of the territorial community, the presence of private property and individual labor based on it, the separation of the property elite from the community, the concentration of power in the hands of the tribal nobility - these are the main prerequisites for the formation of the early feudal state and the emergence of classes.
Apparently, the role of the catalyst that contributed to the creation public education on the territory of Russia, people from Scandinavia played - the Varangians (Normans). Having appeared in Novgorod initially as a mercenary squad of the local prince, they were then able to seize power. Norman theory. It was formed by the German scientists Schlozer, Bayer, Miller, invited by the government of Anna Ioannovna in the 18th century.
According to them, at the end of the 9th c. The Varangian princes Rurik, Sineus and Truvor were invited to the throne of Kyiv. Schiller wrote that before their coming, the Slavs did not know any arts, but lived like birds and animals that filled their forests.
During that period, the Slavs were subjected to constant raids by nomads. Prince Oleg conquered Kyiv, having killed Rurik, expanded the Russian borders, conquering the Drevlyans, Northerners, Radimichi.
Prince Igor conquered Kyiv and became famous for his campaigns in Byzantium. Killed by the Drevlyans while collecting tribute. After him, his wife Olga ruled, who cruelly avenged her husband's death.
Then the throne of Kyiv was occupied by Svyatoslav, who devoted his whole life to campaigns. (I'm going to you).
Prince Yaropolk was conquered by Vladimir (Saint). He converted to Christianity and baptized Russia in 988.
Prince Yaroslav the Wise expelled Yaropolk the Accursed, fought with his brother Mstislav, established family ties with many European countries.
Further famous Vladimir Monomakh, Yuri Dolgoruky.
Kievan Rus in the XI-XII centuries
The adoption of Christianity, with its manifold consequences, represents in the history of Kievan Rus the boundary that separates the most ancient epoch from the so-called appanage veche epoch. Studying the pre-Christian period, we come to the conclusion that there was no autocracy at that time; Russia was divided several times into principalities (after Svyatoslav, St. Vladimir). During the life of the prince-father, the sons sat as governors in the main cities and paid tribute to their father. After the death of the father, the land was divided into parts according to the number of sons, and only a political accident led to the fact that the autocracy was eventually restored. Brothers, fighting over inheritance, usually exterminated each other. After such a struggle between the sons of St. Vladimir, Russia was divided into two parts: Mstislav ruled on the left side of the Dnieper, and Yaroslav ruled on the right. After the death of Mstislav, Yaroslav owned all the land; dying (1054), he divided the land in this way: to his eldest son, Izyaslav, he gave Kyiv and Novgorod, that is, the two ends of the trade route (it is obvious that Izyaslav was the richest, most powerful prince), the second son, Svyatoslav, - Chernigov, the third, Vsevolod, - Pereyaslavl (near Kyiv), the fourth, Vyacheslav, - Smolensk, the fifth, Igor, - Vladimir-Volynsky; but Yaroslav also had a grandson from his eldest son, Vladimir Yaroslavich, the valiant Rostislav, about whom there were many legends - Yaroslav did not give him anything.
Then Rostislav himself rushed to Tmutarakan, captured it and left it behind him. Yaroslav ordered Izyaslav to be honored as the oldest, but Izyaslav failed to maintain his authority, and turned against himself the people of Kiev, who expelled him. Returning then to Kyiv, Izyaslav was expelled from there a second time by his brothers; he fled to the west; Svyatoslav occupied the Kyiv table and reigned there until his death. Then Kyiv again passes to Izyaslav, and Chernigov at this time goes to Vsevolod. After the death of Izyaslav, Vsevolod took the throne of Kyiv, and Vsevolod gave the second city - Chernigov - to his eldest son Vladimir. He completely deleted the children of Svyatoslav from the common heritage, as outcasts who did not have the right to the grand prince's throne, for their father could not have become a grand prince if he had observed seniority and had not driven his older brother from the throne, who outlived him. In 1093 Vsevolod died, leaving behind his son Vladimir, nicknamed Monomakh after his maternal grandfather. Vladimir would not have encountered obstacles from the people of Kiev if he had wanted to take his father's throne, but, not wanting new strife and respecting tribal seniority, Monomakh gives the Kyiv table to the eldest of his cousins, Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, who, as the eldest in the family, had grand prince's table all right. This prince, however, did not know how to keep calm in the Russian land and therefore did not enjoy popular favor; during his reign, the Svyatoslavichs, recognized as outcasts by their uncles Izyaslav and Vsevolod, began to seek political full rights and claimed the Chernigov table occupied by Monomakh. After long troubles, the Liubech congress of 1097 restored the rights of the Svyatoslavichs to Chernigov, and at the same time the congress divided all the Russian volosts among the princes on the basis of justice. But justice was soon trampled on by its main guardian, Svyatopolk, who, together with David Igorevich, committed a certain violence against Vasilko. This violence led to new strife, for the termination of which a new congress was appointed. In 1100, in the city of Uvetichi, or Vitichev, Svyatopolk, Monomakh and Svyatoslavich entered into an alliance between themselves to restore peace in Russia.
When the Vitichevsky congress established order in internal affairs, then it became possible to think about external affairs - about the fight against the Polovtsy. Vladimir and Svyatopolk gathered on the shores of Lake Dolobskoe (1103) and decided to move together against the Polovtsy. These congresses - Lyubechsky, Vitichevsky and Dolobsky - show us that in important controversial issues, the princes - the grandchildren of Yaroslav - resort to congresses as highest institution having the right to a peremptory decision. The events that caused them testify that Russia during the reign of Svyatopolk did not enjoy calmness and that the Grand Duke himself was often the violator of this calmness. It is understandable why, after the death of Svyatopolk (1113), even the chronicler, always ready to praise the late prince, keeps complete silence about him.
After the death of the unloved prince, the people of Kiev send Vladimir Monomakh to the grand-ducal throne, but Monomakh, not wanting to violate the once recognized rights of the Svyatoslavichs, renounces the grand duchy. However, the people of Kiev, who did not like the Svyatoslavichs, did not accept either the Svyatoslavichs or the refusal of Monomakh and sent a new embassy to him with the same proposal, threatening indignation if he persisted, and then Vladimir was forced to agree and accept Kyiv. Thus the will of the citizens violated the rights of seniority, passing them into the hands of the most worthy besides the oldest. However, this violation of seniority, although forced, should have caused new strife, and if during the life of the strong and beloved Monomakh, the Svyatoslavichs had to harbor their hatred for the unwitting thief of their rights, they passed this hatred on to their children; it was she who caused the bloody strife between the offspring of Svyatoslav and the offspring of Vsevolod, but these strife occurred much later. The descendants of Svyatoslav of Chernigov did not interfere with the fact that after the death of Monomakh (1125) his son Mstislav took the Kyiv throne. And it was not easy to challenge the Grand Duke's table with him: the Svyatoslavichs, according to the then concepts, lost their rights to Kyiv, because they did not oppose the occupation of the Kiev table by Monomakh; in this way they lowered their family before the Monomakh family and lost not only in the present, but also in the future, any right to the grand prince's table. On the part of the Chernigov princes, there was also no resumption of claims to Kyiv even when (in 1132) Mstislav died and seniority passed into the hands of his brother, Yaropolk Vladimirovich, which was in full agreement with the desire of the people of Kiev, who did not want anyone but Monomakhovichi. Chernihiv princes they could not protest, for they were powerless as long as peace reigned in the Monomakh family. In the reign of Yaropolk, however, this peace was broken. Before his death, Mstislav ordered his brother and successor Yaropolk to give Pereyaslavl to his eldest son, Vsevolod Mstislavich. Having ascended the throne, Yaropolk hurried to fulfill his brother's death wish, but this caused displeasure on the part of Monomakh's younger sons, Yuri of Rostov and Andrei of Vladimir-Volyn. Having learned about the transfer of their nephew to Pereyaslavl, they considered this a step towards seniority apart from them (the princes of Kievan Rus of the 11th-12th centuries had a ladder climb from the table of less importance to the table of more importance, and so on to Kyiv) and hastened to expel Vsevolod from Pereyaslavl. Then Yaropolk installed the second Mstislavich there - Izyaslav, who reigned in Polotsk. But even this order did not calm the younger princes: in every nephew who sat in Pereyaslavl, they saw the heir to seniority, the future prince of Kiev. To calm the brothers, Yaropolk also brought Izyaslav out of Pereyaslavl and sent his brother, Vyacheslav, but he soon left this region himself, and it was ceded to Yuri Rostov.
The enmity between uncles and nephews in the offspring of Monomakh was not slow to take advantage of the Svyatoslavichs and decided to lay their claim to the great reign. Circumstances were favorable for the Svyatoslavichs: Yaropolk Vladimirovich died in 1139 and his brother, Vyacheslav, a spineless and incapable man, took his place. The Svyatoslavichs in the person of Vsevolod Olgovich took advantage of such insignificance of the Grand Duke; he approached Kiev; Vyacheslav could not resist and left for Turov, and Vsevolod took his place. It is quite understandable why the Monomakhovichi allowed Svyatoslav's grandson to take the senior table - the Monomakh line at that time had no head, all the senior Monomakhovichi (Vyacheslav, Yuri, Andrey) were weak, not energetic people, and the only enterprising person who could protect the interests of his kind was the eldest son of the eldest Monomakhovich was Izyaslav Mstislavich Vladimiro-Volynsky, but he was at enmity with the older members of the clan and therefore did not stand up for the rights of his uncle Vyacheslav. This was also facilitated by the fact that the elder sister Izyaslav was married to Prince Vsevolod Olgovich, and according to the concepts of that time, the elder son-in-law was revered as a father.
In 1144, Vsevolod Olgovich, in the presence of the Olgoviches, Davidoviches and one Monomakhovich - Izyaslav Mstislavich - announced that the act of Monomakh and his son Mstislav, who, not paying attention to the family of Svyatoslav, gave Kyiv one - to his son, the other - to his brother, gives him the right to transfer seniority to his brother Igor in addition to the Monomakhoviches. From all those present, an oath was required to recognize Igor Olgovich on the Kiev table. The same oath was taken from Kiev citizens in 1146, but this oath was soon broken. As soon as Igor sat down on the table, the people of Kiev sent an embassy to invite Izyaslav Mstislavich to the Kyiv table. The latter immediately moved to Kiev, announcing that he tolerated Vsevolod on the senior table, as the husband of his elder sister, but that he would not tolerate other Olgovichi on the Kiev table. The people of Kiev went over to his side. Igor was taken prisoner and died, and Izyaslav took the Grand Duke's table.
In the person of Izyaslav, the Monomakh family again triumphed over the Svyatoslav family. But the unauthorized seizure of the Kiev table by Izyaslav armed against him two senior Monomakhoviches, his two uncles - Vyacheslav, who once sat in Kyiv, but was expelled by Vsevolod Olgovich, and Yuri, Prince of Rostov. Yuri, dissatisfied with the fact that seniority went to his nephew, and not his brother, began a fight with Izyaslav and won. Izyaslav retired to Vladimir-Volynsky, and Yuriy began to reign in Kyiv. But he did not long retain the Kyiv table; Izyaslav managed to expel him and regain Kyiv, and in order to protect himself from accusations of illegal seizure of the throne, he invited his elder uncle, Vyacheslav, to Kyiv, who, content with honor, gave all power to his nephew. But Yuri did not leave his claims to Kyiv, despite the fact that Izyaslav arranged the matter quite legally, took advantage of the first convenient minute and approached Kiev. Izyaslav and Vyacheslav left the city, and Yuri took possession of it for the second time, but again not for long. Kiev citizens loved Izyaslav and at his first appearance went over to his side. Yuri again left Kyiv, and Izyaslav, true to his former intention, began to reign in the name of Vyacheslav. In 1154 Izyaslav died; the elderly Vyacheslav summoned his other nephew, Rostislav of Smolensk, and the people of Kiev swore allegiance to him, concluding, however, an agreement that he would honor his uncle Vyacheslav, as his late brother did. After the death of Vyacheslav, the people of Kiev accepted Izyaslav Davidovich, the representative of the Svyatoslavichs, but here Yuri enters again, and the throne passes to him for the third time.
In 1157, Yuri dies, and the people of Kiev, who did not like this prince, although he was Monomakhovich, again call Izyaslav Davidovich to the Kyiv table, but one of the younger Monomakhovichs, Mstislav Izyaslavich of Vladimir-Volynsky, fearing that the Kyiv table will leave the hands of the Monomakhovichs, expelled Izyaslav from Kyiv and installed his uncle Rostislav there, and after his death in 1168 he himself took the grand throne. At the same time, the contender for seniority is Yuri's son Andrei, whom Mstislav bypassed, just as his father Izyaslav had bypassed his uncle Yuri. The same relationship caused the same consequences - stubborn enmity. The victory in this struggle remained on the side of Andrei; in 1169 Kyiv was taken, and Mstislav retired to his Volyn region. Kyiv was robbed and burned, and the winner himself did not stay in it, but went to the north ...
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He opened a period of cruel princely strife.
After Yaroslav, the eldest of his living sons became the Grand Duke, Izyaslav Yaroslavich(1054 - 1078). The first turmoil began the outcast prince Rostislav Vladimirovich, his father was also the son of Yaroslav, and older than Izyaslav, but he died during Yaroslav's life. Rostislav, dissatisfied with his Vladimir-Volyn region, recruited a squad and captured Tmutarakan in the Crimea, but here he was poisoned by the Greeks. However, he still had sons Volodar and Vasilko. Polovtsian nomads who appeared at that time in southern steppes, defeated the combined forces of the Russian princes. The Kievans wanted to fight the Polovtsy a second time, but Izyaslav opposed this, and then Izyaslav was expelled from Kyiv (1068). With the help of the Polish king, Izyaslav again occupied Kyiv (1069), but soon quarreled with his brothers, was expelled by them and fled to Western Europe. The Grand Duke's throne was occupied not by right (1073) by his brother, Svyatoslav of Chernigov, who followed him. Only after the death of Svyatoslav, Izyaslav returned to Kyiv again.
Izyaslav died (1078) in the fight against Oleg Svyatoslavich and Boris Vyacheslavich, who, in alliance with the Polovtsy, rebelled against him and his brother Vsevolod, since the uncles did not want to give volosts to their nephews. Izyaslav was succeeded in Kyiv by a weak Vsevolod Yaroslavich(1078-1093), whose reign was very restless, since the younger princes were arguing for destinies, and the Polovtsy attacked Russian land. Only with the help of his famous son Vladimir Monomakh Vsevolod could stay on the throne until his death. We know about Vsevolod from the teaching of his son Monomakh, that he was very fond of education and knew 5 languages; in general, love for education was hereditary in Yaroslav's family.
Vsevolod was succeeded by seniority (Igor and Vyacheslav Yaroslavich died in the first years of Izyaslav's reign) weak and indecisive, but power-hungry Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich (1093 - 1113). Under him, Oleg Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsy devastated the Russian land several times, wanting to regain his father's city of Chernigov.
To end the civil strife, the princes gathered for a general council in Lyubech (1097), where they put everyone to own what his father owned: Svyatopolk - Kiev, Monomakh - Pereyaslavl, Svyatoslavichs (Oleg, David and Yaroslav) - Chernigov-Seversky and Muromo- Ryazan lands. The outcast princes David Igorevich and the Rostislavichs Volodar and Vasilko were given the Vladimir-Volyn land, divided into 2 parts - Volyn, which David inherited, and Chervonnaya Rus, which the Rostislavichs received. “Why are we destroying the Russian land,” said the princes at the congress, “raising a quarrel against ourselves? We will live better in unanimity and will not let the Polovtsy smash the Russian land, ”and at the same time they sealed the peace treaty with a kiss of the cross.
Russia in the 11th - early 12th century
The consent of the princes, however, did not last long. Shortly after the congress, David Igorevich, dissatisfied with the inheritance and afraid of the warlike Rostislavichs, especially Vasilko, brave and enterprising, captured the latter with the consent of Svyatopolk and blinded him. There were new strife, which ended with the second congress of princes - in Vitichev (1100), at which they punished David, taking Vladimir Volynsky from him. The Polovtsy, taking advantage of the continuous strife of the princes, repeatedly ravaged the Russian land. Vladimir Monomakh, after the cessation of unrest, convinced the princes to unite and go to the Polovtsians. 2 trips were made. During the second of them, the princes, having delved into the Polovtsian lands, defeated the Polovtsians on their heads at the Sala River, which flows into the Don (1111). Complete victory over the Polovtsy, the constant enemies of Russia in the depths of their steppes, made a strong impression in the Russian land, since after Svyatoslav Igorevich, whose campaigns few remembered, not one of the princes went so far to the east. It is clear what fame he gained main character this campaign - Monomakh. For a long time there was a legend about "how he drank the Don with a golden helmet, how he drove the accursed Agarites behind the iron gates."
After the death of Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125) became Grand Duke. Under this strong and intelligent ruler, the strife in Russia temporarily ceased. You can read about him in the articles on our site Vladimir Monomakh - a short biography, Vladimir Monomakh - a historical portrait.
Monomakh and his whole family acquired such a disposition of the people that after the death of Vladimir, his eldest son Mstislav occupied Kyiv, although he was not the eldest in the house of Rurik. Mstislav ruled the Russian land (1125 - 1132) like his father and kept in obedience to the specific princes. The House of Monomakh at that time owned Kyiv, Novgorod, Smolensk, Pereyaslavl, Turov, Volyn, Rostov and Suzdal. In addition, Mstislav also took possession of the principality of Polotsk and gave it to his son Izyaslav, and sent the Polotsk princes as exiles to Greece. Thus, the house of Monomakh was stronger than all other Rurikovichs in terms of its possessions. During Mstislav, he was strong and fraternal unanimity of all its members.
Mstislav was succeeded in Kyiv by his brother Yaropolk (1132 - 1139), during which dissensions occurred between the Monomakhoviches - the nephews wanted to be older than their uncle and inherit the Kiev reign. The Olgovichi, the sons of Oleg Svyatoslavich, took advantage of these strife and began a struggle with the Monomakhovichi for seniority. The Polotsk princes also took advantage of these strife and again occupied the Polotsk principality.
After the death of Yaropolk, Vsevolod, the eldest of the Olgoviches, became the Grand Duke, having expelled Vyacheslav Vladimirovich from Kyiv (1139 - 1146). His brother Igor wanted to succeed Vsevolod, but the people of Kiev, who did not like the Olgoviches and were tied to the house of Monomakh, called Izyaslav II Mstislavich (1146 - 1154), and Igor was killed. Izyaslav occupied Kyiv in addition to his elder uncles Vyacheslav and Yuri, but he didn’t think much about which side was right: “not the place goes to the head,” he said, “but the head to the place.”
Against Izyaslav, his uncle Yuri Dolgoruky armed himself for violating seniority; there was a stubborn struggle for Kyiv, in which other Russian princes, as well as Hungarians and Polovtsy, took part. Twice expelled from Kyiv by Yuri, but not wanting to yield to him, Izyaslav gave Kyiv to his elder, but incapable uncle Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (1151 - 1154), and ruled Kiev under his name until his death. After Izyaslav II, Yuri Dolgoruky finally occupied Kyiv and owned it until his death (1157).
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