Graduation education. Main stages and forms of education

is a set of training programs and state standards that are in constant interaction with each other. The levels of education that implement them consist of institutions that do not depend on each other. An institution of each level has its own forms of organization and bodies of legal subordination that control it.

Education in Russia

At all times, special attention has been paid to education in our country. However, with the change of centuries and political regimes, it has also undergone significant changes. Yes, in Soviet time the education system worked under a single standard. The requirements for educational institutions, the plans according to which the training was carried out, and the methods used by teachers were uniform and strictly regulated on state level. However, the reassessment of values, today, has led to the democratization, humanization and individualization in the education system. All these terms, inapplicable in the past, have become common to contemporary participants educational process. There is variability in educational programs, which allows each institution, regardless of its level, to develop its own training plan, provided that it is approved by the supervisory authority.

However, despite all the innovations, the modern Russian education system remains federal and centralized. The levels of education and its types are fixed by law and are not subject to change.

Types and levels of Russian education

Today, in the Russian Federation there are such types of education as general education and vocational education. The first type includes preschool and school education, to the second - all the rest.

As for the level of education, this is an indicator of the development of educational programs at various levels, both by an individual and by the population. Educational programs, in turn, are stages of education. This indicator characterizes the real and potential capabilities of society, the state as a whole, and the individual in particular.

Levels of education:

• general education;
• professional;
• higher.

General education

According to the Constitution Russian Federation, every citizen has the right to receive every level of general education free of charge in all public institutions. The levels of general education are:

• preschool;
• school.

School education, in turn, is divided into:

• initial;
• main;
• the average.

Each of the steps prepares for the development of the educational program of the next level.

The very first step in our country is preschool education. It prepares future students for learning school curriculum, and also provides basic knowledge about hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, according to research, children who did not attend a preschool institution, at the next stage - school, experience difficulties both in social adaptation and in the development of educational material.

All subsequent levels of education, as well as the preschool stage, pursue a single goal - to prepare for the development of the next stage of education.

At the same time, the primary task of basic education is to master the basics of various sciences and the state language, as well as the formation of inclinations for certain types of activities. At this stage of education, it is necessary to learn to independently cognize the world around.

Professional education

Levels vocational education the following:

• initial
• the average;
• higher.

The first stage is mastered in institutions where you can get various working professions. These include vocational institutions. Today they are called vocational lyceums. You can get there, both after the 9th grade, and after graduating from the 11th.

The next step is technical schools and colleges. In institutions of the first type, you can master the basic level future profession, while the second type involves a more in-depth study. You can also enter there, both after the 9th grade and after the 11th. However, there are institutions that stipulate admission only after one specific stage. If you already have an initial vocational education, you will be offered an accelerated program.

And finally higher education prepares highly qualified specialists in various fields. This level of education has its sublevels.

Higher education. Levels

So, the levels of higher education are:

• undergraduate;
• specialty
• magistracy.

It is noteworthy that each of these levels has its own terms of study. It should be taken into account that the bachelor's degree is the initial level, which is mandatory for obtaining the rest.

Specialists with the highest qualifications in various professions are trained in such educational institutions as universities, institutes, academies.

This level of education is also characterized by the fact that it has different forms learning. You can study:

• in person, attending all classes and taking sessions;
• in absentia, independently studying the course material and taking sessions;
• part-time, when training can be conducted on weekends or in the evening (suitable for employed students, as it allows you to study on the job);
• as an external student, here you can finish your studies when you see fit (it assumes the issuance of a state diploma, however, it will be marked that you graduated from an educational institution as an external student).

Conclusion

Types of education and its levels look like this. It is their totality that makes up the education system of the Russian Federation. All of them are regulated at the legislative level by normative documents of various nature and content.

It should be borne in mind that the purpose of the educational system is not only that it allows you to master various professions. In the process of learning, a personality is formed, which improves with each overcome educational level.

Hello dear readers!

Our country has a system of continuous education. This is a legal term and it was introduced back in the Soviet years. Continuing education makes it possible to improve the personality in many ways, its development and the realization of spiritual, moral needs, passing through all the existing levels of education in the Russian Federation.

Education regulated by law

On September 1, 2013, Law No. 273 came into force. It seriously changed the perception of the educational process that our citizens are accustomed to. Was taken as a basis Bologna system education used in many European countries.

According to the new law, there are levels of education in Russia - those stages, steps that every citizen goes through in order to get an education, socialize and master a profession. Some of these levels are optional.

Let's look at them in detail.

Preschool education

This is the first step in the education system, aimed at educating, training, shaping, caring for and improving children.

Programs preschool education implemented in kindergartens. These institutions work with children, taking into account their capabilities and needs. There are combined, general developmental, compensatory, with a bias, education centers.

According to experts, it is the garden that forms the personality, determines the mental and physical features helps the child to enter society.

Preschool education is given to children under the age of 6 years.

General education system

Education in schools consists of several levels and generally represents one of the levels - general education.

Primary general education

IN primary school begin to accept at the age of six and a half years and teach for three years. At this stage, the formation of the personality of the child continues. He is prepared for school, laying basic knowledge and skills (writing, reading, developing logical thinking, teach to build the right relationships with other participants in the educational process.

Basic general education

Having moved to the fifth grade, the student takes a step to the second stage of general education and will have to study until the 9th grade. This is a mandatory stage in the educational system. During this period, the personality develops diversified, revealing its abilities and inclinations. Schoolchildren are prepared for the development of high school programs, begin work on vocational guidance, and are introduced to physical labor.

Secondary general education

Mastering the program of secondary general education in schools, lyceums, gymnasiums (grades 9-11), children are formed as citizens, participants in social processes, show their abilities, self-actualize and self-determine, acquire knowledge that they will need in life, further study and work.

Primary, general and secondary education is received in general education institutions. Children who have not received a general education are not allowed to the next levels.

Professional education

Secondary vocational. In institutions of secondary vocational education, specialists are trained in areas that meet the needs of citizens and the state. These are all working professions.

Children with a basic or secondary general education can enter the institutions of secondary vocational education (technical schools or colleges).

The term of study for graduates of the 9th grade is 4 years. Those who enter after the 11th grade will have to study for 2 years.

Higher education

Higher professional education. Its goal is to train personnel of all specialties and professions that are relevant to society at the present time. Persons with secondary general or secondary vocational education are allowed to study. At the same time, the law adopted in 2013 provides for several levels of higher education:

Bachelor's degree is the first level, which provides basic knowledge and theoretical ideas in the specialty. The bachelor's degree is awarded after four years of study after passing the exam.

Graduates are issued a diploma of higher education, which spells out a bachelor's degree. For such a person, employment is possible in accordance with the requirements applicable to the position.

The master's degree is the next level after the bachelor's degree. Those who already have a bachelor's degree and wish to deepen their knowledge enter the magistracy. You can also complete a master's degree as a second higher education. The term of study is two years.

Additional education

In our country, additional education trains children and adults according to programs additional education. It is aimed at fulfilling the needs of a person in self-development, the manifestation of their talents, capabilities, the development of additional skills and abilities that other levels of education do not provide.

For children, CPE is most often represented by circles and sections of physical, artistic, scientific, technical, and natural orientation.

Adults receive additional education as part of the training courses.

The education system in the Russian Federation and the USSR are often compared with each other. Of course, some aspects remain the same. But in general, one can observe a number of innovations, without which, in the conditions of the scientific and technical process, the state of the economy, the reassessment of moral and cultural values ​​is simply impossible.

The modern education system in our country is based on the principles that are used in European countries and has just started its development.

And I want to believe that sooner or later our new Russian education system, like the Soviet one, will be recognized as the strongest and most effective.

Every year, graduates of grades 9 and 11 are faced with the need to make a choice between existing educational institutions in order to continue further education and receive education. Some boys and girls are aware that there are several levels of vocational education, but not everyone knows the differences between these levels, the merits of various educational institutions.

Primary Vocational Education (NVE)

The first step in the field of specialist training is primary vocational education. The institutions that provide it train skilled workers - employees and workers. Professions are provided in a variety of ways. For example, you can find such educational institutions that teach auto mechanics, assistant secretaries, accountants, radio mechanics, tailors, etc.

Initial vocational education is often attractive for applicants because it does not require long-term training. Students entering after grade 11 usually complete 1 or 2 years of training in their chosen program. Graduates of 9 classes study a little longer. However, not all educational institutions offer such short-term training. In some institutions, today there is a shift towards the profile of technical schools. Students in such educational organizations are offered deeper knowledge. For this reason, the duration of study at this stage of vocational education can be longer - 3 or 4 years.

Institutions of primary vocational education

Several types of educational institutions operate in the system of primary vocational education - a vocational school and a lyceum. In the school, students are offered programs where they can get specific professions and qualifications. In some areas, secondary (complete) general education is additionally provided, while in others it is not.

Vocational schools are considered the main type of initial vocational education. This is the link educational system of our country, which mass-produces workers and employees. However, some applicants make a choice not in favor of schools, but in favor of professional lyceums. These institutions implement integrated educational programs for primary and secondary vocational education and the level of general education. In lyceums, students acquire the knowledge that they should have received in grades 10-11 at school, and professions of an advanced level of qualification.

Secondary vocational education (SVE)

Secondary vocational education is considered the second stage of vocational education. The institutions offering it are very much in demand among high school graduates today. Some educational institutions are multifunctional. They offer not only SVE programs, but also programs of initial, additional vocational education.

IN last years SVE is developing in several directions, which is an important plus for applicants:

1. Educational institutions actively use in their educational activities modern technologies. Students are offered completely new classes, interesting teaching methods.
2. Specialties and professional standards in education are being improved. In colleges, completely new directions appear, old ones are corrected, which eventually begin to meet the requirements of the time.
3. Some colleges are part of universities. This allows VET institutions to offer higher quality education, because studying proccess is built with the involvement of the material and technical base of universities, academies, institutes, with the involvement of the teaching staff.

Types of vocational institutions

In Russia, there are 2 types of educational institutions of secondary vocational education - a technical school and a college. A technical school is the main type of secondary specialized educational institution with vocational programs. College is educational institution advanced. It is engaged in in-depth programs of secondary vocational education.

Colleges are the most popular among applicants, are considered more prestigious. These educational institutions are close to universities in terms of the structure of the educational process, forms and methods of teaching.

Higher professional education (HPE)

The list of basic levels of vocational education includes higher education. Not all high school graduates can enter universities. The road to these educational institutions is open only to persons with secondary (complete) general education or secondary vocational education. Those people who already have a higher education and wish to get another specialty, to strengthen their competitive advantages in the labor market in the future, can also enter universities.

This stage of vocational education solves several very important tasks. Each university:

• satisfies the needs of people in the versatile development of the individual through education;
• provides the society with qualified specialists, scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification;
• develops science and art by performing scientific research and implementation creative activity;
• works in the field of training, retraining and advanced training of specialists and managers.

Types of higher education institutions

In Russia, universities are represented by 3 main types - universities, academies, institutes. A specific type is determined every 5 years based on the results state accreditation. The following characteristics are taken into account:

• range of implemented educational programs;
• the availability of the opportunity to continue postgraduate education in graduate school, doctoral studies;
• conducting scientific research;
• performance of scientific and methodological work;
• qualitative composition of scientific and pedagogical staff.

Universities occupy the highest position at the considered stage of vocational education in Russia. These are more developed educational organizations. The second position belongs to the academies, and the third - to the institutes.

Incomplete higher education and bachelor's degree

And now let's name the stages of higher professional education. It is customary to distinguish several levels. The very first level is incomplete higher education. No specific programs or areas of training have been created for him. They talk about incomplete higher education when students, after studying for at least 2 years and successfully passing intermediate certification, drop out of school.

The second level is a bachelor's degree. The educational programs offered on it have a term of study of at least 4 years. In the process of studying, students gain knowledge about society, history, culture, master the basics of professional knowledge.

Some people consider a bachelor's degree to be an incomplete higher education. Actually it is not. Bachelors are full-fledged specialists. They can be employed in positions that require higher education. If you wish, you can continue your studies for more higher levels vocational education. This decision is recommended for all university graduates, because, unfortunately, some prestigious vacancies are not available with a bachelor's degree.

The second stage of higher professional education in Russia can also include a specialist with a training period of at least 5 years. In educational programs, students receive deeper professional knowledge.

The third level of higher vocational education is magistracy. A master's qualification can be obtained after mastering the educational program of a bachelor's or specialist's degree. The training lasts at least 2 years. During this period, students receive in-depth knowledge in a particular area.

Postgraduate education

Higher educational institutions provide an opportunity to receive postgraduate professional education. This is the stage at which people continue to receive education, having a university degree. Postgraduate professional education is aimed at training personnel focused on teaching activities, conducting scientific research.

In the system of postgraduate vocational education, full-time or part-time postgraduate studies are distinguished. Postgraduate students prepare dissertations for the degree of Candidate of Sciences. There are several specialized forms of training:

• assistant-internship (a system of training pedagogical and creative workers in creative and performing specialties);
• residency (a system for advanced training of doctors in medical higher educational institutions);
• adjuncture (this is the name of postgraduate studies at the universities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, bodies for controlling the circulation of psychotropic substances and narcotic drugs).

Additional professional education (CPE)

A very important step in vocational education is FVE. It is customary to include advanced training, professional retraining. Universities at their faculties, academies, institutes and centers for advanced training offer relevant vocational education programs. All institutions of additional education have a common goal - to increase the professional knowledge of students, improve their business qualities, and prepare them to perform new labor functions.

Professional development is the deepening and updating of existing professional knowledge. This process is realized thanks to the short-term thematic training(courses with a duration of at least 72 hours), thematic and problematic seminars, long-term education(over 100 hours). Professional retraining is the process of obtaining additional qualifications.

self-education

Self-education is also included in the vocational education system. It is called a type of additional professional education. In self-education, a person manages his educational activities, designs his educational space. This type APE is carried out in close connection with other types of education.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that applicants, when asking about how many stages professional education includes, do not even suspect that it is multi-stage. For some people, it begins in schools and lyceums, and ends in universities, academies and institutes. At the same time, all levels of vocational education are permeated with self-education.

Law of the Russian Federation of December 29, 2012 N 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation"- one of the main documents regulating relations in the field of education.

General education, as one of the types of education in our country, is aimed at developing the personality and acquiring in the process of mastering the basic general educational programs knowledge, abilities, skills and the formation of competencies necessary for a person's life in society, a conscious choice of profession and obtaining professional education.

Levels of general education in Russia:
1) preschool education;
2) primary general education (grades 1-4);
3) basic general education (grades 5-9);
4) secondary general education (grades 10-11).

Thus, general education can be divided into preschool And school education.

PRESCHOOL EDUCATION is aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to children of preschool age and specific to children preschool activities.

The Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" enshrines the right of citizens to receive preschool education and state guarantees for its provision, but it is not mandatory and is not established as a condition for admission to primary school.

Training in PRIMARY SCHOOL is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in learning activities(mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activity, elements of theoretical thinking, the simplest skills of self-control, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle).

IN BASIC SCHOOL moral beliefs, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle are formed, high culture interpersonal and interethnic communication. Students master the basics of science, the state language of the Russian Federation, the skills of mental and physical labor, they develop inclinations, interests, and the ability to social self-determination.

Secondary general education ( HIGH SCHOOL) is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in knowledge and creativity the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choice, continuing education and starting professional activity.

The organization of educational activities in educational programs of primary general, basic general and secondary general education can be based on the differentiation of content, taking into account educational needs and interests of students, providing an in-depth study of individual subjects, subject areas of the corresponding educational program (professional education).

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Students who have not mastered the basic educational program of primary general and (or) basic general education are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education. The requirement of obligatory secondary general education in relation to a particular student remains in force until he reaches the age of eighteen years, if the corresponding education was not received by the student earlier.

School education is accompanied intermediate and final certifications . At the end of grades 9 and 11, state final attestations are held in the form OGE, USE and GVE .

General education in our country can be obtained in educational organizations (kindergartens, schools), as well as outside these organizations (in the form of family education and self-education). At the same time, persons mastering the basic educational program in the form of self-education or family education, has the right to pass externally intermediate and state final certification (GIA) in an accredited educational organization.

At the same time, students, their parents (legal representatives) have the right to apply for educational services from educational organizations and individual entrepreneurs of their choice on a paid basis.

State and municipal educational organizations have the right to provide paid educational services that cannot be provided instead of educational activities financed from the budgets of all levels (federal, subjects of the Russian Federation or local). Thus, paid services include services that go beyond the scope of the main educational activities provided for by state educational standards, and stipulated in the charter of the educational organization.

Sociology studies and internal structure education systems, primarily in terms of the continuity of individual levels and links. And here the fundamental idea is continuity. IN modern society Strictly speaking, there is neither complete, nor complete, nor, moreover, higher education. These terms only mean a certain level of education achieved by a person. Modern man, in principle, should study all his life. It is possible to single out formal education - school, postgraduate studies, doctoral studies and informal education - educational television, the Internet, self-education, interest clubs, cultural institutions.

Preschool education.

It is represented by the system preschool institutions which in the best years for the national education system were attended by more than half of the children. Kindergarten designed to help the family in their upbringing. The main and first teachers of the child are his parents, who most often do not have the necessary knowledge.

There is a hypothesis that it is at this stage of the upbringing and education of the child that society bears the most important losses.

L. Tolstoy remarked: “From me to a six-year-old child is one step, from a newborn to a six-year-old is a huge distance.” All the basic inclinations and abilities of the child are formed precisely at this age, followed by the development, polishing of these qualities of the child. Usual for modern school ratio: one gifted child per ten schoolchildren. According to American sociologists and educators, if you apply the entire pedagogical arsenal in preschool age, then eight out of ten children will go to school at the level of gifted children.

School.

The next stage is school, elementary - 3-4 years of study, basic - 5 years of study, secondary school - two more years of study. The school is the main basic institution in the modern education system, greatest achievement civilization. Indeed, knowledge of the alphabet introduces a person into the temple of spiritual culture. Please note that the first schools, universities in various countries appeared at churches: for example, parochial schools, the Greco-Latin Academy in Russia.

The primitive herd of people turns into a society after the appearance of the figure of the teacher. Without trust in him, faith in his abilities, it is impossible to build the Temple of Science. The authority of the teacher, his material and social position in society directly determine the quality of education. If the most gifted young people do not go to graduate school, then the level of academic science in the country is set for decades to come. These are also the most interesting sociological problems of education.

In general, the relationship between education and professional activity is an interesting philosophical and sociological problem. The education system is unlikely to be able to track the educational needs of the society and promptly respond to them. When education is not used in all its richness, an opinion arises about its academic nature, the need to reduce curricula. Tomorrow, the insufficiency of the acquired knowledge is revealed, they begin to argue about the failure of the education system, the need for reforms.

Education, drawing its content from the processes of human activity, must carry a certain leading moment. First of all, because it is received mainly by people at a young age and the stock of knowledge is designed to ensure the future development of society, its production and culture. In addition, knowledge, primarily humanitarian, contains an indispensable fund of human civilization, which is the basis for self-development of a person, his full-fledged life.

A lot of questions of a sociological nature in the work of a general education school arise in rural areas, in the regions of the Far North, especially in the activities of boarding schools. The problem of bilingualism and teaching children of small peoples in their native language is extremely complex.

Out-of-school education.

In parallel, the system of out-of-school education is developing. We include all kinds of out-of-school institutions in it: music, sports schools, stations for young tourists, naturalists, centers of technical and artistic creativity. Their activities ensure the comprehensive development of the personality of a child, a teenager. And, of course, the question always arises about the optimum, expediency, so as not to overload, not to cripple the child. Especially if the child-loving parents have one, and even have grandparents.

Sociologists are also interested in the optimal combination of general education and professional training. Is it necessary to teach professions at school or limit ourselves to polytechnic education? Should students be engaged in productive work in the classroom, should they be paid for it?

Professional education.

The next step is the vocational school, represented by technical schools, vocational schools, and now also colleges, universities of various types. The main problem is professional choice in the transition from general education to vocational school. What determines a professional choice, how, through what channels can it be influenced? Most sociological studies of education are concentrated here. The point is that social needs vocational training and personal aspirations of schoolchildren do not always coincide.

In reality, no more than 20 percent of school graduates enter Russian universities. As a result, there is a collapse of life plans, illusions.

At present, the system of postgraduate education is developing more and more - postgraduate studies, doctoral studies, obtaining a second specialty, institutes and faculties of advanced training, internships, etc. Here, too, there are many questions of interest to sociology. Suffice it to say that, according to sociologists, up to 60 percent of university graduates change their profession for a variety of reasons. Very difficult questions arise: how to help in professional development in a new specialty, what set of fundamental knowledge should be given to a student so that such a transition is less painful, etc.

In modern Russian conditions, higher education is changing the structure of training specialists under the powerful pressure of new socio-economic conditions and factors, second higher education is becoming widespread. In higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, new specialties and specializations are being opened related to such areas of social life as management, business, finance, ecology, etc.

Currently new problem for high school- Lack of demand, unemployment among people with higher education. Unemployment has become "smart". Thus, in 1998 every tenth unemployed person had a higher education. The most unfavorable situation on the labor market is developing in relation to engineering universities: demand (already low) is falling, there is no shortage of specialists.

It is difficult to expect dramatic changes in this area in the near future. Economic analysis leads to conclusions that are difficult for higher education: a decrease in production volumes leads to a decrease in the demand for skilled labor, and this leads to a reduction in the volume of specialist training. Especially in terms of engineering and science education. According to experts (A. A. Ovsyannikov and others), a decline in production volumes, a sharp reduction in the scale scientific activity and its prestige stimulate the curtailment of classical and branch science. Although prestige is to have degree, not engaged in professional scientific activity, is high. It has become fashionable.

Fundamentally new for domestic higher professional education is the emerging multi-stage system: bachelor, specialist, master. It attracts its flexibility, the opportunity for young people to get involved in professional activities at different levels of education, the integration of secondary and higher professional educational institutions. However, one cannot fail to see the thoughtless copying of the American model by some zealous reformers. Sometimes in the so-called elite or international colleges, mostly in the humanities, there is a large amount of science subjects. Yes, in American universities, especially research universities, and the so-called colleges of liberal sciences, there are such educational plans. But do not forget that more than 60 percent of graduates go to American universities. high school and universities are simply forced to equalize the general scientific training of junior students, including in their native language English language. Another thing is Russia, where no more than a fifth of secondary school graduates enter universities on the basis of strict competitive selection, and, it is generally recognized, with more thorough general scientific training.

Non-state educational institutions.

A new phenomenon requiring serious sociological analysis is non-traditional forms of education, including private educational institutions. New forms of education appear in the form of independent structures or special divisions of state educational institutions. A comparison of the typological groups of students in public and private educational institutions shows their significant differences. It is clear that among the parents of students in private educational institutions there are more entrepreneurs, major leaders who can provide payment for the education of their children. There are more students here who combine study with work - up to independent entrepreneurship. Such students are financially well-off, they are not accustomed to denying themselves anything, they are confident in their professional choice, are well aware of the specifics of their future professional activities, they are higher than "budget" students, appreciate the importance good education, freehold foreign languages etc. In the near future, national sociology will certainly carry out research on the quality of student training in state and private professional educational institutions.

Sociologists emphasize the readiness of the part Russian population invest personal funds in the field of education, and especially for obtaining specialties that are in high demand in the labor market. This is of fundamental importance in conditions of an acute shortage of budgetary resources. The education system in Russia is the area of ​​activity that is ready to accept investments and give the necessary return. It needs modernization less than other areas of activity and is quite competitive in the global educational market.

Thus, the activities of social institutions of education are aimed at meeting important social needs. The future of any society largely depends on how successfully it develops.