Berg Lev - biography, facts from life, photographs, reference information. World celebrities come from Moldova: Lev Berg - President of the Geographical Society of the USSR - locals Mahler Benya 1902 scientist geographer

BERG LEV SEMENOVICH

Berg, Lev Semenovich - zoologist and geographer. Born in 1876; graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Imperial Moscow University, receiving a gold medal for the essay: "Fragmentation and formation of parablast in a pike" ("Proceedings of the Society of Natural Science Lovers", 1899). In 1899, he explored, together with Yelpatiev and Ignatiev, the salt lakes of the Omsk district. He was in charge of fisheries in the Syr Darya and the Aral Sea, then on the Volga (in Kazan); is in the service of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. In 1899 - 1907 he explored the Aral Sea ("Scientific results of the Aral Expedition"), in 1903 - Lake Balkhash; then visited Lake Issyk-Kul. In 1909 he defended at Moscow University a thesis for a master's degree in geography under the title: "The Aral Sea. Experience of a physical-geographical monograph" (St. Petersburg, 1908), for which he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Geography.

Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012

Family

Born in Bendery in a Jewish family. His father, Simon Grigoryevich Berg (originally from Odessa), was a notary; mother, Klara Lvovna Bernstein-Kogan, was a housewife. He had younger sisters Maria (April 18, 1878) and Sofia (December 23, 1879). The family lived in a house on Moskovskaya Street.

The first wife of L. S. Berg (in 1911-1913) is Paulina Adolfovna Katlovker (March 27, 1881-1943), the younger sister of the famous publisher B. A. Katlovker. Children - geographer Simon Lvovich Berg (1912, St. Petersburg - November 17, 1970) and geneticist, writer, doctor biological sciences Raisa Lvovna Berg (March 27, 1913 - March 1, 2006). In 1922, L. S. Berg remarried a teacher at the Petrograd Pedagogical Institute, Maria Mikhailovna Ivanova.

He died on December 24, 1950 in Leningrad. He was buried at the Literary bridges of the Volkovsky cemetery. The tombstone (sculptor V. Ya. Bogolyubov, architect M. A. Shepilevsky) was created in 1954.

Education and scientific career

1885-1894 - studied at the second Chisinau gymnasium, which he graduated with a gold medal. In 1894 he was baptized into Lutheranism to obtain the right to higher education within Russian Empire.

1894-1898 - student of the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Imperial Moscow University. (His thesis "Fragmentation and formation of parablast in pike" was awarded a gold medal)

1899-1902 - superintendent of fisheries in the Aral Sea and the Syr Darya.

1903 - study for 10 months at oceanographic courses in Bergen (Norway).

1903-1904 - superintendent of fisheries in the middle reaches of the Volga. Lived in Kazan.

November 1904 - November 1913 - head of the fish department of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1909 he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Geography for his thesis "Aral Sea".

1913-1914 - acting professor of ichthyology and hydrology at the Moscow Agricultural Institute.

January 1917-1950 - Professor of the Department of Physical Geography of Petrogradsky, and then Leningrad University. Since 1928 - Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

1918-1925 - professor of geography at the Geographical Institute in Petrograd (Leningrad).

1922-1934 - Head of the Department of Applied Ichthyology at the Institute of Experimental Agronomy.

1934-1950 - head of the laboratory of fossil fish at the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. In 1934 he became a doctor of biological sciences. Since 1946 - full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

1940-1950 - President of the Geographical Society of the USSR.

1948-1950 - Chairman of the Ichthyological Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Contribution to science

The scientific heritage of Lev Semyonovich Berg is very significant.

As a geographer, having collected extensive materials on the nature of different regions, he carried out generalizations on the climatic zonality of the globe, a description of the landscape zones of the USSR and neighboring countries, and created the textbook Nature of the USSR. Berg, the creator of modern physical geography, is the founder of landscape science, and the landscape division he proposed, although supplemented, has survived to this day.

Berg is the author of the soil theory of loess formation. His works have made a significant contribution to hydrology, lake science, geomorphology, glaciology, desert science, the study of surface sedimentary rocks, issues of geology, soil science, ethnography, and paleoclimatology.

Source - Wikipedia
Lev Semyonovich Berg
Date of birth: March 14 (26), 1876
Place of birth: Bendery, Bendery district, Bessarabian province, Russian Empire
Date of death: December 24, 1950 (aged 74)
place of death: Leningrad
Country: Russian Empire > USSR
Scientific field: ichthyology, evolutionism
Academic title: Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
Alma mater: Imperial Moscow University
Famous students: Isachenko A. G.
Physical geographer and biologist, academician, president of the Geographical Society of the USSR (since 1940). He developed the doctrine of landscapes, was the first to carry out the zonal physical-geographical zoning of the USSR. In 1922, he put forward the evolutionary concept of nomogenesis.

Awards and prizes

Order of the Red Banner of Labor
Medal "For the Defense of Leningrad"
Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic war 1941-1945"
Stalin Prize - 1951
Konstantinovsky medal

Researcher who described a number of zoological taxa. To indicate authorship, the names of these taxa are accompanied by the designation "Berg".

Lev Semenovich (Simonovich) Berg (March 14 (26), 1876 - December 24, 1950) - Russian and Soviet zoologist and geographer.
Corresponding member (1928) and full member (1946) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, president of the Geographical Society of the USSR (1940-1950), laureate of the Stalin Prize (1951 - posthumously). Author of fundamental works on ichthyology, geography, theory of evolution.

Born in Bendery in a Jewish family. His father, Simon Grigoryevich Berg, was a notary; mother, Klara Lvovna Bernstein-Kogan, was a housewife. They lived in a house on Moskovskaya street.
The first wife of L. S. Berg (in 1911-1913) is Paulina Adolfovna Katlovker (March 27, 1881-1943), the younger sister of the famous publisher B. A. Katlovker. Children - geographer Simon Lvovich Berg (October 23, 1912, St. Petersburg - November 17, 1970) and geneticist, writer, doctor of biological sciences Raisa Lvovna Berg (March 27, 1913 - March 1, 2006). In 1922, L. S. Berg remarried a teacher at the Petrograd Pedagogical Institute, Maria Mikhailovna Ivanova.
In 1921-1950. Berg occupied a residential service wing of the former palace of Alexei Alexandrovich (Leningrad, Prospekt Maklina, 2).
He died on December 24, 1950 in Leningrad. He was buried on Literatorskie mostki at the Volkovskoye cemetery.
Education and scientific career[edit | edit source]

1885-1894 - studied at the second Chisinau gymnasium, which he graduated with a gold medal. In 1894 he was baptized into Lutheranism in order to obtain the right to higher education within the Russian Empire.
1894-1899 - student of the natural department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Imperial Moscow University. (His thesis was devoted to fish embryology and was awarded a gold medal)
1899-1902 - superintendent of fisheries in the Aral Sea and the Syr Darya.
1903-1904 - superintendent of fisheries in the middle reaches of the Volga.
1905-1913 - head of the fish department of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
1913-1914 - acting professor of ichthyology and hydrology at the Moscow Agricultural Institute.
1916-1950 - as a professor of geography, he headed the department of geography of Petrograd, and then Leningrad University.
1918-1925 - professor of geography at the Geographical Institute in Petrograd (Leningrad).
1932-1934 - Head of the Department of Applied Ichthyology at the Institute of Fisheries.
1934-1950 - head of the department in the laboratory of ichthyology of the Zoological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad.
1948-1950 - Chairman of the Ichthyological Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Since 1934 - Doctor of Zoology.
Since 1928 - Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
Since 1946 - full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Contribution to science

The scientific heritage of Lev Semyonovich Berg is very significant.
As a geographer, having collected extensive materials on the nature of different regions, he carried out generalizations on the climatic zonality of the globe, a description of the landscape zones of the USSR and neighboring countries, and created the textbook Nature of the USSR. Berg, the creator of modern physical geography, is the founder of landscape science, and the landscape division he proposed, although supplemented, has survived to this day.
Berg is the author of the soil theory of loess formation. His works have made a significant contribution to hydrology, lake science, geomorphology, glaciology, desert science, the study of surface sedimentary rocks, issues of geology, soil science, ethnography, and paleoclimatology.
Berg is a classic of world ichthyology. He described the fish fauna of many rivers and lakes, proposed "systems of fish and fish-like, living and fossils." He is the author of the capital work "Fish fresh water USSR and neighboring countries.
Berg's contribution to the history of science is significant. His books on the discovery of Kamchatka, the expedition of V. Bering, the theory of continental drift by E. Bykhanov, the history of Russian discoveries in Antarctica, the activities of the Russian geographical society etc.
Berg is the author of Nomogenesis, or Evolution Based on Regularities (1922), in which he proclaimed his anti-Darwinian concept of evolution. His followers considered themselves such scientists as A. A. Lyubishchev and S. V. Meyen. Even in our time, that is, a hundred years later, his concept has its adherents. These include, for example, VV Ivanov, a Soviet linguist, semiotician, anthropologist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2000).
Awards, prizes and honorary titles

1909 - Gold medal of P.P. Semenov-Tien Shansky for work on the Aral Sea from the Russian Geographical Society (RGO).
1915 - Konstantinovsky medal from the Russian Geographical Society, elected an honorary member of the MOIP.
1934 - Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.
1936 - Gold Medal from the Asiatic Society of India for zoological research in Asia.
1945 - Order of the Red Banner of Labor and medal "For the Defense of Leningrad"
1946 - Order of the Red Banner of Labor in connection with the 70th anniversary of his birth and the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945."
1951 - Stalin Prize of the 1st degree for the work "Fish of fresh waters of the USSR and neighboring countries" (posthumously).
Major writings
Only the most important works are listed here. For a complete bibliography, see the book by V. M. Raspopova.
1918. Bessarabia. The country. People. Economy. - Petrograd: Lights, 1918. - 244 p. (the book contains 30 photographs and a map)
1905. Fishes of Turkestan. Izv. Turk. otd. Russian Geographical Society, vol. 4. 16 + 261 p.
1908. Aral Sea: Experience of a physical-geographical monograph. Izv. Turk. otd. Russian Geographical Society, vol. 5. no. 9. 24 + 580 s.
1912. Fishes (Marsipobranchii and Pisces). Fauna of Russia and neighboring countries. Vol. 3, no. 1. St. Petersburg. 336 p.
1914. Fishes (Marsipobranchii and Pisces). Fauna of Russia and adjacent countries. Vol. 3, no. 2. Pg. pp. 337-704.
1916. Fresh water fish of the Russian Empire. M. 28 + 563 p.
1922. Climate and life. M. 196 p.
1922. L. S. Berg, Nomogenesis, or Evolution Based on Regularities. - Petersburg: State Publishing House, 1922. - 306 p.
1929. Berg L. S. Essays on the history of Russian geographical science (until 1923). - L .: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, State. type. them. Evg. Sokolova, 1929. - 152, p. - (Proceedings of the Commission on the History of Knowledge / USSR Academy of Sciences; 4). - 1,000 copies.
1931. Landscape and geographical zones of the USSR. M.-L.: Selkhozgiz. Part 1. 401 p.
1940. "System of pisciformes and fishes, now living and fossils". In book. Tr. Zool. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the SSR, vol. 5, no. 2. S. 85-517.
1946. Discovery of Kamchatka and Bering's expedition. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. (M.-L., 1946. foreword by the author, dated January 1942, circulation 5000, 379 pages)
1946. Essays on the history of Russians geographical discoveries. (M. - L., 1946, 2nd edition 1949).
1947. Berg L. S. Lomonosov and the hypothesis of the movement of the continents // News of the All-Union Geographical Society. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1947. - T. No. 1. - S. 91-92. - 2000 copies.
1977. (posthumously). Works on the theory of evolution, 1922-1930. L. 387 p.

Memory
Named after L. S. Berg: a volcano on the island of Urup, a peak in the Pamirs, a cape on the island October revolution(Severnaya Zemlya), glaciers in the Pamirs and Dzungarian Alatau. His name was included in the Latin names of more than 60 animals and plants.
On February 28, 1996, in the city of Bender, one of the streets of the microdistrict of the city - Borisovka - was named after Berg.

Lev Semenovich Berg

Geographer, ichthyologist, climatologist.

“... It was an unusually backward county town,” recalled Berg, “there were no pavements, and by autumn all the streets were covered with a layer of liquid mud, on which one could only walk in special ultra-deep galoshes, which I have never seen since then; obviously they were made specifically for the needs of the inhabitants of Bendery. There was no street lighting in the city, and on dark autumn nights one had to wander through the streets with a hand lamp. From the middle educational institutions there was one progymnasium, for some reason female. Newspapers in the city, of course, were not published.

Only the gold medal with which Berg graduated from the Chisinau gymnasium allowed him to enter Moscow University.

Lectures by prominent scientists D. N. Anuchin, A. P. Bogdanov, V. I. Vernadsky, M. A. Menzbir, K. A. Timiryazev helped Berg to determine his scientific interests early. Anthropologist and ethnographer D. N. Anuchin and geologist A. P. Pavlov had a special influence on him.

Berg graduated from the university in 1898.

Unfortunately, it was not possible to get a job in Moscow in any scientific or Educational establishment. Only the recommendation of Academician Anuchin helped Berg get a job as a fishery inspector in the Aral Sea. Wasting no time, he left for the provincial town of Akmolinsk.

The Aral Sea was then real. Water from the Amu-Darya had not yet been diverted to the desert through ditches, and the skeletons of the ships of the former fishing flotilla did not stick out among the dry sands. Berg studied the huge reservoir for several years. He managed to take a new approach to explaining the nature of the Aral Sea and drew a fairly convincing picture of the development of the sea, closely connected with the history of the Turan lowland and the dry channel of the Uzboy, through which part of the Amu-Darya waters once flowed into the Caspian. In the work “The Question of Climate Change in the Historical Epoch”, Berg refuted the then widespread ideas about the drying up of Central Asia and the progressive change in its climate towards increasing desertification.

In 1909, for his work on the Aral Sea, which Berg presented as a master's thesis, he was immediately awarded a doctorate. Reviews were submitted by D.N. Anuchin, V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Pavlov, M.A. Menzbir, G.A. Kozhevnikov, V.V. time.

From 1904 to 1914, Berg was in charge of the fish and reptile department of the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. During these years, he completed and published a number of excellent studies on the fish of Turkestan and the Amur region.

In 1916, Berg was elected professor at Petrograd University.

The main works of this period are devoted to the origin of the fauna of Lake Baikal, the fish of Russia, the origin of loess, climate change in the historical era, and the division of the Asian territory of Russia into landscape and morphological regions.

Revolutionary events interrupted Berg's field research for a long time.

The first major works of the scientist, published after the revolution, were "Nomogenesis, or Evolution Based on Regularities" and "Theory of Evolution" (1922). Berg wrote both of these books while wearing his overcoat in an unheated room, heating freezing ink over the fire of an oil lamp. In these works devoted to the theory of evolution, Berg singled out three directions:

criticism of the main evolutionary teachings and, first of all, Darwin's,

development of one's own hypothesis about the causes of evolution, based on the recognition of some initial expediency and "autonomic orthogenesis" as the main law of evolution, acting centripetally and independently of the external environment, and

generalization of the patterns of macroevolution, such as irreversibility, an increase in the level of organization, a long continuation of evolution in the same direction, convergence, etc.

Berg's evolutionary work was prompted by the crisis that Darwinism experienced in the first quarter of the twentieth century. Berg never shared Charles Darwin's point of view on the causes of evolution. He believed that variability in nature is always adaptive, and organisms do not react gradually to changes in external conditions, but, on the contrary, sharply, abruptly, massively. Thus, Berg attached decisive importance to variability, and not to natural selection. Of course, "Nomogenesis" ("a set of patterns"), developed by Berg, caused a lot of objections. Berg's assertion that there is no place for accidents in biological evolution, and that everything happens according to law, sounded too defiant. But historically, these works of Berg turned out to be extremely important, if only because both sharply posed the problem of the direction of evolution and the role of internal factors in phylogenesis, polyphily, convergence, and parallelisms. The view of the majority of Berg's opponents was well expressed by Professor N. N. Plavilshchikov. “The book Nomogenesis,” he wrote, “is one of the latest attempts to overthrow the theory of selection. Of course, nothing worthwhile came out of this attempt and could not come out, despite the monstrous erudition of the author and the well-known wit of his conclusions: twice two is always four. Deny the theory of selection... Can there be another explanation for the expediency in the structure of organisms?...”

This, however, can be answered in the words of Herbert Spencer: humanity goes straight only after having exhausted all possible crooked paths.

As a natural scientist, Berg always sought to give his arguments the form of strictly empirical constructions. “To find out the mechanism of formation of adaptations is the task of the theory of evolution,” he wrote. As for living matter, Berg generally believed that it is conceivable only as an organism. “Naive are the dreams of those chemists who thought that by synthesizing a protein in a flask, they would get „ living matter“. There is no living matter at all, there are living organisms.”

“Darwin's theory aims to explain mechanically the origin of purposefulness in organisms,” he wrote in The Theory of Evolution. - We consider the ability to expedient reactions to be the main property of the organism. It is not necessary to find out the origin of expediency evolutionary teaching, but to the discipline that will undertake to talk about the origin of the living. This question, in our opinion, is metaphysical. Life, will, soul, absolute truth - all these are transcendent things, knowledge of the essence of which science is not able to give. Where and how life originated, we do not know, but it is carried out on the basis of laws, like everything that happens in nature. Transmutation, whether it occurs in the realm of dead or living nature, takes place according to the laws of mechanics, physics and chemistry. The principle of chance dominates in the world of dead matter, i.e. big numbers. Here the most probable things happen. But what principle underlies the organism, in which the parts are subordinate to the whole, we do not know. Similarly, we do not know why organisms in general increase in their structure, i.e., progress. How this process takes place, we begin to understand, but why- to this science can now answer just as little as in 1790, when Kant made his famous prophecy.

Under the pressure of criticism to which his views on evolution were subjected, Berg returned to questions of geography and ichthyology. One after another, his books “The Population of Bessarabia” (1923), “The Discovery of Kamchatka and Bering’s Kamchatka Expeditions” (1924), “Fundamentals of Climatology” (1927), “Essays on the History of Russian Geographical Science” (1929), “Landscape and Geographical Zones USSR" (1931), "Nature of the USSR" (1937), "The system of fish and fish" (1940), "Climate and life" (1947), "Essays on physical geography" (1949), "Russian discoveries in the Antarctic and modern interest in her" (1949).

The breadth of Berg's views can be judged by the content of his books.

Essays on physical geography, for example, include sections: "On the alleged separation of the continents", "On the alleged connection between the great glaciations and mountain building", "On the origin of the Ural bauxites", "On the origin of iron ores of the Krivoy Rog type", "The level of the Caspian Sea behind historical time”, “Baikal, its nature and the origin of its organic world”. And in the book Essays on the History of Russian Geographical Discoveries, he touches not only on the history of these discoveries themselves, but also on such a seemingly unusual topic as Atlantis and Aegeis, in which he comes to a conclusion unexpected for contemporaries. “I would place Atlantis not in the area between Asia Minor and Egypt,” he writes, “but in the Aegean Sea, south to Crete. As is known, in our time it is recognized that the sinkings that gave rise to Aegean Sea, occurred, geologically speaking, quite recently, in the Quaternary time - perhaps already in human memory.

In 1925, Berg again visited his beloved Aral. These studies were connected with his work at the Institute of Experimental Agronomy, where Berg headed the department of applied ichthyology from 1922 to 1934.

In 1926, Berg visited Japan as part of a delegation from the USSR Academy of Sciences. He went there specifically through Manchuria and Korea in order to get the most complete picture of the nature of these countries. And the following year, Berg represented Soviet science in Rome at the Limnological Congress.

Incredible hard work main feature Berg. During his life he managed to perform over nine hundred scientific works. He worked constantly, which is probably why he managed so much. In everything he followed a certain system. He was a staunch vegetarian, never smoked, and only walked to work. Enormous erudition allowed Berg to feel at home in any field of science.

“...Science leads to morality,” he wrote in the book “Science, Its Meaning, Content and Classification,” “because it, requiring proof everywhere, teaches impartiality and justice. There is nothing more alien to science than blind admiration for authority. Science honors its spiritual leaders, but does not make idols out of them. Each of these provisions can be challenged and, indeed, has been challenged. The motto of science is tolerance and humanity, because science is alien to fanaticism, admiration for authorities, and therefore, despotism. The scientist's consciousness that in his hands is the only objective truth accessible to man, that he possesses knowledge supported by evidence, that this knowledge, until it is scientifically refuted, is obligatory for everyone, all this makes him value this knowledge extremely highly, and, in the words of the poet , "... for power, for the livery, do not bend either conscience, or thoughts, or neck." The high moral value of science lies in the example of selflessness set by the dedicated scientist. It is not in vain, therefore, that the crowd, which strives for wealth, fame and power, and for the material goods associated with all this, looks at the scientist as an eccentric or a maniac.

Whatever topic Berg worked on, he always tried to expand it broadly and give clear conclusions.

In this regard, the book Fishes of the Amur Basin (1909) is indicative.

It would seem that this is a narrowly zoological summary that gives a description of the fish found in the Amur River system. But three small chapters of this work - "The general character of the ichthyological fauna of the Amur basin", "Amur fish from the point of view of zoological geography" and "The origin of the ichthyological fauna of the Amur" - are of enduring interest to geographers and naturalists. Berg approaches natural phenomena in their complex relationships, draws a vivid picture of the origin of modern landscapes of the Amur basin, and draws not only on ichthyological material. Actually, the identification of causal relationships of phenomena is the main task and method of his research.

Berg's work on paleoclimatology, paleogeography, biogeography, and especially climate change in historical period. All of them are written plain language, some are popular in the best sense of the term. For example, the book "Climate and Life" can be read and understood by anyone who is interested in climate and life issues. Berg's books about Russian travelers and explorers went through a lot of editions. Working in the archives, he sometimes found absolutely remarkable facts that allowed him back in 1929 to boldly assert that “... the Russians, within the limits of only one USSR, put on a map and studied an area equal to one sixth of the land surface, that vast expanses were explored in the border with Russia areas of Asia, that all the coasts of Europe and Asia from the Varanger Fjord to Korea, as well as the coasts of a significant part of Alaska, are put on the map by Russian sailors. Let us add that many islands have been discovered and described by our navigators in the Pacific Ocean.

Geographical work brought Berg wide fame.

Mountains of Norway, deserts of Turkestan, Far East, European part Russia - everything is reflected in his system of views on the world. He did an enormous amount of work in the field of regional studies, his profound works on natural zones became the property of not only professional geographers, but also botanists and zoologists. He was one of the first to deal with issues of scientific geographical zoning, having done remarkable work on the zoning of Siberia and Turkestan, Asian Russia and the Caucasus. He owns the capital summary "Fish of fresh waters of the USSR and neighboring countries." Of the 528 fish species found in the rivers and lakes of our country, 70 species were first discovered and described by Berg. He created a scheme for dividing the whole world, separately Soviet Union and Europe into a number of zoogeographic regions on the basis of the distribution of certain fish species. In search of ways for the development of fish, Berg took up the study of fossils. And here he achieved excellent results, writing an outstanding work "The system of fish and fish, now living and fossils" (1940, 1955, Berlin, 1958).

Berg's university textbooks are written in excellent living language. He always spoke out against abstruse terminology, through which one had to wade through, as if through a prickly thicket. He even wrote a special article in which he sharply opposed such complicated terminology as, for example, "differential centrifugation of the dermal pulp of infected rabbits" or "anthropodynamic impulses." The latter, by the way, means only something - the influence of man. Berg never tired of recalling the words of Lomonosov: "What we love in the style of Latin, French or German, is sometimes worthy of laughter in Russian."

In 1904, Berg was elected a full member of the Russian Geographical Society, thirty-six years later he became its president. Academician since 1946. In 1951 he was posthumously awarded the State Prize.

Death caught the scientist with a book in his hands.

This text is an introductory piece. From the book of 100 great adventurers author Muromov Igor

From the book of 100 great composers author Samin Dmitry

Alban Berg (1885-1935) One of the most prominent representatives of expressionism in music, Berg expressed in his work the thoughts, feelings and images characteristic of expressionist artists: dissatisfaction with social life, feelings of powerlessness and loneliness. Hero of it

From the book Popular History of Music author Gorbacheva Ekaterina Gennadievna

Alban Berg Austrian composer, teacher, representative of the new Viennese school Alban Berg was born in 1885. He was a student and follower of A. Schoenberg, with whom he studied in 1904 - 1910. Berg began his journey in musical art with the piano sonata opus 1 (1908) and

From the book Art Museums of Belgium author Sedova Tatyana Alekseevna

Mayer van den Berg Museum The charm of this private collection lies not only in the fact that it bears the imprint of the taste and character of its collector, an avid art lover, but also in the fact that it is located in an old 15th-century patrician house with dark oak

From the book Lexicon of Nonclassics. Artistic and aesthetic culture of the XX century. author Team of authors

TSB

Berg Axel Ivanovich Berg Axel Ivanovich [b. October 29 (10.11). 1893, Orenburg], Soviet radio engineer, admiral engineer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946; corresponding member 1943), Hero of Socialist Labor (1963). Member of the CPSU since 1944. In 1914 he graduated from the Naval Corps. As a submarine navigator

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BE) of the author TSB

Berg Alban Berg (Berg) Alban (February 9, 1885, Vienna - December 24, 1935, ibid.), Austrian composer. One of the most prominent representatives of expressionism in music. He studied composition under the guidance of A. Schoenberg, who had a significant influence on the formation of the creative principles of B. First

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BE) of the author TSB

Berg Fedor Fedorovich Berg Fedor Fedorovich, Russian surveyor. Studied at Derpt (now Tartu) University. In the 20s. compiled a military-statistical description of Turkey. Led (1823, 1825) expeditions

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BE) of the author TSB

Berg Eizhen Avgustovich Berg Eizhen Avgustovich (1892, Riga, - September 20, 1918), an active participant in the October Revolution of 1917 and civil war. Member Communist Party since 1917. Born in the family of a fisherman. During World War I he was a machinist on the battleship Sevastopol. After the February

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BE) of the author TSB

From the book The Most Famous Scientists of Russia author Prashkevich Gennady Martovich

Lev Semenovich Berg Geographer, ichthyologist, climatologist. Born March 14, 1876 in the city of Bendery (Bessarabia) in the family of a notary. liquid mud,

From the book Big Dictionary of Quotations and popular expressions author Dushenko Konstantin Vasilievich

BERG, Nikolai Vasilievich (1823–1884), poet-translator, journalist, historian 213 In Holy Russia, the roosters crow, Soon there will be a day in Holy Russia. Authorship presumably. The couplet is given in the 2nd edition (1892) of V. G. Korolenko's essay "At the Eclipse". In the version of M. Gorky: “On the holy

From the book Berlin. Guide author Bergmann Jürgen

PREnzLAUER BERG C?fe Anita Wronski, Knaackstr. 26-28. The pub opens early. Subway station Senefelderplatz line U2. Kommandantur Knaackstra?e / Rykestra?e corner. Hippy Italian restaurant. Subway station Senefelderplatz line U2. Restauration 1900, Husemannstr. 1. Fried pork legs and brisket, as well as vegetarian dishes,

From the book Field Marshals in the History of Russia author Rubtsov Yury Viktorovich

The scientific interests of Lev Semenovich Berg were unusually broad. Berg created a new geography: it is difficult to name any of the physical and geographical disciplines, the most important issues of which did not receive deep and original development in his works.

Lev Semenovich (Simonovich) Berg was born on March 2, 1876 in Bendery, Bessarabian province, in the family of a notary. His father, Simon Grigoryevich Berg (originally from Odessa), was a notary; mother, Klara Lvovna Bernstein-Kogan, was a housewife. He had younger sisters Maria (April 18, 1878) and Sofia (December 23, 1879). The family lived in a house on Moskovskaya Street.

Already during the period of study at the gymnasium (Kishinev, 1885-1894), Lev Semenovich became interested in an independent study of nature. In 1894, he entered Moscow University, where, in addition to his studies, he performed a series of experiments on breeding fish. Thesis on pike embryology became the sixth printed work of the young scientist. After graduating with a gold medal from the university (1898), Lev Semenovich worked in the Ministry Agriculture inspector of fisheries on the Aral Sea and the Volga, explored the steppe lakes, rivers, deserts.

In 1902-1903, Lev Berg continued his education in Bergen (Norway), and then in 1904-1913 he worked at the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences. For the master's thesis "Aral Sea", prepared in 1908, L.S. Berg was awarded a Ph.D.

In 1913 L.S. Berg moved to Moscow, where he received a professorship at the Moscow Agricultural Institute. In 1916 he was invited to the Department of Physical Geography of Petrograd University, where he worked until the end of his life.

In the period 1909-1916. L.C. Berg published 5 monographs on the ichthyology of Russian water bodies, but physical geography became the main subject of his scientific interests. Lev Semenovich created a theory of the origin of loess, proposed the first classification natural areas Asian part of Russia.

The outstanding Russian encyclopedic scientist owns about 1000 works in various fields of the Earth sciences, such as climatology, biology, zoology, ichthyology, zoogeography, lake science, the theory of evolution, the study of landscapes, geomorphology, cartography, geobotany, paleogeography, paleontology, economic geography, soil science, ethnography, linguistics, history of science. A complete list of works by L.S. Berg until 1952 inclusive was published in the book “In Memory of Academician L.S. Berg".

In climatology, L.S. Berg gave a classification of climates in relation to landscapes, explained desertification by human activity, and glaciation - by "factors of a cosmic order." In zoogeography, Berg proposed original mechanisms for the distribution of fish and other aquatic animals. In particular, Lev Semenovich showed the local origin of the fauna of Baikal, and, on the contrary, explained the formation of the diversity of the fauna of the Caspian Sea by the migration of species along the Volga in the post-glacial period.

In 1922, in the most difficult conditions of war communism, “heating the freezing ink on the fire of an oil lamp”, L.S. Berg prepared a number of works on the theory of evolution, in which, in an elegant polemic with the conclusions of Charles Darwin, he put forward the evolutionary concept of nomogenesis (evolution based on patterns). Apolitical L.S. Berg, on the basis of colossal empirical material, rejected the role of the struggle for existence as a factor in evolution, both in nature and in human society.

Theory of evolution L.S. Berg was subjected to both constructive criticism by modern scientists (A. A. Lyubishchev, D. N. Sobolev, etc.), and severe ideological pressure from the dogmatic political system, especially after the publication in 1926 of the book “Nomogenesis” in English .

January 14, 1928 L.S. Berg was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the biological category of the Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, and on November 30, 1946, he was elected an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the Department of Geological and Geographical (with a specialization in zoology, geography). Historical works of L.S. Berg dedicated detailed description domestic discoveries in Asia, Alaska and Antarctica, the study of ancient maps, the culture and ethnography of small peoples, the compilation of biographical descriptions of famous scientists. L.S. Based on the analysis of original documents, Berg consistently defended the priority of Russian researchers in the discovery of Antarctica and pointed out the need for comprehensive studies of the icy continent. Ideas and historical approach of L.S. Berg contributed to the development of a national position in the field of Antarctic exploration.

During the period 1940-1950. L.S. Berg was President of the Geographical Society of the USSR.

The first wife of L. S. Berg (in 1911-1913) is Paulina Adolfovna Katlovker (March 27, 1881-1943), the younger sister of the famous publisher B. A. Katlovker. Children - geographer Simon Lvovich Berg (1912, St. Petersburg - November 17, 1970) and geneticist, writer, doctor of biological sciences Raisa Lvovna Berg (March 27, 1913 - March 1, 2006). In 1922, L. S. Berg remarried a teacher at the Petrograd Pedagogical Institute, Maria Mikhailovna Ivanova.

Lev Semenovich Berg died on December 24, 1950 in Leningrad and was buried on the Literary bridges of the Volkovsky cemetery. In 1951 L.S. Berg was awarded the State Prize of the USSR (posthumously) for a classic three-volume book on ichthyology (1949).

In the name of L.S. Berg are named:

The Lev Berg Mountains (67° 42′ S, 48° 55′ E, 14 miles south of Cape Buromsky, Krylov Peninsula) are mountains on the George V Coast, Victoria Land, East Antarctica. Named in 1959;
Cape Berg is a cape in the North of the island of the October Revolution of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. Named in 1913;
Cape Berg is a cape on the island of Georg Land, the archipelago of Franz Josef Land. Named in 1953;
Berg Peak and Berg Glacier in the Pamirs;
Berg Volcano on Iturup Island;
research vessel “Akademik Berga”.

His name was included in the Latin names of more than 60 animals and plants, for example, a deep-sea stingray is named after him.

The city of Bendery is the birthplace of the Soviet encyclopedic scientist, physical geographer and biologist Lev Semenovich Berg. In 1959, the widow of the late scientist, Maria Mikhailovna Ivanova, came to Bendery. She found and pointed out to the city authorities the house where Berg was born. Then it appeared Memorial plaque on the house, which is located on the street. Moscow.

On February 28, 1996, in the city of Bender, one of the streets of the microdistrict of the city - Borisovka - was named after Berg. On February 22, 2005, the Ministry of Justice of the PMR, in the city of Bender, the Public Educational Foundation named after. Academician L. S. Berg. The administration and residents of the city expressed a desire to organize a museum in Berg's house, but two families live in this house, which, for this, need to be provided with other housing. Therefore, on this moment, the question of the creation of the Museum. Berga remains unresolved.

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