Forms of organization of communicative activity. Forms of organizing work on the formation of communication skills in extracurricular activities

Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Communication is one of the most controversial processes in the field of organizational behavior.

In practice, effective communications are necessary condition for the successful achievement of the goals facing the organization, but they are one of the most important problems of modern management, because often form the basis of most of the complexities facing the organization.

In their daily work, each person, that is, an employee or manager, necessarily interacts with other participants in the labor process. Accordingly, the work itself has a collective character.

Therefore, in the control work a special place is occupied by questions of special psychology of management. Among such issues there are such as the socio-psychological climate in the organization and the communication processes taking place in the organization.

The relevance of this topic is due to the fact that employees of organizations are in dire need of information about the events taking place in the company and around it. In turn, depending on how the process of information exchange takes place, the socio-psychological climate in the organization also depends. Accordingly, what will be the socio-psychological climate in the organization, such will be the result of the company's activities. Therefore, this topic will always be one of the main ones.

expressive - manifestations of excitement, experiences.

Based on the relevance of the topic, the goal and objectives are formulated control work.

The purpose of the study is to study the basic rules of the communicative activity of the organization.

.Consider the concepts: communication, mass communication, managerial communication

.To reveal the components and forms of communicative activity

.Describe the communication network and its types.

Thus, the topic of the test: "Communicative behavior in management."

Basic rules of communicative activity of the organization

The communicative subsystem is a relatively independent element of the control system, which is:

a set of information, information flows as a means of ensuring consistency in management;

a set of connections, diverse interactions and managerial relations in the management system.

The term "communication" (from communicare - I make it general, message, transmission) in the semantic aspect social interaction- this is the exchange of thoughts, information, ideas, the transfer of one or another content from one consciousness (collective or individual) to another by means of signs fixed on material carriers.

Communication is a social process that reflects social structure and performing a binding function in it.

Mass communication - the systematic dissemination of messages (through print, radio, television, cinema, sound recording, video recording) among large, dispersed audiences in order to assert spiritual values ​​and exert an ideological, political, economic or organizational impact on people's assessments, opinions and behavior. In the system of mass communication, communication in management is of particular importance.

Management communications are a set of information links between the subjects of management activity vertically, horizontally (internal environment) and with the external social environment.

The concept of "communication" has a double meaning:

firstly, it fixes the statics of interaction, for example, an act, a written document, carrying information, performing the functions: informative, emotive (induces emotions, motivation for interaction), including a legal act that performs a managerial function (encourages legal relations) and through this establishes and maintains actual contacts.

secondly, it captures the dynamics, the process of interaction, contacts, relationships.

One of the most important conditions for effective behavior management is communication.

As stated in the educational and special literature, communication should be understood as the communication of people in the process of their joint activities. This is the exchange of information, thoughts, feelings and ideas. Without communications, no organized system can exist. It is communication that ensures effective relationships between people.

There are two aspects of communication, the first is informational, and the second is personal.

Much of what we see in an organization is the communicative activity that is needed to build rapport.

Communication is the transmission and understanding of a message.

In organizations, communication performs the functions of control, motivation, emotional expression of feelings, and provision of information.

Communicative communication is effective if the meaning embedded in the message has reached the recipient and is correctly understood or decoded by him. The process can stop here or continue through feedback. Most members of the organization participate in the communication process several times a day, being both the sender and the recipient.

The communication process can be carried out in ascending, descending and horizontal directions.

Upward communication links are used primarily for the purpose of informing, as well as ways of influencing and persuading. Descending are used in management, instructing, and also for the purpose of informing.

Horizontal communication links are used primarily as ways of influence and persuasion, and they are also necessary when integrating various forces, processes, skills, etc.

Communicative activity is a very complex phenomenon, which has the following components:

perceptual - perception of each other;

informative - the transfer and understanding of information;

interactive - organization of interaction - human behavior through the use of various forms of influence: suggestion, persuasion, requests, orders, etc.;

expressive - manifestations of excitement \ I, experiences.

There are two forms of communicative activity: indirect (mediated - telephone, fax, letter) and contact.

The contact form involves the following types of communication activities in the organization:

-formal communication;

-primitive communication;

-business conversation;

-spiritual communication;

-manipulative communication;

-secular communication.

Each type of communication involves communication tactics and communication techniques. Communication tactics is the implementation of a specific communication strategy, and communication technique is a set of specific communication skills.

The choice of tactics and communication techniques depends on the knowledge of the structure of communicative activity.

The main components of communicative activity are:

the subject of communication is a communication partner;

the need for communication - consists in the desire of a person to know and evaluate other people, and through them and with their help to self-knowledge and self-esteem;

communicative motives - for the sake of what, communication is undertaken;

the action of communication is a unit of communicative activity, i.e. a holistic act;

communication tasks - this is the goal for which the communication process is performed;

means of communication are those operations with the help of which the action of communication is carried out;

the product of communication is the formation of a material and spiritual nature.

Communicative activity has a static and dynamic feature.

Allocate a static feature of communicative activity is:

distance - means mutual attraction of partners, status, intensity of interaction;

orientation - it can be carried out in various ways: “face to face”, “side”, “back”, etc.;

postures - may contain information about tension or relaxation;

physical contact - can touch each other.

The dynamic feature of communicative activity is determined by facial expressions, gestures and views.

Communication in an organization is complex system interactions with the organizational environment.

Relationships that develop as a result of interaction form a multi-channel communication network.

A communication network is a connection in a certain way participating in communication activities. The goals of the communication network are:

.ensuring effective information exchange;

.improvement interpersonal relationships in the process of information exchange;

.creation of information channels;

.regulation and rationalization of information flows.

The networks created are:

vertical: top - down (setting goals and objectives) and bottom - up (feedback);

horizontal (exchange of opinions) and diagonal (obtaining additional information).

They are divided into centralized and decentralized and are characterized by speed, accuracy, stability.

To reduce possible noise in the organization, it is advisable to have a minimum number of communication channels in the communication network.

The main types of communication networks are: sequential, fan, circular.

The table shows the characteristics of established communication networks.

Table 1

Characteristics of established communication networks

Sequential Fan Circular Speed ​​Good Good Slow Accuracy Good Good Good Good communicative information personal

The effectiveness of communication activities depends on the way in which the communication impact is built, i.e. a certain style, which is understood as a set of techniques, methods and manners of behavior in relation to another person in order to influence him.

Style is an expression of one's behavior regardless of the situation and should be open and adequate.

Openness means opening ourselves to others in order to receive feedback from the other and how others understand us.

Appropriateness is the degree to which people share their thoughts and feelings with others. The literature describes the following communication styles, the knowledge of which allows you to determine the interaction strategy.

The communicative style is the individual features of interaction, which expresses the features of communication capabilities, the prevailing character of a person.

Each act of communicative activity is determined by:

1.subjects - the initiator and to whom the communication is addressed;

2.norms;

goals;

Situation.

It is very important to understand that effective communication activities are hindered by various kinds of barriers, called communication barriers.

Conclusion

The socio-psychological climate of the team is defined as a mental state that integratively reflects the characteristics of its life. The socio-psychological climate is the emotional atmosphere that develops in the work team, comfortable or uncomfortable for its members.

The state of the psychological climate in the work collective is influenced by the general situation in society, the nature of social relations. The features of this sphere of labor activity, the features of the management processes implemented in it, the features of relations with other labor collectives, etc. also have an impact. Another important group of factors that form the psychological climate are group phenomena and processes occurring in the work collective.

These factors include the nature of official organizational relations between members of the labor collective, fixed in the formal structure of this unit. Big influence the socio-psychological climate is influenced by its informal organizational structure. Informal contacts at work and outside of it, cooperation and mutual assistance form a more comfortable climate than unfriendly relations expressed in quarrels and conflicts.

In management psychology, there is such a thing as communication, which generally characterizes all of the above factors.

Communication is central to the life of an organization and has a huge impact on individuals and groups.

Communication is the transfer of information from one person to another, one of the ways an individual brings ideas, facts, thoughts, feelings and values ​​to other people. The goal of communication is to get the recipient to accurately understand the message being sent. Always involved in communications at least, two persons - the sender and the recipient.

From this, a two-way communication process is formed, which is the way in which the sender's message reaches the recipient. This process, regardless of whether the interlocutors are talking, whether people are exchanging gestures or communicating by e-mail, always includes eight steps: the birth of an idea, encoding, transmission, receiving, decoding the message, receiving the message, using the information, providing feedback.

Communications in an organization are classified into the following types:

By subjects and means of communication - interpersonal communications and communications using technical means, information technologies.

By the form of communication - verbal and non-verbal communications;

Through communication channels - formal and informal;

On an organizational basis (by the spatial arrangement of channels): vertical, horizontal and diagonal;

According to the direction of communication: descending and ascending communications.

When a message is received, its understanding may be limited by a number of obstacles or barriers.

Barriers are communicative obstacles, obstacles, any interference in the communication process in any of its sections, distorting the meaning of the message.

The following types of barriers are distinguished: personal, physical, semantic, linguistic, organizational, cultural, temporal barriers, differences in status, communicative overload, unwillingness to share information.

As a result, it can be noted that effective communications contribute to an increase in the performance of the organization and the level of satisfaction of employees with work, the formation of a sense of ownership in the work of the company, and ensure the implementation of all the main management functions - planning, organization, leadership and control.

List of used literature

1.Antonov V.G., Bobyleva N.V. Organizational behavior in tables and diagrams / Under the scientific editorship of D.E. n. G.R. Latfullina, D.E. n. HE. Gromovoi - M.: Iris-press, 2012 - 288 p.

2.Kochetkova A.I. Introduction to organizational behavior. - M.: Gardariki, 2011 - 512 p.

3.Krasovsky Yu.D. Organizational Behavior: Proc. allowance for universities. M., Gardariki, 2009 - 511 p.

.Lutens F. Organizational behavior. - M.: UNITI, 2009 - 490 p.

.Mashkov V.N. Psychology of management: Tutorial 2nd edition. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house Mikhailova V.A., 2012 - 254 p.

.Milner B.Z. Organization Theory: Textbook. - 3rd ed. reab. and additional - M.: INFRA-M, 2008 - 551 p.

7.Newstrom JV, Davis K. Organizational Behavior / Translated from English. Ed. Yu.N. Kapturevsky - St. Petersburg: - Publishing house "Piter", 2010. - 448 p.

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Extracurricular activities develops the communication skills of students, their mental abilities, talents, inclinations of children, broadens their horizons, brings up high moral qualities in them. Therefore, extracurricular activities are the most effective means of developing communication skills, as well as the easiest and most appropriate age characteristics junior schoolchildren activity. Also, it should be noted that the effectiveness of the process of forming communication skills depends on the teacher's choice of appropriate forms of work with younger students.

When organizing circle work, many teachers can use such forms of work as pair, group, individual. In the process of interaction, the student opens up, which allows you to see him personal qualities how they develop, change and form. Working in pairs will help develop the following skills: hear each other, i.e. understand what they hear; reckon with the opinion of the partner, respect his opinion; defend your point of view. The children learn to negotiate, speech develops, vocabulary is enriched.

Under the new educational standards on the basis of the school, through extracurricular activities, it is possible to create conditions for children in which they themselves, through play, discussions and exercises, discover patterns and features of relationships, communication and behavior in the world of people, and also develop important qualities and skills for this.

When organizing circle work, various forms of conducting classes are also relevant, these can be logical games, business games, holding debates on familiar and interesting topics for students.

Extracurricular work should not be built only on the principle of entertainment, but it is desirable that it be accompanied by colorfulness and emotionality. success extracurricular work promotes clear planning, organization, and conduct of games, as one of the forms of organizing work on the formation of communication skills in extracurricular activities.

The game- the most accessible type of activity for children, a way of processing impressions received from the outside world. The game clearly manifests the features of the child's thinking and imagination, his emotionality, activity, and the developing need for communication. While playing, children learn to apply their knowledge and skills in practice, to use them in different conditions.

business game- this is a form of work organization, which involves the training of joint activities, the skills of cooperation and building communication. When conducting circle classes, you can use such business games as "Journey to the world of professions", "Look into yourself", "The Earth is our common home" (Appendix No. 5).

Debate - This is a formal method of conducting a dispute, in which

parties interact with each other, presenting certain points of view, in order to convince a third party. This form of organization of work contributes to the development creativity schoolchildren, forms communication skills, expanding their horizons, developing common culture, intellectual development and the formation of positive motivation for cognitive activity. When conducting a debate, it is necessary to know the special rules for conducting a discussion, deciding on the winning side, as well as the procedure for conducting it.

Conducting debates is an effective means of teaching students the ability to clearly and logically formulate their position, to find convincing facts and arguments in their support. This form of work also develops a sense of confidence in one's ability to influence public opinion or change policies. Moreover, unlike other intellectual, creative and business games, "Debates" give equal, and most importantly, real opportunities each participant to develop leadership skills learn to look at problems from different angles

points of view, to argue their position, to speak in public. You can use the following debate topics to conduct in the classroom in extracurricular activities, "Computer games - good or evil?", "Is porridge useful?" (Appendix No. 6).

TOPIC: TYPOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION

TO QUESTION 3: TYPES AND LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES

Three subjects can act as communicants and recipients:

individual personality ( And),

social group ( G) (people who recognize themselves as "we"),

mass collection ( M) (random community).

Subjects can interact with each other: I-I, Y-Y, M-M- or among themselves: I-G, I-M, G-M etc. (a total of 9 types of communication), in addition, it should be borne in mind that communication actions can be carried out in the form of imitation, dialogue or control. At the same time, it is important to remember that dialogue is possible only between equal partners, i.e. between subjects of the same level (between different levels, imitation or control is possible).

By quality of activity, focus subject highlight the following kinds communication activities:

an active subject And – microcommunication,

· G– midicommunication,

· M – macrocommunication.

By quality object communication activities, we can talk about various levels communications:

· And– interpersonal communication,

· G– group,

· M - mass.

For the most complete representation of the types of communication, one should take into account quasi-communication when the communicant addresses an imaginary subject and gains a sense of dialogue with him. This also includes the phenomenon fetishization, the essence of which lies in the fact that people begin to endow things with properties that are not physically characteristic of them; the cult of the created personality, the idol becomes an omniscient and omnipotent quasi-communication partner.

TO QUESTION 5: FORMS OF COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES

The ratio of these types and levels of communication activity makes it possible to single out a whole group forms communications.

Microcommunication. The most significant type of communication activity for each individual, since it is the individual personality that acts as the active subject of communication. Microcommunication content on interpersonal level is represented by the following forms of communication activity ( I p / d / y - And):

· sample copy- mastering the forms of behavior, skills, external attributes of the chosen role model,

· conversation(friendly or business) - exchange of opinions, ideas, arguments, proposals between interlocutors ,

· team- instructions to the subordinate for their implementation.

On the group level ( I p / y - G):

· reference- imitation, but not of an individual, but of a social group with which a person wants to identify himself;

· team management- management, organization, group leadership.

On the mass level ( I p / y - M):

· socialization- development by a person of norms, beliefs, ideals generally accepted in a given society;

MIDI communication. The active subject of communication in this type of communication is a group. Communication models are presented only as G-G and G-M.

On the group level communication activity in midicommunication is represented by the following forms (G p / d / y - G):

· fashion- imitation-based transmission in the social space of material forms, patterns of behavior and ideas that are emotionally attractive to social groups (a product of neoculture, not typical for paleoculture);

· negotiation- a way to resolve conflicts and reach agreements between social groups;

· group hierarchy- a clear regulation of contacts between groups (managers - workers in large institutions, command staff - soldiers in the army, etc.).

On the mass level (G p / y - M):

· environmental adaptation– relevant for national diasporas living among foreigners; for non-believers, etc.;

· leadership of society- carried out by creative groups that generate worldview meanings that determine the spiritual life of society. Technically equipped, specialized institutions act as a communicant, and mass audiences act as a recipient.

The last form of communication during the development of society has undergone and is undergoing changes depending on what is at the center of the spiritual life of society.

Archeoculture was characterized mythocentrism, which was guarded by the priests.

Paleoculture - religiocentrism, in line with which were philosophy, literature, art, education.

Western European neoculture since the 17th century. developed under the auspices of secular knowledge, led by philosophy. In the 19th century she gradually moved to science-centrism- the spiritual climate of society was determined by physicists, economists, political scientists.

In Russia, neo-cultural modernization began with reform activities Peter I, continued by Catherine II. The main military-political and economic power Russian society 18th century It was nobility(the golden age begun by N.M. Karamzin and completed by M.Yu. Lermontov). During this period, a kind of "two-center" developed: one ideological center - Orthodox Church(Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality), the other was in Western Europe (the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau; the liberalism of Madame de Stael; the utopian socialism of A. Saint-Simon and C. Fourier). However, since Pushkin's time in the spiritual life of Russia, the center has become fiction that was not known Western Europe. Therefore, the second half of the XX century. - epoch literary centrism. Soviet time- domination politicocentrism(communist ideology, only managerial monologue, mobilization of all communication resources for the implementation of propaganda goals).

Macrocommunication. Macrocommunication forms can only be represented at the level of mass communication MM:

· borrowing achievements(MpM) - the baptism of Russia; imitation of Europe during the period of Peter's reforms; Westernism, reforms of Alexander II;

· interaction of cultures(MdM) - informational aggression of the period Soviet Union, otherwise - the confrontational dialogue of the Cold War period

· information aggression(MuM) - Westernism and Slavophilism (40s of the 19th century); the end of the Cold War, the defeat of the USSR in the virtual space of information wars.

The forms of communication activity presented above can have different content: serve to strengthen cooperation, consensus between the participants in communication, and can express conflict relations, conflict of views, distrust.

The most "peaceful" form is imitation, "militant" - management as communication violence. In connection with the latter, it should be noted that in modern democratic states is becoming widespread manipulative management that replaces conflictogenic command coercion with soft psychological technologies that create the recipient's illusion of freedom of choice and cooperation with the communicant (advertising, public relations, image-making).

Dialogical communication in our more corresponds to the socio-psychological nature of people. Dialogue, forming the essence of "WE", creates the basis for a joint creative activity, for friendly communication, for the disclosure and development of the personal potential of partners.

At the level of microcommunication, dialogue becomes a form of effective business cooperation, which does not negate fundamental disputes and differences of opinion.

At the level of midicommunication, dialogic cooperation is possible between different social groups, including dialogue with the authorities, which also does not cancel rivalry and polemical discussions between opponents.

In order to achieve national consensus, a macro-communication dialogue between peoples and states is of decisive importance.

Since communication is carried out in various forms and through various channels, it provides for various types of communicative activities: speaking, listening, reading, writing, etc. Communication is a two-way process, and therefore actions on the part of the sender and recipient of information are synchronized, being a kind of mirror image each other. So, speaking is always paired with listening, and gestures and facial expressions are paired with their visual perception. These patterns are universal both for communication within one culture and for MC. The specificity of MC can manifest itself in a different distribution of types of communicative activities between a native speaker and a non-native speaker as a result of a different level of cultural and language competence. For example, a communicator with poor command of the language is likely to speak less than his interlocutor who is a native speaker. A person with a low level of language competence often has to resort to facial expressions and gestures, etc. This pattern is one of the manifestations of asymmetry in MC.

MK context

The information that forms the basis of communication does not exist in isolation, but in a macro- and micro context, against the background of a certain picture of the world, which is formed throughout the life of an individual. The term “context” itself is used in MK theory in two ways. This duality, in particular, is well reflected in the works of E. Hall. From his point of view, the concept of context is associated with two completely different, albeit interconnected, processes, one of which is carried out inside the human body, and the other outside it. Interior the context includes the past experience of the communicant, programmed in his mind and structure nervous system. Under external context, in turn, implies the physical environment, as well as other information implicitly contained in the communicative interaction, including the nature of interpersonal relationships between communicants and the social circumstances of communication (Damen 1987: 77 - 79).

Based on this point of view, then the whole set of presuppositions and background knowledge, value attitudes, cultural identity and individual characteristics of a linguistic personality acts as an internal context. This can also include the mood (humorous, serious, friendly, etc.) with which the communicant enters into communication and which, in the terminology of R. L. Weaver II, constitutes the “psychological context of communication”: (Weaver II 1993: 22 – 23).

In concept external context includes place (local context), time (chronological context), sphere and conditions of communication that determine its nature. For MC, an important circumstance is on “whose” territory (own, foreign or neutral) the communication takes place. Geographical position determines the varieties of culture that make up the background of the communicative process. At the same time, the state can be considered as a macrocontext, and the specific place where communication is carried out as a microcontext. In this case, a number of steps will be visible between the concepts of micro- and macrocontext: state - region - city / village - specific location of communicants (for example, street, school or office). The local context will influence a number of parameters of intercultural communication and determine its specificity. A communicant who is on his own territory feels more comfortable than a foreigner and is better oriented in the space of his own culture. In the capitals, intercultural differences are leveled to a greater extent than in the outback, where ethnic traditions are preserved and there are various forms of manifestation of provincialism. The nature of communication in the workplace and at home will differ in the degree of deepening into everyday culture and the influence of personal factors.

The temporal context, that is, the chronological period to which a particular communicative situation belongs, also influences its outcome. In different periods of time, relations between states and their international authority develop in different ways, which, in turn, determines the nature of self-identification of MC participants, their sense of completeness/inferiority, attitude towards a communication partner and other manifestations of the dynamic nature of MC.

From a chronological point of view, communication can be simultaneous and multi-temporal. At the same time, simultaneity is a relative concept, due to the linearity of communication. However, simultaneous communication can be considered in person and on the phone, as well as on the Internet in on-line mode. There is a small gap between sending and receiving e-mail, a larger gap between sending and receiving a regular letter. There is also communication across years and epochs using literary works, monuments, paintings, etc. Due to the non-simultaneous development of different cultures, there is a discrepancy between them in synchrony (leading / lagging behind in some parameters), which can cause misunderstanding in MK.

Another parameter of the external context is the sphere of communication, the features of which, according to B.Yu. Gorodetsky, directly or indirectly reflect the circle of potential participants in the dialogue and the types of life functions they satisfy (Gorodetsky 1989: 16). It seems possible to single out the following areas of communication for MC:

Ø diplomatic activity;

Ø professional contacts;

Ø trade, business;

Ø international exchanges;

Ø study abroad;

Ø travel;

Ø migration;

o military action.

A. Appadurai considers new “non-isomorphic” ways of global cultural information flows, which are carried out with the help of:

1) ethnic groups (ethnoscapes) - immigrants, refugees, tourists, etc.;

2) financial resources (finanscapes);

3) equipment and technical means (technoscapes);

4) funds mass media(mediascapes),

5) ideologies (ideoscapes) (Appadurai 1990).

These streams are also directly related to various areas of communication as types of communicative context.

In addition, there is the possibility of considering the context from other angles of view. Thus, M. L. Makarov singles out “existential context - the world of objects, states and events; situational context - an extensive class of social determinants (type of activity, subject of communication, level of formality or formality, status-role relations, place of communication and situation, socio-cultural environment)<...>; actional context is a subclass of situations that are constructed by speech actions themselves” (Makarov 1998: 114 – 116).

Moments of external similarity between the contexts of communication can mislead participants in the MC. For example, the sphere of professional communication in different cultures differs in terms of the degree of formality/informality, the communication strategies used, the nature of the relationship between the boss and subordinates, etc.

The distinction between high-context and low-context cultures, developed by E. Hall, is considered traditional for communication science. Low-context cultures are cultures in which most of the information exchanged by communicants is encoded in messages at an explicit level. In high-context cultures, by contrast, most information exists at the level of context (internal or external). High-context cultures are traditional, resilient, emotional, and unwilling to change, while low-context cultures are associated with dynamism and high level technological development. Due to the active use of context, the nature of information transfer in high-context cultures is economical and efficient.

Almost all researchers unhesitatingly classify American culture as low-context culture. Since the essential role of context in communication is usually associated with collectivism, many scholars tend to consider Russian culture to be high-context.

It seems, however, that Russia, which throughout its history has experienced significant influences from both the West and the East, occupies an intermediate position between low-context (Western) and high-context (Eastern) cultures. On the one hand, Russians are proud of their directness and express information quite explicitly (for example, in situations business communication), on the other hand, in the emotional sphere they tend to encrypt some of the information in an implicit, indirect, complicated form.

When cultures come into contact, there is a danger of both underestimating and overestimating the role of context in communication. For example, Americans do not always sufficiently take into account the role of contextual information when communicating with representatives of high-context cultures, as a result of which communication partners regard their behavior as impolite and tactless. Americans, in turn, accuse representatives of high-context cultures of unwillingness to clearly and clearly express their thoughts and be truthful.

On the other hand, Americans who come to Russia with the belief that it is a high-context culture begin to look for hidden meanings in Russian behavior behind explicit communication, which can also lead to communication failures.

In general, MC is characterized by lower-context communication than communication within the native culture, since MC participants intuitively realize that their foreign partners are not familiar enough with a foreign cultural context. In such situations, it is important to observe a sense of proportion and behave in such a way that the clarification of the context really serves the purposes of communication, and does not turn into “chewing” information that is offensive to the interlocutor. Establishing a reasonable balance between known and new information requires an understanding of both native and foreign cultures.

mass communicationacts as a certain type of social activity that has its own subject, object of influence, as well as conditions and means of implementation. The analysis of mass communication as a social process by the methods of the activity approach contributes to the identification of all its main characteristics. Activities there is a way in which a social form of movement exists, that is, a way in which a society exists.

Mass communication, as a social phenomenon, is no exception in this regard. Its most general, substantial characteristic is activity. That is why the theory of mass communication as a type of activity must necessarily have a theory of activity as its basis. To understand the place of mass-communicative activity in the system of human activity, arising from its essence and manifestations of this essence, we need to consider activity as a system.

So, substance public life is a collaborative processnoah activity of people. This means that it acts as the ultimate basis social.The substance of mass communication, thus is a social activity. However, substance is only the deepest in essence. Essence is an invariant of the content of an object. Therefore, in order to reveal the essence of mass communication within the framework of a single substance “social - social activity. An important element of spiritual and practical activity is mass communication, which is a system of broadcasting social assessments of the current reality into the mass consciousness, that is, assessments of current events that fall into the field of view of mass consciousness, that is, assessments of actual results of practical activity from the point of view of the interests of certain social groups. mass communication- a kind of spiritual and practical activity, that is, the activity of transferring, broadcasting into the mass consciousness (public opinion) assessments of current events recognized as socially relevant.

Mass communication is a spiritual and practical activity, but not all and not any, but only that variety of it, which is associated with the implementation of the necessary operational orientation, and par excellence, in ideologically relevant for example, in important issues of domestic and foreign policy, that is, in fact, "assessment of current events."

The essence of mass communication as an activity (mass communication activity) is the impact on society by introducing a certain system of values ​​into the mass consciousness.

In fact subjects of mass communication as such, social groups are realizing their needs related to ensuring the conditions of their own existence, in this case, the conditions associated with the need to introduce into the mass consciousness, that is, into the system of consciousness that functions directly in practice, social attitudes based on their own worldview paradigms, expressed in the form of their group ideologies.

Based on these needs, social groups are interested in producing mass information (including in the form of texts) as a way of existence of their own worldview paradigms, a way that exactly corresponds to the social psyche and is realized through the creative activity of journalists, and promote it into the mass consciousness with the help of mechanisms, that is, mass media, again corresponding to this latter.

The problem of freedom of subjects of mass communication activity

A special place is occupied by the problem of freedom of the press. Since the publication of one of the first essays on this topic - the presentation of speech John Milton in the English Parliament in 1644 - the problem of freedom of the press is at the epicenter of almost all projects of social transformation. Such classical models of theoretical understanding of freedom of the press were based, like all subsequent ones, on one basic argument - concern (or rather, from our point of view, the appearance of concern) about the well-being of citizens. The word "freedom" in natural language is very ambiguous. "Dictionary of the Russian language" has about a dozen meanings of this word

But in this case, we should be interested in "freedom" in the categorical sense, that is, freedom as a concept social science, sociology, because the theory of mass communication cannot proceed in its definitions from the understanding of freedom, for example, as “ease, lack of difficulty in anything”, or “easelessness, lack of cohesion”, or “the state of one who is not imprisoned, captive". Indeed, freedom - it is always the freedom of activity, and therefore, the activity of any subject, realizing its own goal in it, the path to which is expressed in the form of a program. Therefore, freedom is the ability of the subject. Such an ability, or property, is inherent only to the subject of activity and cannot belong to anyone except the subject. In other words, only the subject can be characterized by freedom as a capacity. Thus, it is assumed that freedom of speech there is nothing but the opportunity for any citizen to be heard and hear any information you want.

Public consciousness in the system of mass communication. \

Having determined the subjects of mass-communicative activity, the next logical step is to consider its object.

Any research related to the analysis of the spiritual and practical varieties of social activity, sooner or later, is forced to turn to the consideration of the problem of mass consciousness. The layer of consciousness of society in which knowledge functions, turned into beliefs, traditions, etc., that is, consciousness directly involved in practical activities, is called mass consciousness. The search for a solution to this problem has always been carried out by scientists. There are several directions in which these studies were conducted.

Religious. In this direction, the dominant religion in a given society, which constitutes the main ideological core, was taken as the basis of mass consciousness. Accordingly, the mass was understood as the whole set of believers, and the structure corresponded to the hierarchical organization of the church.

national, where a national attribute is used to classify and highlight the mass consciousness. A nation is a mass, national consciousness is a mass consciousness.

state, based on the understanding that at the heart of mass consciousness is the belonging of citizens to one state.

class approach, spread by Marxism. The class is the mass, the class consciousness is the mass consciousness.

5. In all the above approaches, approximately the same structure of mass consciousness can be traced: leaders, leaders, recognized authorities plus the masses. This structure has given rise to another approach, called elite. It was based on the thesis that the concept of "mass" should be sought in comparison with the concept of the elite, and the concept of "mass consciousness" is comparable to the concept of "elite consciousness". It is the prevalence of this approach that underlies the allocation of the so-called mass culture as something secondary.

There are other approaches and attempts to define and structure mass consciousness. Conventionally, they can be divided into two types.

The first- definition of mass consciousness by the subject of reflection. As such, the mass stands out, which is the main link in the study. Representatives of this approach are B. A. Trushin, N. P. Kirillov and others.

Second type - the basis for classification is the object of mass consciousness

It should be noted that the basis of mass (practical) consciousness is knowledge obtained both in the ordinary way and introduced, transferred, adapted from the level of specialized consciousness and turned into social attitudes, beliefs, social myths, etc. functioning in systems of practical and spiritual activity, the concept of levels can be used. Then the consciousness living in the system of practice acts as a practical (mass), and the consciousness in the system of spiritual activity acts as a specialized one.

Obviously, there can be no other result, because the category correlative to “mass consciousness” is not “group consciousness” or “individual consciousness”, but “specialized consciousness”, and, accordingly, the division of consciousness into mass and specialized is not a division on subjects consciousness, and according to it levels namely, according to the levels of his involvement in practice - direct(mass consciousness) and indirect(specialized consciousness).

In the definition of mass consciousness by highlighting the concept of "mass" theory, in our opinion, has two shortcomings of a methodological nature. The desire to combine in the concept of "mass consciousness" and the ontological and epistemological aspects of mass consciousness is doomed to failure in advance. It is quite obvious that one more concept should be introduced into scientific use, reflecting the ontological aspect of mass consciousness, since the correlation of the concept of mass consciousness with specialized, and not with group or individual (which, in fact, is, in our opinion, the elimination of the second methodological lack of existing theories) is an epistemological cut of the problem under study.

Mass consciousness and the main ways of manipulative influence on it.

Public opinion is an indicator of the state of society as a whole. Naturally, sociologists are interested in the question of how public opinion is formed. Understanding the essence of this phenomenon depends on the answer to this question. It should immediately be noted that public opinion is a phenomenon characteristic primarily of modern, mass societies. The American sociologist G. Bloomer considered the "public" - the substratum of public opinion - as one of the forms of mass association, which is based on interest in a particular problem. Domestic researcher Y. Levada proposed to distinguish between "general" and "public" opinion.

The "general" opinion is formed within the framework of consolidated communities, where people have the opportunity of direct communication.

"Public" opinion is formed in mass societies, among people between whom there is no direct interaction. Communication in such societies is often indirect. The transition from general to public opinion, as Levada notes, is one of the manifestations of the transformation of traditional societies into modern ones. from total monotony to a multitude of normative mechanisms of different levels (and hence socially accepted opinions); from particularistic regulatory structures, that is, “standards for one's own”, to universalist ones (generally valid norms and values);

from compulsory obligatory "correct" views and assessments to the spectrum of socially acceptable opinions;

from a public, or "areal" community, where "everyone knows everyone" in direct communication, to socially significant anonymity (mass consumption, secret voting, anonymous polls);

from the normative (instrumental or ritual) "seriousness" of opinions to " game"on the field of public opinion, which was mentioned earlier" 1 .

Thus, public opinion is formed in mass societies where group ties and group norms are weakened, where in a situation of constant choice and individual autonomy a new mechanism for reaching agreement is required. The mechanisms for achieving this agreement are different than in small close-knit communities. In particular, the media play an important role in this process. Be that as it may, a person is inclined to voluntarily submit to the dominant opinion - this is manifested both in small groups and in mass forms of behavior (similar to voting in elections to government bodies). But how do people know which opinions are dominant and which are not? E. Noel-Neumann speaks of a person's ability to "perceive the climate of opinions." But under the dominance of the media, there is nothing surprising in this ability. The point of view that dominates the media is considered by a person as characteristic of the majority. The same thing happens with the published results of sociological surveys. Manipulation in the activities of mass communication is a way to control the behavior of a mass audience, carried out through the formation of public opinion. However, this management is not absolute, as, for example, administrative and legal, which implies the absolute subordination of citizens to adopted acts regulating behavior. Manipulation is a psychological impact that affects both individuals and various social groups in different ways.

Mass communication as a social institution

In the structure of sociological knowledge, the study of social institutions is extremely important. There are a fairly large number of different approaches to the definition of a social institution.

“The concept of a social institution has a central place in the system-structural analysis of social life. It implies the possibility of generalization, idealization and abstraction from the diverse actions of people of the most significant types of social relations, by correlating them with the fundamental goals and needs of the social system. In this sense, a social institution should be understood as the main component of the social structure, integrating and coordinating many individual actions of people, streamlining social relations in the most important areas of public life.

“The institutions of public life are considered to be a special type of integrative (groups. - T.N.), the integrity of which is based on impersonal objective connections, the nature and direction of which does not depend on the individual properties of the people included in these institutions. Unlike non-institutional groups (like a friendly company), institutions such as the state or the army are not a collection of living people, but a system of interrelated social roles performed by such people and imposing severe restrictions on their possible and acceptable behavior.

A social institution is “historically established forms of organization and regulation of public life (for example, family, religion, education, etc.), ensuring the performance of vital functions for society, including a set of norms, roles, prescriptions, patterns of behavior, special institutions, control system"

After analyzing various points of view in the definition of a social institution, we can conclude about the main characteristics of the latter, which are:

♦ “role system, which also includes norms and statuses;

♦ set of customs, traditions and rules of conduct;

♦ formal and informal organization;

♦ a set of norms and institutions that regulate a certain area of ​​social relations;

♦ a separate set of social actions”

Mass communication, understood as a certain social process, as a type of social activity, has its own institutional forms. It performs both in relation to other social institutions and in relation to society as a whole certain roles assigned to it by the general system of social activity. The type of MC is determined directly by the type of society in which it operates. In one society, mass communication can function exclusively in the form of state QMS, in another - state-public, in a third - both of them, supplemented by commercial QMS. However, in any type of society and, accordingly, in any type of MC, its function, like its essence, remains unchanged, but the forms and methods of functioning can be completely different. MC, performing its function of transferring, introducing assessments of current events and phenomena into the mass consciousness, occupies an important place in the structure of social institutions of society. Given the fact that the type and features of the functioning of mass communication are determined by the type of society, its social, and above all, political structure, the institution of mass communication is most associated with politics as a social institution and a certain type of social activity. Therefore, it seems necessary to consider the features of the mutual influence of MC as a social institution and other social institutions, specifically on the example of its interaction with politics.