Implementation of the direction "scientific and technical creativity". Technical creativity is one of the main directions in additional education The main directions of technical creativity

Creativity is a process of human activity, as a result of which qualitatively new material and spiritual values are created. All the spiritual forces of a person take part in the process of creativity, including imagination, as well as the skill acquired in training and in practice, which is necessary for the implementation of a creative idea. In the study of creativity, creative thinking, many mysteries still remain today, waiting for their thoughtful researcher.

Creativity in our time, in a difficult economic and social situation, is especially relevant and able to give humanity new strength on the path of economic, social and spiritual development.

The types of creativity are determined by the nature of the creative activity of a person (for example, the creativity of an inventor and innovator, organizer, scientific and artistic creativity).

Creativity of the inventor and innovator, scientific and scientific-technical creativity, organizational abilities to implement the achievements of the scientific and technological revolution are especially in demand in the current period of economic crises and social upheavals. But no less important in modern life is the role of artistic creativity as a source for spiritual uplift, harmonization and improvement of the individual and society as a whole.

All types of creativity have a deep relationship with each other. For example, an inventor and innovator, a scientist must also have the ability to organize creativity in order to successfully organize research in their field.

The future is undoubtedly in the integration of various types creative activity. At all times, individuals who were talented in various fields of knowledge were especially valued (versatility distinguished Leonardo da Vinci, M. Lomonosov and many other great people who successfully worked in science, technology, and in the field of artistic creativity).

Enumeration of the directions of technical creativity. 4. Sports and technical 1. Aircraft modeling 2. Rocket and space modeling 3. Ship modeling 4. Car modeling 5. Track car modeling 6. Karting 7. Motorsport, 8. Motorsport 9. Radiosport 10. Orienteering and radio direction finding 11. Radio communication 12. Hang gliding and paragliding 13. Marine business. 1. Scientific and technical and subject 1. Cosmonautics 2. Cosmophysics and astrophysics 3. Earth sciences and ecology 4. Scientific and technical creativity with the basics of TRIZ 5. Radio electronics 6. Physics 7. Chemistry 8. Mathematics 9. Astronomy. 2. Initial technical simulation 1. Initial technical simulation 2. Electrified toy. 5. Computer technologies 1. Programming 2. User technologies 3. Computer graphics, publishing systems 4. WEB technologies, telecommunications 5. Internet technologies. 3. Production and technical 1. Metalworking 2. Technical design and modeling 3. Joinery and design 4. Electrical engineering 5. Electronic automation 6. Technical cybernetics 7. Robotics 8. Small-scale mechanization 9. Design of small-sized equipment 10. Auto business 11. Railway modeling 12 .Polytechnic modeling. 6. Artistic and technical 1. Design 2. Photography 3. Cinema, video 4. YUID 5. Animation 6. Young craftsman.

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Institutions of additional education

"Additional educational program" - Protection of an additional educational program. Representation based on the content of the explanatory note of the program. Organizational component Methods, methods, techniques, stages, forms How? Yaroslavl, 2010 5 min Answers to questions. Additional direction options educational programs. Performance evaluation criteria.

"Pioneer organization" - the Charter was developed in two languages: Russian and Chuvash. Bonfire means enthusiasm, activity, fire of the soul. Romanov Kirill Romanovich. Ecological education. Composition of the first pioneer link. Department of Education - Shadrikova Yulia Albartseva Natasha. Romanov Ilya Romanovich. They actively helped in agricultural work on the "Smychka" collective farm.

"Additional education program" - Appendix No. 2. Author's program must have 70% novelty in its content. The degree of integration and the principle of integration may vary. Table No. 1 "Forms of identification, fixation, presentation of results." The plan for the implementation of experimental programs is heard and adopted by the Methodological Council. Techniques and methods of organizing the educational process.

"Camp of work and rest" - 2010. ... And the hooks on the hanger?! About half a thousand students of the school, and now the Education Center, passed through the camp. Day of Remembrance and Sorrow at the School Museum. The gym will be perfectly clean. Not everything worked out right away, but the acquisition of labor skills is one of the main tasks of the camp. Labor and recreation camp at the Education Center No. 771.

"Additional education at school" - Athletics. General education. Tomsk Scientific - practical conference. Regulatory framework. Youth Army member. Forms of cooperation. Yuid. social partners. Museum of the SCC, TOHM, TOKM, Museum of the Afghan Center. Optional courses. Public organization "Council of Kashtak". Tgpu, TGU, vocational school No. 6,12,19, 27,33.

"Military-patriotic club Vityaz" - Paninsky district. The structure and directions of work of the military-industrial complex "Vityaz". Pmp. The history of the club "Vityaz". VPK "Vityaz". Our business is military field training. Currently, the membership of the club includes a person aged 14-17 years. History of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Survival lessons. Military-patriotic club "Vityaz". All-around (dismantling of the machine, drill, physical training).

In total there are 17 presentations in the topic

In the process of creativity, something qualitatively new is born, distinguished by originality, originality, socio-historical uniqueness. Technical creativity as one of the most important components of human culture is aimed at creating new, more efficient means of production. Varieties of technical creativity are invention, innovation, design, construction, design.

If the end product, the crowning achievement of creative activity in science is a discovery, then in technology it is an invention. Opening concerns a phenomenon, a law, a living being, which already existed, but which was not previously known. Columbus discovered America, but it existed before him. Franklin invented a lightning rod that didn't exist before. At present, the discovery is rarely accompanied by inventions, and vice versa, since any advance in the depths of matter, expansion of the sphere of knowledge requires more and more new technical means, and the creation of such has its limit when using only old stocks of knowledge. Therefore, scientific research is inextricably linked with engineering activities.

invention a technical solution of the problem is recognized that has novelty, non-obviousness and industrial applicability. The objects of inventions can be devices, a method (including microbiological, as well as methods of treatment, diagnosis and prevention), a substance (including chemical and therapeutic), a strain of a microorganism, as well as the use of a previously known device, method, substance, strain of a microorganism for a new purpose. Not recognized as inventions scientific theories, methods of organizing and managing the economy, symbols, schedules, rules, schemes and methods for performing mental actions, algorithms and programs for computers, projects and layout schemes for structures, buildings, territories, proposals relating only to appearance buildings designed to meet aesthetic needs.

A special kind of technical creativity is rationalization activity. Rationalization does not claim to be a fundamental novelty, when the created object is not known at the previous level of science and technology, or non-obviousness associated with a radical restructuring of the object, as a result of which its description does not follow from the description of the previous level of science and technology. The meaning of rationalization is to improve, to introduce a more expedient organization of the production process in accordance with social demands. The need for rationalization arises, as a rule, with insufficient use of the capabilities of a technical object.

Design - engineering activities to create a project, i.e. prototype of the proposed technical object (system). In the design process, a preliminary study and development of a future technical object takes place at the level of a drawing and other design symbolic means without direct reference to the manufacture of a product in a material and testing of its prototypes.

Construction - engineering activity, which consists in the creation, testing and development of prototypes of various options for a future technical object (system). It is accompanied by calculations, operations of analysis and synthesis, taking into account such requirements as simplicity and economy of manufacture, ease of use, compliance with certain dimensions, existing structural elements. On the basis of a prototype, a designer who joins the design at its final stage calculates specific characteristics that take into account the specifics of manufacturing an object in a given production.

Design - design and artistic activity to create technical objects with aesthetic properties. The design integrates the artistic design of industrial products, the modeling of the life of the user with these products, and the modeling of the links "man - culture" (fashion, style, consumer values, etc.). Because of this, the activity of the designer is directly related to the widespread use of the achievements of technical, natural and human sciences.

Every engineer must master the methods of technical creativity. Of course, it would be naive to hope to find a reliable and universal way to solve technical problems, to design some kind of algorithm that would make it possible to make discoveries and inventions without much difficulty. At the same time, methods of search design and construction are being developed. A new scientific discipline is emerging - technical eurylogy. It convincingly illustrates the fact that technical creativity is a dialectical process, the description of which requires the mastery of such concepts as dialectical contradiction, thought experiment, idealized object, etc.

Methods

Method as a set of rules, techniques and operations for the practical and theoretical development of reality, it primarily serves to obtain and substantiate objectively true knowledge. The methods used in science are a measure of its maturity and perfection, an indicator of the relations that have developed in it. The history of its development, the psychology of creativity testify to the fact that the new in cognition was born not so much due to the improvement of the psychological qualities of individuals, but rather through the invention and improvement of reliable methods of work. "At good method and not very talented person can do a lot. And with a bad method, even a brilliant person will work in vain and will not receive valuable accurate data, "wrote I.P. Pavlov (36. p. 16). According to the fair remark of Leonardo da Vinci, methods warn inventors and researchers from promising themselves and others things that are impossible.

The nature of the methods is essentially determined by the subject of research, the degree of generality of the tasks set, accumulated experience, and other factors. Methods that are suitable for one area of scientific research are not suitable for achieving the goals in the areas. At the same time, we are witnessing many outstanding achievements as a consequence of the transfer of methods that have proven themselves in some sciences to other sciences to solve their specific problems. Thus, opposite tendencies of differentiation and integration of sciences on the basis of applied methods are observed.

The doctrine of methods is called methodology. It seeks to streamline, systematize them, establish the suitability of application in various fields, answer the question of what kind of conditions, means and actions are necessary and sufficient to realize certain scientific goals and ultimately to obtain new objectively true and substantiated knowledge.

Rules are central to the structure of a method. rule there is a prescription that establishes a procedure for achieving a certain goal. According to Hegel, the rule is to subsume the particular under the general. A rule is a provision that reflects a pattern in a certain subject area. This pattern creates basic knowledge regulations. In addition, the rule includes a certain system of operational rules that provide "summary", i.e. connection of means and conditions with human activity.

In basic knowledge, the results of a wide variety of sciences are integrated. It is possible to single out the philosophical, general scientific, concrete scientific content of the scientific method. A special place in basic knowledge belongs to its subject-shaped component, fixed in various methods.

Philosophical content constitute the provisions of logic (dialectical and formal), ethics, aesthetics. All of them, with the possible exception of the laws of formal logic, do not exist in the form of a rigid system of norms, recipes or technical instructions and are fixed in the most general guidelines of scientific knowledge. Figuratively speaking, philosophy is a compass that helps to determine the right direction, but not a map on which the path to the final goal is pre-drawn. The methodological value of philosophy is directly dependent on the extent to which it is based on the knowledge of universal essential connections in the objective world.

Concepts, the provisions of which are valid in relation to a number of fundamental and particular scientific disciplines, are basic general knowledge. Such are the provisions of mathematics, theoretical cybernetics, semiotics, systems theory, synergetics and other sciences operating with the concepts of information, complexity, system, structure, self-organization, model, control, element, sign, algorithm, probability, diversity, homomorphism, etc. The methods of these sciences have penetrated deeply into the most diverse branches of modern knowledge.

Knowledge about the totality of principles and methods used in a particular scientific discipline is the core specific scientific methodology. For example, studies in biology, physics, chemistry, etc. have a specific set of methodological tools. At the same time, the results of these sciences can be translated into methods of more specific sciences. For example, for technical science, the law of conservation and transformation of energy, the second law of thermodynamics, which prohibit work on the invention of a "perpetual motion machine", are of great regulatory importance. The close connection of engineering activity with practical needs makes it necessary to take into account in the technical sciences the diverse and rapidly changing regulators of a socio-economic nature.

Knowledge applied at the subject-sensory level of some scientific research forms the basis of its methods. V empirical research methodology provides for the collection and primary processing of experimental data, regulates the practice of research work - experimental production activities. Theoretical work also requires its own methodology. Here its prescriptions refer to activities with objects expressed in sign form. For example, there are methods of various kinds of calculations, decoding Rostov, conducting thought experiments, etc. At the time stage of the development of science, both at its empirical and theoretical levels, exclusively important role belongs to computer technology. Without it, a modern experiment, modeling various computational procedures are inconceivable.

Any technique is created on the basis of more high levels knowledge, but it is a set of highly specialized installations, which includes fairly strict restrictions - instructions, projects, standards, specifications, etc. At the level of methodology, the installations that exist ideally in human thoughts, as it were, merge with practical operations, completing the formation of the method. Without them, the method is something speculative and does not get out in external world. In turn, the practice of research is impossible without control from the side of ideal settings. Good mastery of the technique is an indicator of high professionalism.

Scientific methods can be divided on different grounds - depending on the tasks facing them. It is permissible, in particular, to speak about the methods of general and specific, practical and logical, empirical and theoretical, used in the discovery and justification. General we name the methods which are applied in human cognition in general, while specific - those used only by science. The former include analysis, synthesis, abstraction, comparison, induction, deduction, analogy, etc.; to the second - scientific observation, experiment, idealization, formalization, axiomatization, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, etc. Practical are methods applied in practice, i.e. subject-sensory level of scientific knowledge, while brain teaser methods are logical "figures" that are the result of generalization of billions of times repeated practical actions. The former include observation, measurement, practical experiment, object modeling, and the latter include proof, explanation, derivation of consequences, justification, thought experiment, symbolic modeling, etc. At the same time, observation, measurement, practical experiment, object modeling refer to empirical methods, as well as accompanying them and with them "merged" proof or derivation of consequences. The same methods as idealization, thought experiment, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, are theoretical. There are methods adapted mainly to the substantiation of knowledge (experiment, proof, explanation, interpretation), while others "work" more for discovery (observation, inductive generalization, analogy).

deserve a special mention methods of scientific and technical creativity, during which Scientific research, the discovery of the new is connected with its creation, invention. The subject of scientific and technical creativity synthesizes the qualities of a scientist and an engineer. Its most important task is to subject the knowledge that captures the actions of fundamental natural forces to hard target processing and create an artificial technical device (artifact) capable of performing some of the operational duties of a person.

If such methods as analysis, abstraction, explanation, experiment are of decisive importance during the discovery, then observation, measurement, modeling, synthesis (design) come to the fore during the invention. Concretization replaces abstraction, limitation - generalization. The process of idealization is replaced by the reverse process - the elimination of idealized objects, replacing them with abstractions that have subject-visual content. At this level, there is no room for approximation, wandering of the mind and speculation, because thought is tested by practice. directly confirmed or refuted in the most obvious way.

One of the factors contributing to the development of students' interest in the specialties of the technical sphere is the formation of their conscious professional choice, when organizing classes in scientific and technical creativity. Technical creativity - a type of creative activity to create material products - technical means that form an artificial environment for a person - the technosphere; it includes the generation of new engineering ideas and their implementation in design documentation, prototypes and mass production.

To implement the task of developing scientific and technical education in the school, a School Work Plan in this area was drawn up.

Objective: development of a stable and deep interest of students in the design of the simplest models, the formation of elementary skills in design thinking and technical modeling.

The implementation of these goals contributes to the solution of the following educational tasks

to give students theoretical knowledge of the basics of initial technical modeling;
to instill in students special practical skills and skills in constructing a variety of simple models (using the tools necessary for modeling, working
with templates)
drawing models, reading simple drawings, testing models, analyzing the results of one's work and others;
develop technical thinking skills;
to instill in students a culture of work, interpersonal relations, a sense of responsibility for the quality of the work performed.

Principles of work of the scientific and technical direction in MAOU Alabinskaya secondary school with UIOP
named after the Hero of the Russian Federation S.A. Ashikhmina:

Inclusion of students in active activities.
Accessibility and visibility.
Relationship between theory and practice.
Accounting for age characteristics.
A combination of individual and collective forms of activity.
Purposefulness and sequence of activities (from simple to complex).

The work plan in this area consists of three stages:

The first stage is 2015-2017.

The second stage is 2018-2020.

At the first stage to form continuity in the implementation of the information technology profile, classes with in-depth study of computer science were opened at the school: 2016-2017 academic year - 3 classes (7b, 8b, 9c).

To implement the task of developing scientific and technical education at school, work was planned in the main areas in 2017-2018:

Additional education

extracurricular activities: circles "Info-knowledge" (4a cl.), "Young computer scientist" (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d cl.), "Robotics" (6b, 6c, 6d, 6d, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 8a, 8b cells),

Technological excursions

#RoboCity2018 - ANO robotics festival
DO Robolatorium Odintsovo (9b class).

Scientific activity, competitive movement

participation in the regional scientific and practical conference "Step into the Future": 2016 - project work"Designing robots based on the LEGO Mindstorms set" (winner, student of grade 7. Gaidukov A.), project work "ROBOT - MOWAY" (winner, student of grade 11. Urmantsev R.);
participation in the regional competition of drawings in programming languages "Gr@fal" nomination "Animated drawing" (winner, student
7 cells Antonov K.);
participation in All-Russian competition"Kit - computers, informatics, technologies" - the number of participants - 94 people;
the school stage of the All-Russian Olympiad in Informatics and Physics - 145 participants;
participation in the municipal stage of the All-Russian Olympiad in Informatics and Physics: 1 - winner in physics, 8 - participants.

Summer camp

from 1.06.2018 to 30.06.2018 a summer camp for gifted children "Erudite" was opened on the basis of the school
(25 people) - direction of robotics. The main disciplines are computer science, logic, mathematics.

Involvement of teachers educational organizations higher education

· An agreement was signed on the program "Training of Robotics" with LLC "NPO "ANK EFFECT" with the involvement of university teachers to conduct classes in robotics at the summer camp for gifted children "Erudite".

Cooperation with schools of the Naro-Fominsk region

School robotic club "Werther" MAOU Aprelevskaya secondary school No. 3 SUIOP visited and held a master class.

Equipment

There are sets of Lego education constructor and Moway smart city constructor, basic parts, computers, 3D printer, projector, screen, video equipment.
The educational robotic module "Basic competitive level" was purchased.

Second phase

Work plan 2017-2018

Open the information technology profile class (10b).
Continue work in the following areas: in-depth study of computer science in grades 8b and 9b; additional education ( extracurricular activities) with the involvement of university teachers.
Organize a joint robotics club with MAOU Aprelevskaya secondary school No. 3 SUIOP in order to exchange experience.
Take part in the RIP competition on the topic "Robotics as the basis for the development of scientific, technical and creativity students."
Send I.I. Podkolzina to advanced training courses for computer science teachers. in the field of robotics.

2019-2020 year

Continue work in the following areas: in-depth study of computer science in grades 5-9, specialized training in grades 10-11; additional education (extracurricular activities) with the involvement of university teachers and young professionals.
Joint work with MAOU Aprelevskaya secondary school No. 3 SUIOP, holding contests, competitions.

Extracurricular work on technical creativity in combination with training sessions helps students acquire deep and solid knowledge in the field of technical sciences, valuable practical skills; fosters hard work, discipline, work culture, the ability to work in a team. Being engaged in technical creativity, students will be able to practically apply knowledge in various fields of technology, which in the future will facilitate their conscious choice of profession and subsequent mastery of a specialty.

Keywords

TECHNICAL CREATIVITY / PRACTICAL SKILLS / PRINCIPLES OF TECHNICAL CREATIVITY / UNIFIED CENTER FOR ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE MAIN TYPES OF TECHNICAL CREATIVITY/TECHNICAL CREATIVITY/SKILLS/ PRINCIPLES OF TECHNICAL CREATIVITY / UNITED CENTER FOR THE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE MAIN TYPES OF TECHNICAL CREATIVITY

annotation scientific article on the sciences of education, author of scientific work - Potaptsev Igor Stepanovich, Bushueva Valentina Viktorovna, Bushuev Nikolai Nikolaevich

At present, the systematization of the main directions is relevant. technical creativity required in engineering education. A brief overview of the use of forms is given technical creativity at MSTU im. N.E. Bauman, the need to activate this direction is shown. Block diagrams have been developed technical creativity and forms of organization. A holistic representation of individual disparate species is proposed technical creativity and forms of its organization in technical university, which represents a certain novelty. Main building blocks technical creativity considered in unity and interconnection. In scientific and methodological literature such an approach that expresses integrity technical creativity, is not described. Its significance lies in the coordinating and orienting function. Suggested recommendations for use principles of technical creativity and forms of organization in work with students; the ratio of forms of activation is given technical creativity in domestic and foreign practice, their advantages and disadvantages are shown. The necessity of formation practical skills technical creativity at all stages of the training of future engineers and recommended the creation at the university of a single center for the organization and management of various types of technical creativity.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "The main directions of technical creativity in engineering education"

Educational and methodical work

UDC 001:331.102.312:621

The main directions of technical creativity in engineering education

I.S. Potaptsev, V.V. Bushueva, N.N. Bushuev

MSTU im. N.E. Bauman, 105005, Moscow, the Russian Federation, 2nd Baumanskaya st., 5, building 1.

The main trends of technical creativity in engineering education

I.S. Potaptsev, V.V. Bushueva, N.N. Bushuev

Bauman Moscow State Technical University, building 1, 2-nd Baumanskaya str., 5, 105005, Moscow, Russian Federation. GSH1 e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

At present, the systematization of the main areas of technical creativity required in engineering education is relevant. A brief overview of the application of forms of technical creativity in MSTU is given. N.E. Bauman, the need to activate this direction is shown. Structural schemes of technical creativity and forms of its organization have been developed. A holistic representation of separate disparate types of technical creativity and forms of its organization at a technical university is proposed, which is a certain novelty. The main constituent elements of technical creativity are considered in unity and interconnection. In the scientific and methodological literature, such an approach, expressing the integrity of technical creativity, is not described. Its significance lies in the coordinating and orienting function. Suggested recommendations for the application of the principles of technical creativity and forms of organization in working with students; the ratio of forms of activation of technical creativity in domestic and foreign practice is given, their advantages and disadvantages are shown. The necessity of developing practical skills of technical creativity at all stages of the training of future engineers is substantiated and the creation of a single center for organizing and managing various types of technical creativity at the university is recommended.

Keywords: technical creativity, practical skills, principles of technical creativity, a single center for organizing and managing the main types of technical creativity.

domestic and foreign practices are described along with their advantages and disadvantages. The importance of developing practical technical creativity skills at all stages of preparation of future engineers is proven. It is recommended that a united center for the organization and management of the main types of technical creativity should be set up at the University.

Keywords: technical creativity, skills, principles of technical creativity, united center for the organization and management of the main types of technical creativity.

At present, the social order is aimed at creative specialists capable of creating new technology. With the current pace of development of science and technology, frequent changes in technology and production processes, the availability of information technology, constant professional growth is required. old knowledge and skills are rapidly changing, new non-standard, alternative solutions are required, a new application of the functioning of a particular technical object. in the conditions of an innovative economy, the problem of training engineers with a focus on creative skills is significant, which leads to the introduction of elements of technical creativity and forms of its organization into the educational process.

B MGTU im. AD Bauman, technical creativity has always been given considerable attention, in particular, special courses on technical creativity, student circles, student design bureau (SPKB), methodical seminars in departments, conferences, etc. Some employees still remember the seminar on technical creativity for teachers, which was led by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences K.S. Kolesnikov.

Over time, technical creativity has become less attention. For example, the SPKB, which was quite effective, is not functioning today, and many other forms of work have also been discontinued. At the same time, new, interesting and significant areas appeared, for example, the participation of senior students in the implementation of contractual and state budget R&D. These works are now carried out by almost all departments of the university. However, modern conditions dictate the need to intensify work on technical creativity in such a way that technical creativity passes through all the links in the training of a future engineer, taking into account modern conditions and opportunities.

The purpose of the work is to systematize, present in a single structure, interconnections, continuity, separate, separate types of work on technical creativity and forms of its organization.

The types of technical creativity considered in the article cover all stages of preparation

future engineer. This approach, i.e., a holistic view of all links in a single system, in methodological plan has some novelty. In the scientific and methodological literature, there is no such general systematization of technical creativity and forms of its organization, only certain individual links are considered and not always in interconnection and interaction. The significance of the proposed holistic view, which unites all the main types of technical creativity, lies in the coordinating, orienting function.

In modern scientific literature, the concept of "technical creativity" is used only when it comes to the development of technical systems. In other cases, the concept of "engineering creativity" is used, which is much broader in content. This is explained by the fact that modern engineering activity includes many types of work: executive, organizational, design, technological, etc. However, the main activity of an engineer is the creation, improvement, development of technical systems, technologies, the search for new technical ideas and solutions. And in this regard, the concepts of "engineering creativity" and "technical creativity" coincide.

The main activities of technical creativity and its structure can be represented in the form of a diagram shown in fig. 1. This scheme summarizes the experience of engineering activities, and also takes into account the most significant moments of the educational process at a technical university. Undoubtedly, the scheme can be refined, supplemented, adjusted in accordance with the specifics of various industries, that is, improved.

The most significant structural links of the general scheme presented in fig. 1 are discussed in more detail in Fig. 2 and 3.

It should be noted that the content of each element of this scheme is determined by the specific focus, industry specifics of the problems under consideration. Indicative as an example in this respect is the work in which the design process is considered, taking into account the specifics of the Department of Laser and Optoelectronic Systems of the Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman.

Rice. 1. Structure and forms of organization of technical creativity

Training

Familiarization

Critical reflection

Task Formulation

Technical calculations

Feasibility study

Development of technical documentation

Rice. 2. The main stages of technical creativity

Of particular interest when working with students are the forms of organization of technical creativity. Various forms of organization of technical creativity are shown in detail in fig. 3. In particular, the most significant, in the opinion of the authors, three areas are considered here: the educational process, work outside curriculum and organizational and methodological work.

Thus, the structure of technical creativity and the forms of its organization reflect the main areas of work performed at a technical university.

In the above structure (see Fig. 1), technical creativity and its forms of organization are interconnected and represent a single, integral system. Consider the content of all constituent elements, even in general terms in

within one job is not possible. Therefore, we will dwell only on individual links in the organization of technical creativity (see Fig. 3), in particular, we will consider some aspects of methodological work on technical creativity and the main methods for activating technical creativity in domestic and foreign practice.

Ideally, methodological work at a technical university is the presence of a methodological fund, both general, in this case, faculty, and departmental with a focus on technical creativity. Currently, many teachers note that there are so many methodological developments, instructions and methods that they do not need to be developed, they should be collected, systematized, and thought through.

Work outside the curriculum

Subject student circles

Circles of technical creativity

Student scientific conferences

Exhibition of student works

Participation of students in the research work of the department

Participation of senior students in performing R&D

Forms of organization

Organizational and methodological work

Development of programs taking into account the problems of technical creativity

Development of methodological works in terms of teaching technical creativity

Special courses on technical creativity, taking into account the profile of the department

Tasks and exercises on technical creativity, taking into account the profile of the department

Methods for activating technical

creativity: collective and individual

Rice. 3. Forms of organization of technical creativity

unity, interconnection and interaction. However, this is a rather complicated work and is far from being completed, although at the Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bauman, there are interesting developments in this direction. Moreover, if such a systematization is carried out, then many factors should be taken into account, for example, an interdisciplinary approach, which undoubtedly has a creative character. To implement an interdisciplinary approach, you first need to collect generalizing material. This is a difficult task, both organizationally and methodologically. Moreover, it is necessary to create an interdisciplinary methodology between various technical disciplines, develop methodological and teaching aids, coordinated with each other from the standpoint of various fields of knowledge, with a focus on practical activities. In this case study guides adopt a coherent logical system in accordance with the creative approach.

An important point is also that the block of interdisciplinary knowledge should be expanded not only by special technical disciplines, but also by others, and, in particular, significant attention should be paid to environmental issues, which cover most engineering specialties. As you know, in its essence, ecology is an integrating science. It's a holistic system

knowledge from various fields, which is determined by the structure of the ecology itself. The understanding of communication is based not only on technical, but also on natural phenomena, their specific correlation. Environmental safety is extremely difficult to introduce into the practice of production activities. For the future engineer in the conditions of new equipment and technologies, the environmental orientation is of particular importance.

From the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach, author's programs and special courses are also being developed, which should cover new trends in various fields of knowledge, complement and expand the program of a particular discipline. In this version, their creative nature is also obvious.

The educational process with an interdisciplinary focus stimulates students to independently search for the missing information, i.e., forms self-education skills, which significantly expands their general and professional horizons.

Section B of methodological work also includes methods for activating technical creativity. Significant experience in this direction has been accumulated in Russia and abroad. Methods for activating technical creativity, both domestic and foreign, have been developed by inventors-practitioners based on the analysis of a large

critical material and are aimed at solving non-standard problems.

In domestic and foreign practice, activation methods are different. In foreign methods, all attention is focused on the activation of the psychological moments of creativity (associations, analogies, etc.), while much attention is paid to overcoming psychological inertia. The detrimental effect of psychological inertia on the creative process has long been recognized by everyone. The use of heuristic methods helps to reduce the psychological barrier. Under psychological inertia, in this case, they understand the habit of stereotyped thinking, the desire to do “as always, like everyone else”, and this is really necessary and justified. However, when looking for a new solution, psychological inertia is a serious obstacle, hindering a non-standard approach, a new vision of the problem from different points of view. Therefore, it is no coincidence that in order to combat psychological inertia in foreign companies working in the innovative direction, the number of specialists with work experience is limited, i.e., the creative team is formed not only from professionals and experienced specialists. A person is economical by nature, he thinks in the usual direction, stable knowledge orients him to look for answers in ready-made solutions that were previously used, as a result, stamps, standard solutions are obtained. To ease this situation, often a specialist from another field of activity is included in the creative team. As practice shows, this is justified, since it offers non-standard solutions, and it turns out as according to the well-known aphorism: “Everyone knows that this is impossible, but one eccentric comes who does not know this and makes a discovery”, therefore, various heuristic approaches when searching new solutions are simply needed.

The method of brainstorming (brainstorming or conference of ideas) has gained wide popularity in world practice - a method of activating creative activity, developed by the American psychologist Alex Osborne.

Brainstorming is especially effective in a youth, student audience, since its use does not create such tension that other methods require, it helps to organize a search team, “disinhibit” participants, avoid habitual and therefore fruitless associations, i.e., reduces psychological inertia, which, as in any collective form of work, seems to cancel each other out. At the same time, students

learn to argue, express their thoughts, perceive each other's arguments, jokes, paradoxes are allowed.

The brainstorming method is used, as a rule, when searching for new ideas in the absence of the necessary amount of information sufficient to conduct a logical analysis. There are many varieties of brainstorming, due to the peculiarities of human thinking, the specifics of the tasks being solved. However, all of them are united by common technologies for its implementation.

Osborn believed that people are divided into those who generate ideas (creative thinking prevails) and analysts (critical thinking dominates). The development of an idea includes two main interrelated stages that are in unity and mutually complement each other: 1) the creative stage, at which the generation, the birth of new ideas takes place; 2) a critical (logical) stage at which analysis, comparison, evaluation, conclusion, conclusion are carried out. Therefore, the process of finding a solution to the problem is divided into two stages, implemented in the work of two groups. The first group (generators) of 7-9 people is looking for a solution in a free discussion, subject to the prohibition of any criticism of the ideas expressed. Everyone knows that the fear of criticism slows down the process of generating, putting forward bold ideas, and many non-standard provisions can be left unspoken. An atmosphere of optimism and faith in solving problems should reign in the work. The second group of participants 7-9 people analyzes, clarifies, refines these ideas.

One of the modifications of the brainstorming method is the reverse storming, which does not prohibit criticism, as is customary in the version of brainstorming discussed above, but, on the contrary, activates critical remarks, makes you look for as many flaws in the design as possible, allows you to find weaknesses, i.e. .Checks the validity of the generated ideas.

One of the variants of the brainstorming method is shadow brainstorming, the author of which is the domestic developer A.B. Popov. In this option, more than 30 people are involved, and the form of participation in the work changes significantly. A.B. Popov suggested dividing the participants into two groups and placing them at adjacent tables. If one group generates ideas, then the other (participants in the shadow attack) develop them, deepen them, write down their thoughts, suggestions, criticisms, without expressing them aloud. This approach helps

overcome the indecision and shyness of many participants. The quality of the ideas put forward in this method is significantly improved.

A variation of the brainstorming method is the "cross ideas" developed by German scientists. If there is no competition in the brainstorming options discussed above - all ideas are common, then here the author of an interesting, productive idea put forward is encouraged and is not criticized for unsuccessful proposals. The number of participants in the "cross of ideas" varies from 10 to 30 people.

An interesting modification of the “cross of ideas” is the “relay race of ideas”. Here, the search for an idea of a solution is carried out by the participants not individually, but by teams. In this case, the ideas within the team are formed together, and the competition takes place between the teams.

It should be noted that all types of brainstorming are quite successfully applied and used both for searching and generating non-standard tasks, and for solving them. However, relatively simple tasks are successfully solved by brainstorming. Brainstorming can be enhanced by using methods that suggest unexpected comparisons, allowing you to look at an object from an unusual angle. These include the method of focal objects, proposed by Professor E. Kunze of the University of Berlin and further improved by the American scientist C. Baiting. The essence of the method is that technical system when searching for its ideal improvement option, they consider trying on the properties of other technical systems that are not even related to the original one. At the same time, unusual, interesting combinations arise, which they try to develop further through free association. As practice shows, sometimes new, non-standard ideas are born. This method is also used to develop creative imagination, promotes the acquisition of inventive skills.

All types of brainstorming are based on general principle problem solving is a trial and error method, which also has many modifications. This is the most ancient method of creating all technical systems. The history of the development of technology shows that in the early stages, all technical structures were created on the basis of the trial and error method. However, with the improvement of technology, this method became less and less suitable, since the development of science made it possible to search for the best version of technical systems with

help of calculations and targeted research. Nevertheless, at present, the significance of the trial and error method in its various modifications is still quite large in the field of creativity and invention, in the search for fundamentally new ideas and solutions. Its value cannot be absolute, and also underestimated in search creative activity. The attractiveness of this method lies in the fact that there are no restrictions: you can offer, put forward any options, and even illogical ones. As a rule, the enumeration of options for finding solutions begins with standard, traditional options, gradually moving on to more daring ideas. If a solution is not found in this case, then various methods of systematizing the enumeration are used. Thus, not a chaotic unsystematic enumeration of options is realized, but a targeted search, which significantly narrows the search field. It should be noted that the efficiency of enumeration also depends on the complexity of the task, which determines the number of trials that need to be done in order to get a guaranteed result. The history of invention shows that the number of brute-force options can vary - from a dozen samples for the simplest tasks to a larger value for complex ones. The trial and error method is quite effective when the search for a solution has up to 20 options, and when solving more complex problems, it should not be used, it is not only ineffective in solving complex problems, but also makes it difficult to formulate them.

The search for solutions by trial and error without the use of systematization methods is graphically shown in fig. 4, a.

From the starting point "task", you need to come to the point "solution". The direction of the search for a “solution” is unknown, and there are no selection rules; one has to act either intuitively or at random. An arbitrary direction is chosen, one attempt is made, another, a third, etc. If the solution to the problem is not found, one should change the "course" and make new attempts. As a rule, all search attempts are concentrated in the usual, generally accepted, well-known direction. This approach is called the “vector of psychological inertia”. A non-standard, inventive problem is difficult because its solution is carried out in a new, unexpected, non-standard direction. And here it is necessary to increase, expand the randomness of the search and change the systematization of the enumeration. For this, special psychological techniques are used to avoid inertial

Rice. 4. Enumeration of solutions:

a - without the use of systematization methods; b - using simple forms systematization; c - using

complex forms of systematization

orientation of the search, which are based on the introduction of elements of randomness, unpredictability of the search, activating the associative abilities of a person and increasing the number of trials (Fig. 4, b).

With the complication of the forms of systematization of enumeration, the search field expands, repetitions inherent in non-directed search, constant return to the same ideas are excluded (Fig. 4, c).

The methods for systematizing enumeration include morphological analysis (F. Zwicky), numerous lists of control questions, among which the most successful are the lists of A. Osborne and T. Eyloart.

The considered methods can be combined, modified. They are effective in solving simple problems. The use of these methods activates the ability to fantasize, intuition, a tendency to analogies, associations, etc. Indeed, as practice shows, it is the solution of inventive problems that is often carried out in a completely unexpected and new direction based on these methods.

Of particular interest in foreign practice is such a collective form of work as creative groups. Unlike the collective methods of activation discussed above, creative groups can solve rather complex problems. Creative groups have found wide application in all industries abroad. V educational process their

the value lies not only in the effective solution of certain specific tasks, but also in training, the formation of practical skills in creative activity. A special advantage of creative groups lies also in the fact that participants with average, ordinary abilities can work productively here. Unlike individual creativity, a creative group can solve far from all tasks, for example, certain tasks of a theoretical nature.

Methods of organization and work of creative groups are widely presented in foreign literature. The most successful in this regard is the work of the founder of this direction, other technologies are only various modifications of the fundamental principles. Moreover, the methodology outlined in the work is focused on the forms of organization, work in terms of technical creativity, for solving practical, technical problems.

Methods for activating and organizing creative activity in foreign practice differ significantly from domestic methods, which are mostly based on a logical approach to solving technical problems. Domestic practitioners believe that, first of all, when generating ideas, one should rely not on psychological features developer, but on the laws of development of material technical systems. Knowledge of the patterns of development of technical systems makes it possible to sharply narrow the search field, replace "guessing

#8 2014 news of higher educational institutions. mechanical engineering

nie” scientific approach. These methods are the most complex, there are no game variations, but in terms of professional training, the formation of practical skills in technical creativity, they are more effective.

Domestic and foreign methods of activating technical creativity have both their advantages and disadvantages. For example, foreign methods are better able to generate non-standard, new technical ideas, and domestic methods allow improving the technical system. As a recommendation, it should be proposed to use both, depending on the complexity of the problem being solved, its specifics.

Thus, the main purpose of various

forms of activation of creative activity, - the formation of practical skills of technical creativity, the preparation of students for independent work. In other words, all directions and forms of organization of technical creativity are aimed at training future engineers who are able to immediately join the process of developing modern technology from the university bench.

In conclusion, it should be noted that creativity should be central to the development of both teaching methods and other forms of work with students. This work cannot be carried out spontaneously; a certain coordination and management of these processes is required.

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The article was received by the editors on 05/05/2014

PotAPTSEV Igor Stepanovich (Moscow) - candidate of technical sciences, associate professor of the department "Elements of instrumentation". MSTU im. N.E. Bauman (105005, Moscow, Russian Federation, 2nd Baumanskaya st., 5, building 1, e-mail: [email protected]).

BUSHUEVA Valentina Viktorovna (Moscow) - Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Philosophy. MSTU im. N.E. Bauman (105005, Moscow, Russian Federation, 2nd Baumanskaya st., 5, building 1, e-mail: [email protected]).

BUSHUEV Nikolai Nikolaevich (Moscow) - candidate biological sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Ecology and Industrial Safety. MSTU im. N.E. Bauman (105005, Moscow, Russian Federation, 2nd Baumanskaya st., 5, building 1, e-mail: [email protected]).

Information about the authors

POTAPTSEV Igor" Stepanovich (Moscow) - Cand. Sc. (Eng.), Associate Professor of "Elements of Instrument Devices" Department. Bauman Moscow State Technical University (BMSTU, building 1, 2-nd Baumanskaya str., 5, 105005, Moscow, Russian Federation, e-mail: [email protected]).

BUSHUEVA Valentina Viktorovna (Moscow) - Cand. Sc. (Phyl.), Associate Professor of "Philosophy" Department. Bauman Moscow State Technical University (BMSTU, building 1, 2-nd Baumanskaya str., 5, 105005, Moscow, Russian Federation, e-mail: [email protected]).

BUSHUEV Nikolay Nikolaevich (Moscow) - Cand. Sc. (Biol.), Associate Professor of "Ecology and Industrial Safety" Department. Bauman Moscow State Technical University (BMSTU, building 1, 2-nd Baumanskaya str., 5, 105005, Moscow, Russian Federation, e-mail: [email protected]).

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Implementation of the direction "scientific and technical creativity". Technical creativity is one of the main directions in additional education The main directions of technical creativity

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annotation scientific article on the sciences of education, author of scientific work - Potaptsev Igor Stepanovich, Bushueva Valentina Viktorovna, Bushuev Nikolai Nikolaevich

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