The mushroom season is in full swing, both in terms of the variety of mushrooms and their quantity. Today we will give advice to beginner mushroom pickers. The timing of the collection of certain mushrooms in a region with a sharply continental climate, like Buryatia, is very approximate. Depending on the weather, mushrooms can appear either earlier than average, or much later.
The popular belief that a harsh and snowy winter leads to a good harvest of mushrooms and nuts was not justified in all regions of the republic. The abnormally hot last summer led to a drought, but experienced mushroom pickers still make observations and identify mushroom places.
However, there is a popular sign: strawberries, blueberries, raspberries ripen in the forest, in three weeks we have to wait for the appearance of mushrooms. Less milk mushrooms are expected this year in Buryatia, as a popular sign says: how much rain - so many milk mushrooms. This summer has not spoiled us with rain. But this does not mean the abolition of the golden pore - the harvesting of mushrooms.
— If you live in Ulan-Ude, the best thing is to go mushroom picking with an overnight stay in the village or take a tent with you. Because the most best time for picking mushrooms - six o'clock in the morning, in extreme cases, seven, because morning mushrooms are stored longer, - advises an experienced mushroom picker, pensioner Anna Grigorieva. - And mushrooms heated by the sun quickly deteriorate, become covered with mucus and emit an unpleasant odor. You can't recycle them.
According to popular belief, it is best to go on a “quiet hunt” after a warm evening rain. In the morning, you will clearly see the veracity of the saying "We crawled out like mushrooms after the rain." The best container for mushrooms is a wicker basket. Buckets, backpacks and especially plastic bags are not suitable.
In them, the mushrooms “burn out” without access to air, crumble, crumple and, as a result, quickly deteriorate. In addition to a knife, prepare or find a small stick with a forked end. So it is more convenient to push grass, dry leaves, needles and even branches.
If you don't know, don't take
If you are going mushroom picking for the first time, still ask yourself to be fellow travelers to experienced mushroom lovers.
The main advice for those who are not well versed in mushrooms is not to grab everything in a row. If you don't know exactly what kind of mushroom, don't take it.
Health is more expensive. And in no case do not take already rotten mushrooms. Removing the rotten part of the problem will not solve it. Do not take overripe and soft mushrooms, as well as wormy ones. Only young mushrooms with sufficiently dense pulp are suitable for food.
“A wormy or overripe mushroom can also do a good job if you don’t throw it on the ground just to rot. Hang it on a tree branch. When the mushroom dries, the wind will spread its spores and “seed” new places, ”advises Anna Semyonovna.
Contrary to popular belief, there are no only poisonous and edible mushrooms. Even some edible mushrooms contain bitter or even poisonous substances. You have to be able to take them out. Such mushrooms are called "conditionally edible." These include the thin pig, the pink wave, and some types of russula. They should be boiled for seven to ten minutes, pour out the broth, and rinse the mushrooms in running water.
— If you see that an edible mushroom is heavily saturated with water, do not take it. It means that it has outgrown or is damaged and poisons can form in it, warns an experienced mycelium.
And yet it is necessary to distinguish between poisonous and simply inedible mushrooms. Inedible mushrooms are not poisonous, they just smell bad. Therefore, they are easy to recognize: gall fungus, false chanterelle, inedible boletus, mouse row, earthy, fibrous and some others. It's not worth tasting them though.
As for the poisonous ones, you can find drawings of all these mushrooms on the Internet. If everyone knows what a fly agaric looks like, then not everyone distinguishes a pale grebe, false mushrooms (sulphur-yellow and brick red), poisonous gray entoloma.
— Especially often, inexperienced mushroom pickers collect full baskets of false mushrooms. After all, it is very easy to collect them, false mushrooms grow large groups. Remember, the real mushroom is the one that has a skirt around the leg and a brown-yellow hat, the false mushrooms have bright yellow, reddish or gray-green, says Anna Semyonovna. - In real mushrooms, the plates are light brown, often covered with rusty spots, in false ones they are grayish-green or smoky-black.
There are other "doubles": pale toadstool looks like champignon or russula, gall fungus looks like white, pepper mushroom - like a flywheel. Even the people's favorite boletus can be confused with a bitter sheep mushroom. Only in the lamb the lower surface of the hat is rusty red, and in the butter dish it is light yellow.
However, if this is too difficult for you, choose the easiest way - collect only mushrooms and milk mushrooms. They have no resemblance to poisonous and inedible mushrooms. And in terms of nutritional value, mushrooms and milk mushrooms, along with white fungus, belong to the highest category of mushrooms.
Buryatia mushroom
Anna Semyonovna traveled all over Buryatia in her long life and believes that we have the most mushroom places. You just need to know where to look for them.
— If you do not want to travel far from Ulan-Ude, you can drive to the nearest Ivolginsky villages. Previously, my husband and I used to get to Kalenovo on a motorcycle for milk mushrooms and saffron mushrooms,” recalls Anna Semyonovna, “we always stopped on the way to Baikal. There are good mushroom places along the Khorinsky highway. And recently we went to Arshan in the Oka for treatment. That's where the grace is! You can leave the house and pick mushrooms in the yard.
In general, according to her, mushrooms grow in every region of Buryatia. You just need to know that milk mushrooms can be found in any forest: birch, coniferous and mixed. But the saffron loves spruce, pine, fir and cedar more. Especially for lovers of mushrooms, the author of these lines will reveal the secret where the most delicious and bright mushrooms grow in Buryatia.
Near the small village of Zandin, Mukhorshibirsky district, almost in the heart of the Tugnui valley, there is a small coniferous forest. I have never seen such bright orange and tasty mushrooms anywhere else as in Zandine.
Dear our mushroom pickers-readers! You can also tell everyone about the "mushroom" pantries of our republic and help us map the natural pantries of Buryatia.
think about the future
Now about how to pick mushrooms directly. Some say that it is impossible to tear the moss and break out the legs along with the mycelium, otherwise the torn naked mycelium will dry out and die. Although, if you unscrew the mushroom with a stem, and cover the mycelium with earth, there is a chance to save the future mushroom place.
Most often, it is advised to carefully cut the mushroom with a knife at the base, be sure to leave part of the leg in the ground. So the mushroom place is preserved for a longer time. And in the future you will be able to come here more than once for a mushroom catch. After cutting the mushroom, immediately check if it is wormy. What to do with worms, we wrote above.
“Cutting off mushrooms with a knife is also more convenient because the mushrooms are less contaminated later. Before putting the mushroom in the basket, clean it of the remnants of earth and dirt. Remove the mucous skin from the caps immediately, on the spot. Otherwise, the mucus will stain the rest of the mushrooms.
Lay the collected mushrooms like this: hard and large down, and soft or fragile upstairs and caps down. So they break and crumble less and are better preserved. No need to try to score a bigger basket. Two and a half kilograms is enough so that the mushrooms do not crush each other, Anna Semenovna advises.
The Zandans also have their own secret of collecting - they take a clean cloth with them and immediately wipe the cut mushrooms with it.
"Forest Meat"
In composition, mushrooms are close to meat, and therefore they are sometimes called "forest meat". In my own way chemical composition they are close to vegetables, and are similar in amino acid to animal products. But in terms of shelf life, mushrooms cannot be compared even with meat. Therefore, process the mushrooms as soon as you return home.
While the mushrooms are fresh, you need to thoroughly clean, cut for drying, salt, marinate, stew or fry to your taste. But if there is no time for this, you can put the peeled and chopped fresh mushrooms in the refrigerator. Just remember to cook them the next time you take them out of the fridge.
“Mushrooms are a very heavy food, so you should not eat more than 200 g of fresh or 100 g of salted or 20 g of dried mushrooms at a time,” nutritionist Igor Kondratyev warns.
The deadline for picking mushrooms can be determined by when the leaves begin to fall. Mushrooms of this pore are called deciduous.
stay alive
You can often hear that a poisonous mushroom can be tested at home. Like, a spoon or a head of garlic will turn black.
“Don't believe it, it's a myth,” says nutritionist Kondratiev. - In general, of all types of food, mushrooms are the most unpredictable. I would compare their gathering and cooking to Lost. Firstly, cases of loss of lost mushroom pickers are not uncommon. Secondly, there are more cases of mushroom poisoning just in the fall.
Thirdly, the habit of eating vodka with mushrooms does not lead to anything good. Alcoholic drinks contribute to the rapid absorption of fungal poisons into the body.
Attention! Be aware of the signs of mushroom poisoning. For poisoning with a pale grebe, even a quarter of its hat is enough. Signs of poisoning appear after 8 - 12 hours: severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, continuous vomiting, headache, intense thirst, cold sweat.
With these signs, urgently call a doctor, and before his arrival, it is necessary to rinse the stomach with water or a weak solution of potassium permanganate, it is also a good idea to try to induce vomiting. After that, you need to resort to the help of laxatives (for example, castor oil) and make cleansing enemas.
Physical geography of continents and oceans
OCEANS
PACIFIC OCEAN
Features of the organic world of the Pacific Ocean
In the waters of the Pacific Ocean is concentrated more than half of the living matter of the entire oceans Earth. This applies to both plants and animals. The organic world as a whole is distinguished by species richness, antiquity, and a high degree of endemism.
The fauna, numbering up to 100 thousand species in general, is characterized by mammals living mainly in temperate and high latitudes. A representative of toothed whales, the sperm whale, has a massive distribution, and several species of striped whales from toothless whales. Their fishing is strictly limited. Separate genera of the eared seal family (sea lions) and fur seals are found in the south and north of the ocean. Northern fur seals are valuable fur-bearing animals, the trade of which is strictly controlled. In the northern waters of the Pacific Ocean, there are also very rare sea lions (from eared seals) and walrus, which has a circumpolar range, but is now on the verge of extinction.
very rich fauna fish. In tropical waters, there are at least 2000 species, in the northwestern seas - about 800 species. The Pacific Ocean accounts for almost half of the world's fish catch. The main fishing areas are the northern and central parts of the ocean. The main commercial families are salmon, herring, cod, anchovies, etc.
The predominant mass of living organisms inhabiting the Pacific Ocean (as well as other parts of the World Ocean) falls on invertebrates that live at different levels of ocean waters and at the bottom of shallow waters: these are protozoa, coelenterates, arthropods (crabs, shrimps), molluscs (oysters, squids, octopuses), echinoderms, etc. They serve as food for mammals, fish, sea birds, but also constitute an essential component of marine fisheries and are objects of aquaculture.
The Pacific Ocean, due to its high temperatures surface water in tropical latitudes, especially rich in various species corals, including those with a calcareous skeleton. In no other ocean is there such an abundance and variety of coral structures of various types as in the Pacific.
basis plankton are unicellular representatives of the animal and flora. There are almost 380 species in the phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean.
The greatest wealth of the organic world is characteristic of areas where the so-called upwelling(raising to the surface of deep waters rich in minerals) or mixing of waters with different temperatures occurs, which creates favorable conditions for the nutrition and development of phyto- and zooplankton, which feed on fish and other animals of the nekton. In the Pacific, upwelling areas are concentrated along the coasts of Peru and in divergence zones in subtropical latitudes, where there are areas of intensive fishing and other trades.
Against the background of normal, annually recurring conditions, the Pacific Ocean is characterized by disruptive event circulation and hydrological processes and not observed in other parts of the oceans. It manifests itself at intervals of 3 to 7 years and entails a violation of the usual environmental conditions within the intertropical space of the Pacific Ocean, affecting the life of living organisms, including the population of the coastal regions of the land. It consists in the following: at the end of November or in December, i.e. shortly before Christmas (why the phenomenon received the popular name " El Niño”, which means “Holy Child”), for reasons not yet understood, there is a weakening of the south trade wind and, consequently, a weakening of the South Trade Wind and the influx of relatively cold waters to the shores of South America and to the west of it. At the same time, winds usually unusual for these latitudes begin to blow from the northwest towards the southern hemisphere, carrying relatively warm waters to the southeast, intensifying the Equatorial countercurrent. This disrupts the upwelling phenomenon both in the zone of intratropical divergence and off the coast of South America, which, in turn, leads to plankton death, and then the fish and other animals that feed on it.
El Niño phenomenon regularly observed from the second half of XIX centuries. It has been established that in many cases it was accompanied by a violation of environmental conditions not only in the ocean, but also on vast areas of adjacent land: an anomalous increase in precipitation in the arid regions of South America and, conversely, droughts in the island and coastal regions of Southeast Asia and Australia. The consequences of El Niño in 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 are considered especially severe, when this unfavorable phenomenon lasted for several months.
- Pacific Ocean
- Ocean floor, mid-ocean ridges and transition zones
- Features of the organic world
Answer:
Pacific Ocean- the largest in area, the deepest and most ancient of the oceans. Its main features are great depths, frequent movements earth's crust, many volcanoes at the bottom, a huge supply of heat in its waters, an exceptional diversity of the organic world. Geographical position ocean. The Pacific Ocean, also called the Great Ocean, occupies 1/3 of the surface of the planet and almost 1/2 of the area of the World Ocean. It is located on both sides of the equator and 180° meridian. This ocean separates and simultaneously connects the coasts of five continents. The Pacific Ocean is especially wide near the equator, so it is the warmest on the surface. In the east of the ocean coastline poorly dissected, several peninsulas and bays stand out. In the west, the coasts are strongly indented. There are many seas here. Among them there are shelf ones, located on the continental shelf, with depths of no more than 100 m. Some seas lie in the zone of interaction of lithospheric plates. They are deep and separated from the ocean by island arcs. From the history of ocean exploration. Many peoples inhabiting the Pacific shores and islands from ancient times made voyages on the ocean, mastered its riches. The beginning of the penetration of Europeans into the Pacific Ocean coincided with the era of the Great geographical discoveries. The ships of F. Magellan for several months of navigation crossed a huge body of water from east to west. All this time, the sea was surprisingly calm, which gave Magellan reason to call it the Pacific Ocean. Much information about the nature of the ocean was obtained during the voyages of J. Cook. A great contribution to the study of the ocean and its islands was made by Russian expeditions led by I. F. Kruzenshtern, M. P. Lazarev, V. M. Golovnin, and Yu. F. Lisyanskii. In the same 19th century complex studies were carried out by S. O. Makarov on the ship "Vityaz". Regular scientific voyages since 1949 were made by Soviet expeditionary ships. A special international organization is engaged in the study of the Pacific Ocean.
Features of nature. The relief of the ocean floor is complex. The continental shelf (shelf) is well developed only off the coast of Asia and Australia. Continental slopes are steep, often stepped. Large uplifts and ridges divide the ocean floor into basins. Near America is the East Pacific Rise, which is part of the system of mid-ocean ridges. At the bottom of the ocean there are more than 10 thousand individual seamounts, mostly of volcanic origin.
The lithospheric plate, on which the Pacific Ocean lies, interacts with other plates at its boundaries. The edges of the Pacific Plate plunge into a tight space of trenches that encircle the ocean. These movements give rise to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Here lies the famous "Ring of Fire" of the planet and the deepest Mariana Trench(11022 m). The climate of the ocean is varied. The Pacific Ocean is located in all climatic zones, except for the northern polar one. Above its vast expanses, the air is saturated with moisture. Up to 2000 mm of precipitation falls in the equator region. The Pacific is protected from the cold Arctic Ocean by land and underwater ridges, so its northern part is warmer than the southern. The Pacific Ocean is the most restless and formidable among the oceans of the planet. Trade winds blow in its central parts. In the western - monsoons are developed. In winter, a cold and dry monsoon comes from the mainland, which has a significant impact on the climate of the ocean; some of the seas are covered with ice. Often over western part devastating tropical hurricanes - typhoons ("typhoon" means "strong wind") sweep through the ocean. In temperate latitudes, storms rage throughout the cold half of the year. Westerly transport of air prevails here. The highest waves up to 30 m high were noted in the north and south of the Pacific Ocean. Hurricanes raise entire water mountains in it. The properties of water masses are determined by the characteristics of the climate. Due to the large extent of the ocean from north to south, the average annual water temperature on the surface varies from -1 to +29°C. In general, precipitation in the ocean prevails over evaporation, so the salinity of surface waters in it is somewhat lower than in other oceans. The currents in the Pacific Ocean are consistent with their general scheme in the World Ocean, which you already know. Since the Pacific Ocean is strongly elongated from west to east, it is dominated by latitudinal water flows. Both in the northern and southern parts of the ocean, ring-shaped movements of surface waters are formed. The organic world of the Pacific Ocean is distinguished by an extraordinary richness and diversity of plant and animal species. Half of the total mass of living organisms of the oceans lives in it. This feature of the ocean is explained by its size, diversity natural conditions and age. Life is especially rich in tropical and equatorial latitudes near coral reefs. There are many salmon fish in the northern part of the ocean. In the southeast of the ocean near the coast of South America, huge accumulations of fish are formed. The water masses here are very fertile, they develop a lot of plant and animal plankton, which feed on anchovies (herring-like fish up to 16 cm long), horse mackerel, mackerel and other fish species. Birds eat a lot of fish here: cormorants, pelicans, penguins. Whales, fur seals, sea beavers live in the ocean (these pinnipeds live only in the Pacific Ocean). There are also many invertebrates - corals, sea urchins, shellfish (octopus, squid). The largest mollusk lives here - tridacna, weighing up to 250 kg. In the Pacific Ocean there are all natural belts, except for the north polar one. Each of them has its own characteristics. The northern subpolar belt occupies a small part of the Bering and Okhotsk seas. The temperature of the water masses here is low (down to -1°C). In these seas, there is an active mixing of waters, and therefore they are rich in fish (pollock, flounder, herring). There are a lot of salmon fish and crabs in the Sea of Okhotsk. Vast territories cover the northern temperate zone. It is strongly influenced by westerly winds, storms are frequent here. In the west of this belt lies the Sea of Japan - one of the richest in diverse species of organisms. In the equatorial belt at the boundaries of currents, where the rise of deep waters to the surface increases and their biological productivity increases, many fish live (sharks, tuna, sailboats, etc.). In the southern tropical Pacific off the coast of Australia is a unique natural complex Great Barrier Reef. This is the largest "mountain range" on Earth created by living organisms. It is comparable in size to Ural ridge. Under the protection of islands and reefs in warm waters, coral colonies develop in the form of bushes and trees, columns, castles, bouquets of flowers, mushrooms; corals are light green, yellow, red, blue, purple. Many mollusks, echinoderms, crustaceans, and various fish live here. Types of economic activity in the ocean. More than 50 coastal countries are located on the shores and islands of the Pacific Ocean, in which approximately half of humanity lives.
Rice. 43. The relief of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. What are the structural features of the bottom topography?
Usage natural resources ocean began in antiquity. Several centers of navigation arose here - in China, in Oceania, in South America, in the Aleutian Islands. The Pacific is playing important role in the lives of many nations. Half of the world's fish catch comes from this ocean (see Figure 26). In addition to fish, various shellfish, crabs, shrimp, and krill make up part of the catch. In Japan, algae and mollusks are grown on the seabed. In some countries, salt and other chemicals are extracted from sea water and desalinated. Metal placers are being developed on the shelf. Oil is being produced off the coast of California and Australia. Ferromanganese ores have been found at the bottom of the ocean. Important sea routes pass through the greatest ocean of our planet, the length of these routes is very large. Navigation is well developed, mainly along the coasts of the mainland. Human economic activity in the Pacific Ocean has led to the pollution of its waters, to the depletion of certain types of biological wealth. Yes, to late XVIII in. mammals were exterminated - sea cows (a type of pinnipeds), discovered by one of the participants in the expedition of V. Bering. On the verge of extinction at the beginning of the 20th century. there were seals, the number of whales decreased. Currently, their fishery is limited. A great danger in the ocean is water pollution by oil, some heavy metals and waste from the nuclear industry. Harmful substances are carried by currents throughout the ocean. Even off the coast of Antarctica, these substances have been found in the composition of marine organisms.
The largest and oldest of all oceans. Its area is 178.6 million km2. It can freely accommodate all the continents and combined, which is why it is sometimes called the Great. The name "Quiet" is associated with the name of F., who committed trip around the world and sailed across the Pacific Ocean under favorable conditions.
This ocean is really great: it occupies 1/3 of the surface of the entire planet and almost 1/2 of the area. The ocean has an oval shape, especially it is wide.
The peoples inhabiting the Pacific shores and islands have long sailed the ocean and mastered its riches. Information about the ocean was accumulated as a result of the voyages of F. Magellan, J.. The beginning of its wide study was laid in the 19th century by the first round-the-world Russian expedition of I.F. . At present, a special department has been set up for the study of the Pacific Ocean. Behind last years new data on its nature have been obtained, the depth has been determined, the currents, the topography of the bottom, and the ocean are being studied.
The southern part of the ocean from the shores of the Tuamotu Islands to the shores is an area of calm, and stable. It is for this calmness and silence that Magellan and his companions called the Pacific Ocean. But west of the Tuamotu Islands, the picture changes dramatically. Calm weather is rare here, usually stormy winds blow, often turning into. These are the so-called southern squalls, especially fierce in December. Tropical cyclones are less frequent but more severe. They arrive in early autumn from , at the northern tip they turn into warm westerly winds.
The tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean are clean, transparent and have an average salinity. Their deep dark blue color amazed observers. But sometimes the waters get here green color. This is due to the development of marine life. In the equatorial part of the ocean, favorable weather conditions. The temperature above the sea is around 25°C and almost does not change throughout the year. Moderate winds blow here. At times there is complete silence. The sky is clear, the nights are very dark. The equilibrium is especially stable in the zone of islands. In the belt of calm, strong, but short-lived showers are frequent, mostly in the afternoon. Hurricanes are extremely rare here.
The warm waters of the ocean contribute to the work of corals, of which there are many. The Great Reef stretches along the eastern coast of Australia. This is the largest "ridge" created by organisms.
The western part of the ocean is under the influence of monsoons with their sudden vagaries. Terrible hurricanes arise here and. They are especially fierce in the northern hemisphere between 5 and 30 °. Typhoons are frequent from July to October, in August there are up to four in a month. They originate in the area of the Caroline and Mariana Islands and then "make raids" on the shores, and. Since in the west of the tropical part of the ocean it is hot and rainy, the islands of Fiji, New Hebrides, New are not without reason considered one of the most unhealthy places on the globe.
The northern regions of the ocean are similar to the southern ones, only as if in a mirror image: the circular rotation of the waters, but if in the southern part it is against, then in the northern part it is clockwise; unsettled weather in the west where typhoons move north; cross currents: Northern Equatorial and Southern Equatorial; there is little floating ice in the north of the ocean, since the Bering Strait is very narrow and protects the Pacific Ocean from the influence of the Arctic Ocean. This distinguishes the north of the ocean from its south.
The Pacific Ocean is the deepest. Its average depth is 3980 meters, and the maximum reaches 11022 m. The coast of the ocean is in a seismic zone, as it is a border and a place of interaction with others. lithospheric plates. This interaction is accompanied by ground and underwater and.
Bottom relief: East Pacific Rise, Northeast, Northwest, Central, East, South and other basins, deep-sea trenches: Aleutian, Kurile-, Mariana, Philippine, Peruvian and others.
Inhabitants: a large number of unicellular and multicellular microorganisms; fish (pollock, herring, salmon, cod, sea bass, beluga, chum salmon, pink salmon, sockeye salmon, cinnamon and many others); seals, seals; crabs, shrimps, oysters, squids, octopuses.
: 30-36.5‰.
Currents: warm -, North Pacific, Alaska, South Tradewind, East Australian; cold - California, Kuril, Peruvian, for the Western winds.
Additional Information: The Pacific Ocean is the largest in the world; for the first time he crossed it in 1519, the ocean was called "Pacific", because in all three months of travel they did not fall into a single storm; The Pacific Ocean is usually divided into northern and southern regions, the border of which runs along the equator line.
There is a truly unique geographical object of the planet Earth in the world - it is the Pacific Ocean. Like the mainland of Eurasia, it can be called the largest, most populated, and so on. In 1513, it was first discovered by the Spanish conquistador de Balboa for Europeans. The ocean then bore the name "South Sea".
After seven years, another Spaniard Ferdinand Magellan, a famous navigator, sailed here. He managed to cross the Pacific Ocean from Tierra del Fuego to the Philippine Islands directly in just four months. During the trip, the weather was calm and calm, without storms and storms, so the explorer called the ocean "Pacific".
Some scientific experts wished to call it "Great", based on its incredible size. But this name has not received recognition and any support. Until 1917 at all Russian maps this geographical object was referred to as the "Eastern Ocean" or "Pacific Sea". This name was given to him by Russian explorers who first reached the ocean.
Features of geographical parameters
This ocean is considered the largest ocean of our entire planet. More than 178,000,000 km² is the area of the water table. And this is equal to 49% of the total area of the oceans directly. This geographical feature washes almost all the continents of the Earth, except for Africa. The width of the ocean in the equatorial region is 20 thousand kilometers. If we take into account its length from north to south, then it is located from the Arctic waters right up to the coast of Antarctica
More than ten thousand islands are located in the Pacific Ocean. All of them have a different size and origin. The largest number of them is located in the central and western parts.
25 seas and three huge bays stand out in this ocean. In the western region of the ocean, the largest number of seas. Among all, the following marginal seas can be distinguished:
Beringovo;
East China;
Japanese;
Okhotsk;
It is also worth highlighting the seas of the Indonesian islands:
Javanese;
Sulawesi;
Moluccan.
In the Pacific Ocean itself, there are seas, such as:
coral;
Philippine;
New Guinea;
Amundsen;
Tasmanovo;
Bellingshausen;
Features of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean
From the point of view of the structure of the ocean, three main parts can be distinguished:
Shelf or continental margin;
transition zone.
Only 10% of the total area of the Pacific Ocean belongs to the shelf zone. In the east, it is practically absent. The Mariana Trench is 11,000 meters deep and is the deepest in the world.
A continuous ring around the Pacific Ocean forms a transition zone. 65% of the bottom area is on the ocean floor. Many underwater ridges cross it. Such ridges create basins on the ocean floor directly along the entire perimeter. An extensive area of tectonic faults is located in the transition zone. They formed the Pacific Ring of Fire, a seismically active zone.
Water properties
The ocean is well warmed up due to its length in equatorial latitudes. It is considered the warmest ocean in the country. 34.7 ‰ - salinity of the water of the Pacific Ocean.
Also characteristic a complex system various ocean currents, which was formed with the help of vast expanses and the influence of the continents. The biggest contradictions are: Kuroshio, Intertrade, Northern Tradewind, Peruvian, Southern Tradewind.
The waters of the Pacific Ocean are densely populated. This geographical feature is called the "ocean of giants and endemics". The depths of the ocean are little explored by specialists.
Due to the properties of water, plankton are quite productive. It is an excellent food base for marine mammals and fish. Tropical latitudes are characterized by colonies coral polyps. Such formations form systems of coral islands and reefs.
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