Methodological development on the topic:
Poem by A.T. Tvardovsky
"Vasily Terkin" and Russian
Russian teacher and
literature
MAOU "Lyceum №36"
annotation
Introduction
conclusions
Literature
Annex 2
annotation
At the end of the poem "Vasily Terkin" there are two dates: 1941-1945. "The book about a fighter" was created during the entire Great Patriotic War. However, we, the people of the 21st century, who are going to celebrate this year the 70th anniversary of the Victory of our people in the Great Patriotic War and the 105th anniversary of the birth of A.T. Tvardovsky, the image created by Tvardovsky is still close folk hero Vasily Terkin, who personifies the inflexible character of our soldier, his courage and stamina, humor and resourcefulness. Terkin embodies the ideals and ideas about a soldier that have evolved over the centuries in the Russian people. Drawing a completely realistic image, the author at the same time gives him features that are close to fairy-tale heroes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reveal the deep and organic connection between the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" and Russian folk tale. The main technique used in the work is a comparison of individual episodes, images, expressions found in the poem "Vasily Terkin" and in fairy tales.
The conclusions we reached at the end of the work are as follows:
- poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" is closely connected with the magical and social Russian fairy tale;
- both in the poem and in fairy tales, the magic number "three" is often used;
- some fabulous images (water, a bathhouse, a hat, an overcoat, etc.) are also found in the poem, but their role there is rethought and supplemented in accordance with the environment;
- individual situations and expressions in the poem are similar to those found in fairy tales;
- main character poems, personifying the entire Russian people, as well as fairy tale character, goes through difficult trials and emerges victorious from them.
Introduction
On May 9, 2015, our country will celebrate the 70th anniversary of the victory of our people over fascism in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. This year, on June 21, marks the 105th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Russian poet Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky. From the first days to the end of the war, Tvardovsky was at the front. The poem "Vasily Terkin" created by him became a work that was both a true chronicle of the war, and an inspiring propaganda word, and a moral-philosophical, socio-historical reflection heroic deed people. Therefore, the choice of topic is relevant.
In the poem, Tvardovsky masterfully uses the traditions of Russian folk poetry. Many critics note that he widely uses proverbs, sayings, jokes, and individual folk expressions. The connection between the image of the main character and the epic hero is also emphasized.
However, few places say that the poem is closely connected with the Russian folk tale. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reveal the deep and organic connection between the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky
"Vasily Terkin" and Russian folk tale.
Based on the goal, we set ourselves the following tasks:
- get acquainted with the critical literature on this issue;
- to select the necessary literary material from the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" and Russian folk tales;
- compare individual passages from the poem "Vasily Terkin" with episodes from Russian folk tales;
- show the similarities and differences between them at the level of images, situations, names, expressions.
13 fairy tales were analyzed (Appendix 1) and 14 chapters from the poem "Vasily Terkin" (Appendix 2)
The study bears elements of novelty, since it attempts an independent comparative analysis of the poem "Vasily Terkin" and Russian folk tales. The results of the work have practical use: they can be used in literature lessons.
About magical and social fairy tales
In his poem "Vasily Terkin" Tvardovsky primarily relied on a magical and social fairy tale. Let's remember what kind of fairy tales, what are their main features.
The action in a fairy tale takes place in two worlds: the human and the magical.
The main task of a fairy tale is to test the hero, to check how he can cope with difficult tasks. The main character needs to prove whether he is really smart, strong, brave. The whole fairy tale is a task, the top of which is a happy ending.
In a household fairy tale, there is only one world - the human one. Here everything is ordinary, everything happens in everyday life.
The main task of this tale is to tell about an incident, a case, an adventure. In contrast to a fairy tale, an everyday fairy tale is more ironic, more mocking. In it, the people condemn human vices. At the same time, the best that is characteristic of a working person is also shown here: a brilliant practical mind, extraordinary ingenuity, the ability to do any job well.
Consider how certain fairy-tale images, situations, names, expressions are reflected in the poem "Vasily Terkin".
Fairy-tale images, situations, names, expressions in the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin"
In the poem, Tvardovsky repeatedly mentions that his “book about a fighter” is like a fairy tale. Already at the beginning, in the chapter "On a Rest", after meeting Vasily Terkin, he says:
This is a hint for now
The story is ahead.
And in the chapter “From the Author”, which follows the chapter “Duel”, the author also mentions a “long”, terrible, boring fairy tale “about the war”, and that he dreams of a “peace fairy tale” in the war, which will begin only then, when, having "made a retribution for everything", the soldier will return "to his native home."
The poet knew well how beloved among the people are the images of savvy heroes who do not lose heart in the most difficult circumstances created in fairy tales, epics and legends. Such are the images of the Russian soldier, Ivan the Fool, Petrushka.
The most beloved hero of a household fairy tale is a soldier. Cunning and resourceful both in word and in deed, brave, knowing everything, able to do everything, cheerful, cheerful. And it was precisely such a soldier - Vasily Terkin - that Tvardovsky made the main character of his poem.
In the chapter "Two Soldiers", Terkin gets into the house of two old men and helps them with the housework.
Surprised. And the guy
Do not mind serving:
Maybe the lard needs to be fried?
So again I can help.
The old woman groaned:
Salo, salo! Where is the fat...
Terkin: Grandma, fat is here.
There was no German - so there is!
Looking down at your feet
If you want, grandma, I guess
Where does it lie in the hut?
This situation simultaneously resembles both the fairy tale "Mush from an ax" and the fairy tale "Petukhan Kurikhanych". In the first tale, a soldier tricks a greedy woman with “a small fraction of cereals” and oils, which he throws into a pot where an ax is boiled. And she has no idea what porridge is actually cooked from.
In the second tale, two soldiers, on their request to feed them, were refused by the old woman. She had a rooster boiled, and she said to the servants: “I don’t have anything hot.” For deceit, they took a rooster from her, and put a bast shoe into a pot.
In Tvardovsky's poem, Vasily Terkin resembles the servicemen from these fairy tales with his ingenuity and resourcefulness. But unlike the soldiers from fairy tales, who simply went into someone else's house and asked for food, he quite rightly hopes for the gratitude of the owners for fixing the saw and repairing the clock.
Tvardovsky's grandmother, as in fairy tales, is stingy, in no hurry to open her supplies, but in the end she gives up and treats Terkin.
Unlike the fairy tale, where the soldier simply guesses that the grandmother has a stash, in the poem Terkin directly says that if the Germans have not yet mastered it, then there will definitely be something to eat. This is a sign of that time. The Nazis in a foreign land really robbed our people. Dinner, Terkin
He shook his hands neatly
And, as duty dictates in the house,
Bowed to the old woman
And the soldier himself.
In fairy tales, heroes always thank their helpers. For example, in the fairy tale "Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf" "Ivan Tsarevich got down from his horse and bowed three times to the ground, respectfully thanked the gray wolf." A bow is an expression of respect for those who helped you in difficult times. Vasily Terkin thanks his grandmother and grandfather, who gave him a warm welcome in their home.
In many Russian folk tales, the words “muzhik” and “master” are found: “How a peasant divided geese”, “A peasant and a master”, etc. And this is not accidental. A man and a gentleman - these two images are opposed to each other. The master is greedy, cruel, often rude and helpless in a fairy tale. The man is patient, quick-witted, hardworking, resourceful. Tvardovsky transferred these character traits to a German - a gentleman and a Russian peasant - Terkin (chapter "Terkin is wounded"):
And our good guy wished:
Let the German master freeze,
The German master is not used to
The Russian will endure - he is a man.
It is noteworthy that here the weather also tests their endurance. Having started a war against us, the Nazis thought to end it very quickly and did not plan to fight in Russia in the winter. And I had to ... Severe colds played a cruel joke against them, as in their time against the French in 1812.
In the chapter "Before the fight" Tvardovsky writes:
startled clear falcon,
He stopped thinking and began to sing.
Goes far ahead
Broke off - do not be in time.
The author calls the commander “Clear Falcon” who, with his detachment, where Terkin serves, catching up with the “war”, stopped for a short while in his native village, in which “maybe now. . . The Germans will enter with guns. This definition directly echoes the title of the Russian folk tale "Finist the Clear Falcon".
The fighters have severe trials ahead, and it is not known when the commander will still have a chance to visit home. In the meantime, like a fairy-tale heroine, the commander’s wife behaves, who warmly and cordially welcomes not only her husband, but his entire “team”:
Fed, watered,
Laid to rest.
Usually in fairy tales, Baba Yaga, a warrior and a kidnapper, does this. But the fairy tale also knows her in the form of a giver, an assistant to the hero. Her hut stands on the border of two worlds: the real and the afterlife. The commander's house also stands on the borderline between peace and war. Ours are forced to retreat, and the Germans will enter the village not today or tomorrow. The commander and his detachment stay at their home only for one night.
In the same chapter, Vasily Terkin settles down for the night on the porch, so as not to disturb the owners:
I took an overcoat yes, according to the proverb,
Made my own bed
What's under the bottom, and at the head,
And upstairs - and that's all - an overcoat.
Here there is an analogy with the Russian folk tale "Soldier's Overcoat", where the soldier says: "Where is it good to sleep on an overcoat after a campaign!" Tvardovsky has a “cloth, state-owned”, “burnt”, “excellent”, “famous”, “pierced”, “sewn with his own hand” overcoat in a formidable war time, and performs other functions: on it they will “take you to the sanitary battalion”, if you are wounded , well, if they “kill”, then “the dead body” “will be covered with that shabby overcoat”.
In the chapter "Duel" we read the following lines:
A fight is a fight, not a toy!
Even if your face is on fire
But also a German with a red skirt
Decorated like an egg.
……………………………
Two trample in a circle
Like a couple in a circle
And look into each other's eyes
Beast - beast and enemy - enemy.
This episode clearly echoes fairy tale"Ivan - peasant son and miracle-yudo "at least by the fact that the opponents fight each other one on one in hand-to-hand combat.
In the fairy tale, the enemy force is presented in the form of a six-headed, nine-headed and twelve-headed miracle-yuda. Ivan fights three times, and each new fight is harder and harder for him: “... the miracle Yudo stuns him with a whistle, burns and burns him with fire, showers him with sparks, drives him up to his knees into the damp earth.
Forces, at first glance, are not equal. But Ivan wins, because the truth is on his side, because the "miracle-yudo" filthy was going to attack their land, exterminate all people, burn all the towns and villages with fire.
Isn't that what the Nazis wanted to do with our country?
This chapter symbolically presents the fight between the Russian soldier and fascism. The fascist was taller, physically stronger, he radiated a feeling of satiety and well-being:
The German was strong and agile,
Well tailored, well sewn.
Terkin was "weaker: grubs are not the same." But still Terkin won! And at first he fights, observing the unwritten rules of folk fisticuffs. And only when the German first violates these rules and hits Terkin on the head with a helmet, the Russian soldier also allows himself to fight by any means.
But why does Terkin win? Because he, like all Russian soldiers, had a clear consciousness of the justice of the war, of his own rightness in a deadly battle with the invaders.
One of the Russian folk tales is called "The Soldier and Death". In it, a soldier tries to cheat death. Saving his loved ones, he makes her gnaw oak trees, puts her in a bag, then in a snuffbox, and even buries her in the cemetery. At the end of the tale, death goes around the world to feed itself, but it no longer sticks to the soldier.
In the poem, Terkin also meets with Death. In the chapter "Death and the Warrior", the wounded hero lies on the ground and freezes. It seems to him that Death has come to him. And it became difficult for him to argue with her, because he was bleeding and wanted peace. And why, it seems, to hold on to this life, where all the joy is either to freeze, or to dig trenches, or to be afraid that they will kill you? But not such Vasily Terkin to easily give up "oblique":
I will cry, howl in pain,
Dying in the field without a trace
But you are willing
I will never give up -
He whispers. And the warrior conquers death.
Here, not only the names of the fairy tale and the chapters from the poem are similar, but also a kind of dispute that the main characters are waging with death. "Bony" wants to get her victims at any cost, but they desperately resist her. And their endurance, resourcefulness, perseverance and passionate desire to live help them in this. In the poem, besides, the wounded Terkin is saved by people who remove corpses from the battlefield.
The heroes in the fairy tale and in Tvardovsky's poem remain alive. Even Death retreats before their love of life,
Since ancient times, man compared the elements of his body with the elements of the cosmos: flesh - earth, blood - water, hair - plants, bones, teeth - stones, vision, eyes - the sun, breath - wind.
The ancients considered water to be the fundamental principle of life, its beginning. No living being can live without water. Any ritual cleansing with water (for example, washing) is like a new birth.
The Tale of Rejuvenating Apples and Living Water says that “if you eat this apple for an old man, he will become younger, and if you wash the eyes of a blind man with this water, he will see.”
The life-giving power of water is repeatedly emphasized by Tvardovsky in his poem, which even begins with a kind of hymn to water:
Better not cold water
Only water would be water.
In the fairy tale “Go there - I don’t know where, bring it - I don’t know what” the image of a bath appears, which is closely connected with the image of water. The protagonist Andrei responds to Baba Yaga’s threat to eat him: “Why are you old, Baba Yaga, will you eat a road person? The road person is bony and black, you heat the bathhouse in advance, wash me, evaporate, then eat. Of course, Andrey is disingenuous, he is not going to give up so easily, but the opportunity to take a bath in the bath will give him new strength, refresh his thoughts and body.
In Tvardovsky's poem in the chapter "In the bath" we see that a bath for a Russian person is something immeasurably more than an ordinary hygienic procedure. She not only cleanses the body, she heals the soul. The image of the bathhouse as a great purgatory is rooted in the Russian cultural tradition.
Soviet fighters, having defeated the enemy, rip off all the hardships, dirt, sweat, blood - wash off with clean, burning bath water, famously steamed with birch brooms in order to enter a peaceful life renewed, revived:
In a life of peace or strife,
At any frontier
Grateful for the caress of the bath
Our body and soul.
The head of many peoples was considered a particularly sacred part of the body. It contains reason, hidden knowledge, wisdom. According to some ideas, the soul is also placed here.
In fairy tales, the cap of invisibility is the amulet of the head. Worn on the head, it makes the whole body invisible, and therefore invulnerable.
This is how it is described in the fairy tale “The Prophetic Dream”: “The Tsarevich went to bed, and Ivan the merchant's son put on an invisibility cap and walking boots - and march to the palace to Elena the Beautiful; went straight into the bedchamber and listens. This magical item helped the main character not only complete the difficult tasks of Elena the Beautiful, but also save the life of the prince.
In the poem in the chapter "On Loss" it is also about the hat. Terkin says that during the injury he lost his earflap and flatly refused to go to the hospital without it:
Hat, hat to me, otherwise
I will not go! - That's it.
So I scream, I almost cry
The wound was difficult.
Without a hat, Terkin feels unprotected, vulnerable. Then the nurse who dressed his wounds gave him her hat. And now Terkin hopes to meet with the one to whom he would like to “hand over the headdress” back.
The number "three" has a special magical meaning since ancient times. In fairy tales, the law of trinity always applies: there are three brothers and three sisters in the family, the hero strikes the enemy three times, the Serpent has three heads (or a multiple of three). Everything important events performed three times, the hero receives three tasks. And each time the difficulties and dangers increase. This can be clearly seen in the poem in the chapter "On a Halt", when Terkin talks about three Sabantuys. Small Sabantuy is the ability to endure the first bombardment at the front. Medium Sabantuy - escape during a mortar attack. The main Sabantuy is to survive a tank attack.
In the chapters “Before the fight”, “Fight in the swamp”, the words sound three times as a refrain:
What is there, where is it, Russia?
What is your own line?
The fact is that during this period our troops retreated and fought defensive battles, defending every shred native land. Then our army went on the offensive, so in the future text of the poem we will not meet these lines.
Three times in the chapter "On the Offensive" an order-call is heard: "Platoon! For the Motherland! Forward!..". First, these words are said twice by the commander of the platoon where Terkin serves, and for the third time after his death, Vasily himself leads his comrades into the attack, inspiring them with these words.
Three chapters "Crossing", "About the reward", "Duel" end with the lines:
A terrible battle is going on, bloody,
Mortal combat is not for glory
For life on earth.
These words are very important, because they express the main goal of our people in this war: to defend life on earth at any cost.
The trinity approach not only enhances the tension, but also gives both the fairy tale and the poem a compositional harmony and rigor.
In the chapter “About the Orphan Soldier,” Tvardovsky writes that after the retreat, ours went on the offensive and began to liberate the lands occupied by the Nazis:
And to a small village
That side from captivity
Not at will
Fully returned again.
The name of the fairy tale "At the command of the pike", where the main character Emelya succeeds and gets it easily with the help of a magic pike, takes on the opposite meaning in the context of the poem. Our people themselves achieved liberation at the cost of huge sacrifices and losses.
conclusions
So, summing up, we can say that there is much in common between the poem by A. T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" and the Russian folk tale.
1. Poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" is based on oral folk art and, in particular, to the magical and social Russian folk tale.
2. In the poem, as in a fairy tale, the device of trinity is often used.
H. Separate fairy-tale images (water, a bathhouse, a hat, an overcoat, etc.) are also embodied in the poem, but their role there is rethought and supplemented in accordance with the surrounding situation.
4. Some situations and expressions in the poem are similar to those found in fairy tales.
5. The protagonist of the poem, personifying the entire Russian people, like a fairy-tale character, goes through difficult trials and emerges victorious from them.
Literature
1. V.N. Morokhin. Prose genres of Russian folklore. Reader. Moscow. " high school". 1983
2. N.S. Volovnik. At the origins of Russian folklore. Moscow. RIO
Mosobluppoligrafizdat. 1994
3. Russian literature. Soviet literature. Reference materials. Compiled by L.A. Smirnova. Moscow. "Education".
4. Encyclopedia for children. Russian literature. Part 1. From epics and chronicles to the classics of the 19th century. Editor-in-Chief MD. Aksenova. - Moscow. Avanta+, 1999.
5. Alexander Tvardovsky. Vasily Terkin. Terkin in the other world. Moscow. Publisher of the Komsomolskaya Pravda publishing house. 2010.
6. Russian folk tales. Moscow. "CHILDREN'S LITERATURE" 1986.
Attachment 1
Fairy tales used in the work
1. Gruel from an ax (social household)
2. Petukhan Kurikhanych (social)
Z. Ivan Tsarevich and the gray wolf (magic)
4. How a man shared geese (social)
5. A man and a master (social)
6. Finist - a clear falcon (magic)
7. Soldier's overcoat (social)
8. Ivan - a peasant son and a miracle Yudo (magic)
9. Soldier and death (social)
10. Tale of rejuvenating apples (magic)
11. Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what (magic)
12. Prophetic dream (magic)
13. By pike command (magic)
Annex 2
Chapters from A.T. Tvardovsky used in the work
1. On a halt
Z. Two soldiers
4. Terkin is wounded
5. Before the fight
6. Duel
7. Death and the Warrior
8. In the bath
9. About loss
10. Before the fight
11. On the offensive
12. Crossing
13. About the award
14. About the orphan soldier
The idea of creating a work about the resilient fighter Vasya Terkin arose from Tvardovsky during the Finnish campaign, when he was a war correspondent. The editors of the newspaper "On Guard for the Motherland" decided to create a comic book about a fighter, and Tvardovsky was instructed to introduction, which will determine the character of the hero and the manner of communication with the reader. The poem "Vasya Terkin" was published in 1940, and then the book "Vasya Terkin at the Front" appeared.
In the spring of 1941, the first chapters of the poem "Vasily Terkin" were written and published in the newspaper "Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda" in four September issues of 1942. In the same year, these chapters were published as a separate book. Over the next three years, the poem was revised many times, new chapters were added to it. last chapter Tvardovsky wrote in the summer of 1945
Literary direction and genre
The poem belongs to the literary direction of realism, describes a typical hero in typical circumstances. It is not for nothing that a second Terkin appears in one of the chapters, who is sure that the book is about him, and each platoon has its own Terkin.
Tvardovsky himself defined the genre of the work as "a book about a fighter without beginning or end." This is a very accurate description of the features of the lyric-epic genre of the poem, based on the goals of the poet.
He decided "not to write a poem, a story or a novel in verse" because he refused a consistently developing plot. The multi-genre nature of the work, which is quite formally attributed to the genre of the poem, Tvardovsky was aware of and determined the presence of the following genres in it: lyrics, journalism, song, lesson, anecdote, saying, heart-to-heart talk, replica to the occasion. Tvardovsky has not yet mentioned the epic and the fairy tale, the influence of which is especially felt in the chapters "Soldier and Death", "From the Author", "Two Soldiers".
Among the literary predecessors of the poem, one can point to the folk poems of Nekrasov and Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin", in which the author is a friend of the protagonist, who undertook to describe his life. If "Eugene Onegin" is an encyclopedia of Russian life, then "Vasily Terkin" is an encyclopedia of military life, the life of the people in the war and during the war. Even Tolstoy's "War and Peace" is consonant with "Vasily Terkin". The signs of the heroic epic in the story are a comprehensive depiction of the war (battle, life, front and rear, exploits and awards, life and death). In addition, "Vasily Terkin" is a chronicle that can be written "without beginning or end, without a special plot."
Theme, main idea and composition
A poem about an ordinary fighter Vasily Terkin, an infantryman who went through the whole war and reached Berlin. Terkin survived all the hardships of the war, was wounded three times and once almost died, froze and starved, retreated and went on the attack, but did not show cowardice and was the soul of his platoon, company, battalion. It was not for nothing that soldiers-fighters wrote letters to Tvardovsky, saying that Terkin was in their platoon. The theme of the Great Patriotic War is the life in the war of a simple fighter, the people and the entire Motherland.
The main idea of the poem is the holiness and righteousness of the battle for the life and freedom of the native land. This idea is repeated over and over in a refrain in several chapters. In this righteous struggle at the front and in the rear, in difficult times, such a resilient Terkin is very much needed, and every soldier must look for this source of optimism and hope, as well as heroism, in himself.
In the poem, individual chapters are weakly interconnected in terms of plot, not even all of them have a main character, and in some Vasily Terkin plays an episodic role. As Tvardovsky himself said, these are "poems, but everything is clear." Thus, epicness is achieved through a broad depiction of a person's life in a war, narration in a simple and accessible language. The lyrical elements of the poem are traditional. These are the chapters "From the author", in which the author describes his attitude to the war, to the hero and to the work. There are landscapes in the poem, and lyrical digressions, and internal monologues that reveal the soul of the characters, and the reasoning of the characters and the author.
The subject of the image in each chapter is different. Since Tvardovsky wrote his chapters directly in a military situation, they chronologically correspond to the course of the war (retreat - offensive - victorious movement to the West). At the same time, the chapters reveal the chronicle of the protagonist's life in the war. "On a halt" - about how Terkin got into his unit. "Before the fight" - about the exit of Terkin from the environment. "Crossing" - about the unrecorded feat of the hero who crossed the river. "Torkin is wounded" - about the wounding of Terkin in the arm and his rescue by tankers. "Duel" is about hand-to-hand combat with a German. "Who shot?" - about the feat of Terkin, who shot down a plane from a rifle. "General" - about the presentation of the award to Terkin. "Fight in the swamp" - about a multi-day capture locality"Borki". "On the offensive" - about how Terkin led a platoon on the offensive after the death of the commander. "Death and the Warrior" is about Terkin's severe wound in the leg. "On the Road to Berlin" - about the movement of Turkin from the western border to Germany.
Although the poem as a whole does not have a completed plot, each of the 30 chapters is completed in terms of plot and composition. Tvardovsky strove to speak to the end in each and cared for those readers who would not live to see the next chapter. Separate chapters are close either to a heroic ballad, or to lyrical poems, or to plot poems.
Heroes and images
In the center of the story is Vasily Terkin, a peasant from near Smolensk, who began to fight as a private in the infantry, but during the war he committed heroic deeds, and was awarded an order. Terkin is the embodiment of the entire Russian people, the Russian character, a resilient optimist who has endured the hardships of military life, a joker and joker, but a sentimental guy. Terkin does not forget to support and help, but also performs feats. He is afraid of death and has flaws. The hero symbolizes every person, the whole victorious nation.
Like folklore, fairy tale hero or a hero, Terkin is protected from death, a bullet or a bomb has not yet been found on him. The hero remains unharmed "under fire oblique, three-layered, under hinged and direct." Wounds, even severe ones, heal easily on the hero. And in those cases when a fighter lies bleeding, comrades come to the rescue, because the most holy and pure friendship is military. This happens when Terkin is wounded in the arm and is picked up by tankers (“Terkin is wounded”), when Terkin is wounded in the leg after the offensive and is rescued by the funeral team (“Death and the Warrior”).
In the second chapter "From the Author" Tvardovsky refutes the rumors about the death of his hero as untenable and absurd: "Terkin is not subject to death, since the war has not expired." Here, Tvardovsky describes Terkin, on the one hand, as a literary hero who will outlive the author himself, on the other hand, as a typical and ordinary Russian person who has experienced all the bad things, lost his native land, and not only did not lose heart, but also encouraged others. Hardships can only be experienced by those who "do not care about labor and torment, the bitterness of disasters and losses."
In this chapter, written at a turning point in the war, Tvardovsky makes the name of Terkin speaking. This is not just a grater, a sharp word and a joke. Terkin repeats two mottos: “Cheer up” and “We will endure, we will overcome.” The victory of the Russian people rests on these two whales of the national character.
Another reason for Terkin's invincibility is his heroic nature. Terkin is not a fabulous hero, but an epic one. Is not fantasy hero, but a man whose vocation is the protection of his native Russian land, which he passed on foot. Tvardovsky lists all the features of such a fighter-hero, which are often opposite: simple, fearful in battle, but cheerful, firm and proud, serious and amusing, accustomed to everything, holy and sinful.
The definition of "Russian miracle man" does not make the hero fabulous or magical. On the contrary, Tvardovsky turns every reader into his hero and hero.
Several chapters "From the Author" and the chapter "About Myself" are devoted to the author, who does not stick out himself, recognizing the primacy in Terkin's poem. The author is only a countryman of the hero, however, their fates are similar.
The poem, as an encyclopedia of the life of the liberator people, depicts various folk types. This is the commander who, having gone home in retreat, did not sleep with his wife, not alone, but chopped wood, trying to help her. The heroes are the tankers who saved Terkin, who later, in another chapter, give Terkin the accordion of the murdered commander, the folklore grandfather and woman, who first saw off the retreating troops, and then met them during the offensive.
Tvardovsky emphasizes and highlights the feat of a Russian woman in the rear. She welcomes not only her husband, but also his fellow fighters, she escorts her son or husband to the war, writes letters to him and even humbles her bad character to please her husband at the front. The author bows to both the “good simple woman” and the soldier mother, who, embodying all mothers, receives a reward for suffering in the form of material goodness (a horse with a cart, a feather bed, household utensils, a cow, a sheep). Girls for heroes are a memory of a peaceful life that everyone was forced to leave. Being close to a girl, whether she is pretty or not, is a reward for a warrior. It is to the girls that Terkin seeks to show his imaginary medal, it is to the unknown nurse who gave him a hat when bandaging that he owes his salvation.
Not a single surname, except for Terkin, is mentioned in the poem. And this is not without reason, if the heroes are anyone and everyone. Little is also said about the enemies. They are shown as a general plan. Only the German, with whom Terkin fought hand-to-hand, is spelled out in detail. In it, as in other German enemies, satiety, sleekness, regularity and accuracy, and concern for health are emphasized. But these are generally positive traits cause disgust and disgust, like garlic breath. Other casually mentioned Germans deserve only ridicule and pity, but not fear or reverence.
Even objects become heroes of the poem - constant companions of a soldier in war: an overcoat, an ode to which Tvardovsky sings, an accordion and a pouch, a bathhouse, water and food.
Artistic originality
Depicting the folklore goodness of a young man, Tvardovsky uses folklore plots. In the chapter "Two Soldiers" the plot of the fairy tale "Ax Soup" is captured. In the chapter "Soldier and Death" - the plot of a fairy tale about a soldier and the devil. Tvardovsky uses proverbs and sayings: as long as the children are healthy, guns go backwards to battle, business is time for fun. In addition, the lines of many folk and author's songs were included in the text: "Three tankers", "May Moscow", "Through the valleys and along the hills", Pushkin's Camping Song.
Many expressions of the poem have become aphorisms: “The battle is holy and right, the mortal battle is not for the sake of glory, for the sake of life on earth”, “I don’t need orders, brothers”, “War has a short path, love has a long one”.
In almost every chapter, the tragic and the funny are interspersed, as are the lyrical and epic passages. But several chapters are more funny than sad: "In the bath", "About the reward." The story goes either on behalf of the author, or on behalf of Terkin, only the point of view on the war, on our own and enemies, does not change.
Stanzas, meter and rhyme
Almost the entire poem is written in colloquial four-foot trochaic, conveying the step of an infantryman. Tvardovsky's find was stanzas with a different number of lines (from two to ten). Tvardovsky completed the stanza along with each individual thought. The rhyme within the stanza is diverse: adjacent and cross alternate randomly. Some lines may not rhyme or may rhyme in three lines.
The rhymes themselves are often imprecise, assonant or dissonant. All this variety of rhymes and stanzas serves one purpose - to bring speech closer to colloquial, to make the verses understandable and alive. For the same purpose, Tvardovsky prefers simple everyday vocabulary, colloquial expressions and grammatical constructions (using the preposition about instead of about). He speaks simply even about the pathetic, the speech of his hero and the author are similar and simple.
The theme of the poem "Vasily Terkin" was formulated by the author himself in the subtitle: "A book about a fighter", that is, the work tells about the war and a man in the war. The hero of the poem is an ordinary infantryman, which is extremely important, since, according to Tvardovsky, it is the ordinary soldier who is the main character and winner in the Patriotic War. This idea will be continued ten years later by M.A. Sholokhov, who in “The Fate of a Man” will portray an ordinary soldier Andrei Sokolov, and then ordinary soldiers and junior officers will become heroes of military stories by Yu.V. Bondarev, V.L. Kondratiev, V.P. .Astafieva. It should be noted by the way that the legendary Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov also dedicated his book “Memories and Reflections” to the Russian soldier.
The idea of the poem is expressed in the image of the title character: the author is interested not so much in the events of the war as in the character of the Russian people (it is not opposed to the Soviet one), which was revealed in severe military trials. Vasily Terkin is a generalized image of the people, he is a “Russian miracle man” (“From the author”). Thanks to his courage, perseverance, resourcefulness, sense of duty Soviet Union(with approximate technical parity) defeated Nazi Germany. Tvardovsky expresses this main idea of the Patriotic War and his work at the end of the poem:
Strength to strength proved:
Strength is not equal to strength.
There is metal stronger than metal
There is fire worse than fire. ("In the bath")
"Vasily Terkin" is a poem, its genre originality was expressed in the combination of epic scenes depicting various military episodes with lyrical digressions-reflections in which the author, without hiding his feelings, talks about the war, about his hero. In other words, Tvardovsky created a lyric-epic poem.
The author draws various pictures of the battles in the chapters: "Crossing", "Fight in the swamp", "Who fired?", "Torkin wounded" and others. A distinctive feature of these chapters is the display of the everyday life of the war. Tvardovsky is next to his hero and describes the exploits of a soldier without lofty pathos, but without missing numerous details. For example, in the chapter "Who shot?" depicts the German bombing of the trenches in which the Soviet soldiers hid. The author conveys the feeling of a person who cannot change anything in a deadly situation, but, frozen, must only wait for a bomb to fly by or hit him directly:
And how submissive you are suddenly
On the chest you lie on the earth,
Shielding from black death
Only on my own back.
You're laying flat, boy
Twenty incomplete years.
Now you have a cover
Here you are no more.
The poem also describes a short rest in the war, the life of a soldier in the intervals between battles. These chapters seem to be no less than the chapters on military episodes. These include: "Accordion", "Two Soldiers", "At rest", "In the bath" and others. The chapter "About the Orphan Soldier" depicts an episode when the soldier found himself very close to his native village, which he had not been to since the beginning of the war. He asks the commander for two hours to visit relatives. The soldier runs through places familiar from childhood, recognizes the road, the river, but in the place of the village he sees only tall weeds, and not a single living soul:
Here is the hill, here is the river,
Wilderness, tall weeds for a soldier,
Yes, there is a plaque on the column:
Like, the village of Red Bridge ...
At the board at the fork,
Taking off his cap, our soldier
Stood like a grave
And it's time for him to go back.
When he returned to his unit, the comrades guessed everything from his appearance, did not ask anything, but left him dinner:
But, homeless and rootless,
Back in the battalion
The soldier ate his cold soup
After all, and he cried.
In several chapters "From the Author" the lyrical content of the poem is directly expressed (the poet expresses his views on poetry, explains his attitude to Vasily Terkin), and in the epic chapters the author accompanies the story of military events with his excited, emotional commentary. For example, in the chapter "Crossing", the poet depicts with pain the soldiers who die in the cold waters of the river:
And saw for the first time
It will not be forgotten:
people are warm and lively
Going down, down, down...
Or in the chapter "Accordion" the author describes how, during an accidental stop, the soldiers, in order to keep warm, started dancing on the road. The poet looks with sadness and affection at the fighters, who, forgetting for a few minutes about death, about the sorrows of war, dance merrily in the crackling frost:
And the accordion is calling somewhere.
Far, easy.
No, what are you all guys
Amazing people.
To whom does this remark belong - the author or Terkin, who plays the harmony and watches the dancing couples? It is impossible to say for sure: the author sometimes deliberately merges with the hero, as it were, because he endowed the hero with his own thoughts and feelings. The poet states this in the chapter "About Me":
And I'll tell you, I won't hide,
In this book, here and there,
What to say to the hero,
I speak personally.
I am responsible for everything around
And notice, if you haven't noticed,
As Terkin, my hero,
Sometimes speaks for me. The next plot-compositional feature of the poem is that the book does not have a plot and denouement: In a word, a book about a fighter Without beginning, without end. Why so - without a start? Because there is not enough time to start it all over again. Why no end? I just feel sorry for the young man. ("From the author") The poem "Vasily Terkin" was created by Tvardovsky during the Great Patriotic War and consists of separate chapters, separate sketches, which are united by the image of the protagonist. After the war, the author did not begin to supplement the poem with new episodes, that is, to come up with an exposition (expand the pre-war story of Terkin) and a plot (for example, depict the hero’s first battle with the Nazis). Tvardovsky simply added in 1945-1946 the introduction "From the Author" and the conclusion "From the Author". Thus, the poem turned out to be very original in composition: there are no usual expositions, plots, climaxes, denouements in the general storyline. Because of this, Tvardovsky himself found it difficult to define the genre of "Vasily Terkin": after all, the poem involves a plot narrative.
With the free construction of a common storyline, each chapter has its own completed plot and composition. For example, in the chapter "Two Soldiers" an episode is described how Terkin, returning from the hospital to the front, went to rest from the road to the hut where two old men live. The exposition of the chapter is a description of the hut, an old man and an old woman who listen to mortar attack: after all, the front line is very close. The plot is the author's mention of Terkin. He is sitting right here on the bench, respectfully talking to the old man about various everyday problems and at the same time spreads the saw, repairs clock-clocks. Then the old woman prepares supper. The climax of the chapter is a conversation over dinner, when the old man asks his main question:
Answer: we will beat the German
Or maybe we won't?
The denouement comes when Terkin, having had dinner and politely thanking the hosts, puts on his overcoat and, already standing on the threshold, answers the old man: "We'll beat you, father ...".
In this chapter there is a kind of epilogue, which translates a private everyday episode into a general historical plan. This is the last verse:
In the depths of native Russia,
Against the wind, chest forward
Vasily is walking through the snow
Terkin. The German is going to be beaten.
The chapter is built according to the ring composition, since the first and penultimate quatrains practically coincide:
In the field of a blizzard-zaviruha,
War is raging three miles away.
An old woman is on the stove in the hut.
Grandfather is the owner at the window.
Thus, the chapter "Two Soldiers" is a complete work with a complete plot and a ring composition that emphasizes the completeness of the entire episode.
So, the poem "Vasily Terkin" has a number artistic features which are explained, on the one hand, by the history of the creation of the work, and, on the other hand, by the author's intention. As you know, Tvardovsky wrote the chapters of the poem in the period from 1942 to 1945 and designed them as separate finished works, because
There is no plot in war.
- How so no?
- So, no. ("From the author")
In other words, the life of a soldier lasts from episode to episode, as long as he is alive. This feature of front-line life, when every single moment of life is valued, since the next one may not be, was reflected by Tvardovsky in The Book of a Fighter.
At first, the image of the protagonist, who is present in almost every chapter in one way or another, could unite individual small works, and then main idea associated with the image of Terkin. Combining individual chapters into a complete poem, Tvardovsky did not change the plot-compositional structure that had developed by itself during the war years:
The same book about a fighter
Without beginning, without end
Without much plot
However, the truth does not hurt. ("From the author")
"Vasily Terkin" is distinguished by striking construction features. Firstly, the poem lacks a general plot and almost all of its elements. Secondly, the poem is characterized by extreme compositional freedom, that is, the sequence of chapters is poorly motivated - the composition only approximately follows the course of the Patriotic War. It was precisely because of this composition that Tvardovsky himself defined the genre of his work with the following phrase: not a poem, but simply a “book”, “a living, mobile, free-form book” (“How Vasily Terkin was written”). Thirdly, each chapter is a complete fragment with its own plot and composition. Fourthly, the epic depiction of war episodes is intertwined with lyrical digressions, which complicates the composition. However, such an unusual construction allowed the author to achieve the main thing - to create a vivid and memorable image of Vasily Terkin, which embodies best features Russian soldier and Russian people in general.
Lesson topic: A.T. Tvardovsky. A word about a poet. Poem "Vasily Terkin". (pictures of front-line life)
Lesson objectives:
Tutorial: Analyze the chapters "From the author" and "On a halt"; help students identify the theme of the work, reveal the character of the protagonist, style features, ideological originality.
Nurturing: arouse interest in the history of the war, contribute to the education of patriotic feelings.
Developing: to develop in students the ability to evaluate the characters, to formulate their own point of view, to express and argue it.
Equipment: slide presentation, text of the work.
During the classes.
Org.moment. Greetings. The topic of today's lesson is formulated in several sentences. Let's analyze it by keywords.
Goal setting: What words can be identified in the topic of the lesson? We can say that Tvardovsky is a poet, he wrote the poem "Vasily Terkin". What do you think we should work on in class? (learn more about the poem, get to know the main character, discuss what is interesting about this work)
Conversation: - Look at the portrait of the writer. What can you say about the character of this person, judging by his appearance? (a simple, courageous face, an attentive look, a serious expression). Listen to the sound of the surname (firmness, masculinity).
But a portrait cannot tell us everything about a person. The guys have prepared a short message about the writer, let's listen.Student message.
Tvardovsky was a war correspondent and saw the war with his own eyes. And war is blood, death, the death of comrades, the destruction of suffering, pain. The poet not only saw the war, but also wrote about it.
The writer Simonov spoke of the poet Tvardovsky in the following way:
Reading the epigraph: "Vasily Terkin" is the best of everything written about the war in the war. And to write the way it is written, none of us is given.
K. Simonov
How do you understand the words of the poet Konstantin Simonov? I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the poet Simonov gives a very high rating to the poet Tvardovsky.
To better understand the idea of the poem, let's try to imagine ourselvesco-authors Tvardovsky. Imagine that you, like the heroes of the film “We are from the Future”, were transported to the lesson during the Second World War. What would you write about? (About war)
What would you write about the war?
And what did Tvardovsky write about in the poem? Let's determine the theme of the poem and write it down in a table that everyone has.
Let's turn to the textbook and expressively read chapter 1 "From the Author".
– What can you not live without in a war? (sampling method). Students look for the answer in the text - read out.
- Output: A person always remains a person, whether he lives in peacetime, or he is spun by the bloody meat grinder of war. A person has needs. And we saw that they are not only physiological, but also a fighter needs a joke in order to maintain his fighting spirit, and the spirit of his comrades.
We read the first chapter, and the author tells us at the end: "This book is about a fighter without beginning or end." Tell me, is it complete in meaning? (everything that the author wanted to say, he said in this chapter, showed a picture of the front-line everyday life of soldiers)
Output: each chapter is finished so that you can read it at any time, because. the poem was published in separate issues of front-line newspapers.) It is interesting to note that the format of the poem was such that it was easy to put a piece of paper behind the lapel of a cap or the top of a boot.
Fizminutka.
Tell me, what unites all this chapter of the poem? (the image of the main character) What do you think the hero of a book about the Second World War should be like?
We met the main character in the first chapter. What have we learned about him? Let's try to make a small questionnaire and again turn to the table.
Look at the portrait of the hero. What character traits do you think he should have?
Let's turn to the chapter "On a halt." Expressive reading chapters to the words "What is Sabantuy?". What character traits does the author note in Vasily Terkin? Let's write it down in a table.
With the help of what artistic means does he reveal the character traits of Vasily Terkin? (colloquial speech, apt expressions).
Continue reading the chapter on your own and complete the portrait of the hero.
In the chapter "On a halt" the word sabantui occurs several times. What it is? Dictionary:
SABANTUI, -ya, m. 1. Traditional Tatar and Bashkir spring holiday. 2. trans. Noisy fun (colloquial jest.).
What is the meaning of this word in the poem? How does Tvardovsky use it? (unusually, to show that he was saved, remained alive, and this is joy).
Vasily Terkin is a collective image. There were many like this guy, this fighter, in the war.
Tell me, how does the author move from a private person to a generalized image? Find confirmation in the text.
In our table, one line remained unfilled - the language of the poem. To work on this issue, tell me, who was the book "Vasily Terkin" designed for? (for soldiers)
What task did the author set for himself when he wrote a poem for the fighters? (to cheer up the soldiers, to support their morale).
In what language is the poem written, that it is understandable to any person, any soldier? (simple, popular, understandable). Find examples of living, folk speech.
Lesson summary: - How did the author reveal the theme of war in the poem? (especially, with optimism, with faith in victory)
- What is interesting about the composition of the poem?
What is the character of the main character?
What is the language of the poem?
Homework, commenting on ratings.
Literature work. A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin".
1. What does the poem "Vasily Terkin" tell the reader about?
A.T. Tvardovsky during the Great Patriotic War becomes the spokesman for the spirit of the soldiers, the common people. His poem "Vasily Terkin" helps people survive a terrible time, to believe in themselves, because the poem was created in the war chapter by chapter. "Vasily Terkin" - "a book about a fighter." The poem was written about the war, but the main thing for Alexander Tvardovsky was to show the reader how to live in the years of difficult trials. That's why main character, Vasya Terkin, dances, plays a musical instrument, cooks dinner, jokes. The hero lives in the war, and for the writer this is very important, because in order to survive, any person needs to love life very much.
2.What is the main idea chapter "Crossing"?
The chapter "Crossing" describes how Terkin accomplished the feat when, once on the right bank, he returned by swimming to the left to ask for support. The crossing is dangerous both for Vasily Terkin's comrades and for himself:
people are warm and lively
Going down, down, down...
Vasily Terkin bravely agrees to swim across the icy river, and when he finds himself on the opposite bank, frozen and tired, he immediately begins to report, showing his responsibility and sense of duty:
Allow me to report...
The platoon on the right bank is alive and well
to spite the enemy!
The title of the chapter "About the Reward" reflects the event being described.
About the modesty of Terkin, the poet says in this chapter:
- No, guys, I'm not proud.
Without looking into the distance
So I will say: why do I need an order?
I agree to a medal.
In the chapter "On the Reward", Terkin comically talks about how he would behave if he returned from the war to his native village; says that for representativeness he absolutely needs a medal. Terkin's dream of an award ("I agree to a medal") is not a vain desire to become famous or stand out. In fact, this is a desire to see native lands and native people free.
4. In the chapter "On a halt" the poet talks about Sabantuy. What it is?
Terkin himself answers this question:
And who among you knows
What is Sabantuy?
- Sabantuy - some kind of holiday?
Or what is there - Sabantuy?
- Sabantuy is different,
And if you don't know, don't interpret
Here under the first bombardment
Lie down from the hunt in bed,
He remained alive - do not grieve:
- This is a small sabantuy.
Relax, eat hard
Light up and don't blow your mouth.
Worse, brother, like a mortar
Suddenly the sabantui starts.
He will penetrate you deeper, -
Kiss mother earth.
But keep in mind, my dear,
This is an average Sabantuy.
Sabantuy - science for you,
The enemy is fierce - he is fierce.
But it's a completely different thing.
This is the main sabantuy.
5. It is known that many soldiers considered Vasily Terkin to be their fellow soldiers and never parted with the book. How can this be explained?
The poem "Vasily Terkin"Was written by Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky during the Great Patriotic War and was published chapter by chapter in various newspapers. This work supported the morale of the soldiers, gave them hope, inspired and, most importantly, it could be read from any chapter. This is due to the fact that each chapter in the poem is a separate story, which is full of deep patriotism, optimism, faith in the future.
Image Soviet soldier Vasily Terkin was conceived as a feuilleton image, designed to make the soldiers at the front laugh, to raise their morale.
Throughout the Great Patriotic War, the image of Vasya Terkin remained the most beloved among the fighters. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that this hero captivated the hearts of readers with his reality and authenticity.
6. Characteristics of Vasily Terkin.
The image of the main character Vasily Terkin, a simple Russian soldier, is an example of human dignity, courage, love for the Motherland, honesty and selflessness. All these qualities of the hero are revealed in each chapter of the work.
Since the work was written during the war, it goes without saying that the main qualities of the hero, which the author focuses on, are selfless courage, heroism, a sense of duty and responsibility.
He is a symbolic image, a man-people, a collective Russian type. It is no coincidence that nothing is said about his personal biography. He is "a great hunter to live up to ninety years", a peaceful, civil man, a soldier by necessity. His usual life on the collective farm was interrupted by the war. War for him is a natural disaster, hot work. The whole poem is permeated with the dream of a peaceful life.
Already at the first mention, the surname Terkin outlines the boundaries of the character: Terkin means an experienced, grated person, "grated kalach", or, as it is said in the poem, "a grated person".
The world heard through a terrible thunder,
Vasily Terkin repeated:
- We'll endure. Let's grind...
Terkin - who is he?
Let's be frank:
Just a guy himself
He is ordinary.
The image of Terkin is a generalized image, for all its realism and ordinariness. Tvardovsky endows his hero with an "all-Russian" appearance, avoiding portrait signs.
("Beauty endowed / He was not excellent. / Not tall, not that small, / But a hero-hero.") Terkin is a bright, unique personality, and at the same time he includes the features of many people, he is like would be repeated many times in others.
It is important that Terkin belongs to the most massive branch of the military - the infantry. The hero is an infantryman. "In it - the pathos of the infantry, the troops closest to the earth, to the cold, to fire and death," Tvardovsky wrote at the very beginning of his plan. Terkin is one of the laborers of the war, on whom the country rests, who bore the brunt of the war on their shoulders.
7. What brings Vasily Terkin closer to the heroes of folk tales, Russian heroes Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, and others?
The image of Terkin has folklore roots, it is “a hero, a fathom in his shoulders”, “a merry fellow”, “an experienced person”. Behind the illusion of rusticity, jokes, mischief, there is a moral sensitivity and an inherent sense of filial duty to the Motherland, the ability to accomplish a feat at any moment without phrase and pose.
In the image of Terkin, Tvardovsky portrays the best qualities of the Russian character - courage, perseverance, resourcefulness, optimism and great devotion to his native land.
Mother Earth is yours,
In days of trouble and in days of victory
You are not brighter and more beautiful,
And there is no more desirable heart ...
It is in the defense of the Motherland, life on earth that the justice of the people's Patriotic War lies ("The battle is on, holy and right, a mortal battle is not for the sake of glory, for the sake of life on earth ...").
Terkin lives, as it were, in two dimensions: on the one hand, he is a very real soldier, a staunch fighter Soviet army. On the other hand, this is a Russian fairy-tale warrior-hero who does not burn in fire and does not sink in water.
The hero is not the same as in a fairy tale -
carefree giant,
And in a hiking belt.
A simple sourdough man...
Hard in torment and proud in grief
Terkin is alive and cheerful, damn it!
Terkin enters into single combat with a strong, physically superior opponent. On the one hand, the author enlarges this episode:
Like an ancient battlefield Chest to chest, like a shield to a shield, - Instead of thousands, two fight As if a fight would solve everything.Tvardovsky writes at the intersection of pathos and irony, epic scope and sober reality.
Terkin in the book is not only an epic, nationwide type, but also a personality. Folk heroes in epics remain the same from the beginning to the end of the story. The image of Terkin is given in evolution: the closer to the end of the work, the more sad thoughts appear in the poem. In the first chapters, the hero is a joker, cheerful, but not careless, not lost in any circumstances, and this was very important in the difficult days of the war. At the end of the chapter "On the Dnieper", Terkin silently smokes aside from his rejoicing comrades, and the last lines of the chapter show him from an unexpected side:
- What are you, brother, Vasily Terkin, Are you crying like... - Guilty...The problems raised by the writer in this work also help to reveal the military theme of the poem: the attitude towards death, the ability to stand up for oneself and others, a sense of responsibility and duty to the motherland, the relationship between people at critical moments in life. Tvardovsky talks with the reader about the sore, uses a special artistic character - the image of the author. Chapters "About myself" appear in the poem. So the writer brings his main character closer to his own worldview. Together with his character, the author empathizes, sympathizes, feels satisfaction or resents:
From the first days of the bitter year,
In the difficult hour of the native land,
Not joking, Vasily Terkin,
We made friends with you ...
The war is depicted by Tvardovsky in blood, labor and deprivation. Endless night, frost. But a bit of a soldier's dream, not even a dream, but heavy oblivion, whimsically mixed with reality. In the minds of those who remained on this, the left bank, there are pictures of the death of comrades. Their possible death is depicted in mundane - but all the more terrible - details. Reflections on the soldiers who died at the crossing, and not only about these soldiers, the poet ends with pathetic lines.
The dead are immortal, and the land where their traces “frozen forever” becomes a monument of soldier's glory.
The war described by Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky in the poem does not seem to the reader to be a universal catastrophe, an inexpressible horror. Since the main character of the work - Vasya Terkin - is always able to survive in difficult conditions, laugh at himself, support a friend, and this is especially important for the reader - it means that there will be a different life, people will start laughing heartily, singing songs loudly, joking - peacetime will come . The poem "Vasily Terkin" is full of optimism, faith in a better future.
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