Assessment of surface waters. Service for Control and Supervision in the Sphere of Environmental Protection, Wildlife Objects and Forest Relations of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra

Surface waters of land - waters that flow (streams) or collect on the surface of the earth (reservoirs). There are sea, lake, river, swamp and other waters. Surface waters are permanently or temporarily located in surface water bodies. Surface water objects are: seas, lakes, rivers, swamps and other watercourses and reservoirs. Distinguish between salty and fresh water dry

Surface water formation is a complex process. Streams falling from the sky in the form of rain or snow are water evaporated from the seas and oceans. The nature of the terrain through which it flows under the influence of gravity (at the same time water is the strongest destroyer of that part of the earth's crust above sea level) determines the route along which it, gathering in streams and rivers, rushes back to the sea. Thus, one major phase of the hydrological cycle is completed.

As the water flows down the surface, it captures and carries insoluble mineral particles of sand and soil, some of them it leaves along the road, some of them are transferred to the sea, and some substances are dissolved in it.

Surface waters, passing through uneven terrain and falling from rocks, are saturated with air oxygen, its compounds with organic and inorganic substances washed out from the land of a particular area and sunlight support a wide variety of life forms in the form of algae, fungi, bacteria, small crustaceans and fish.

In addition, the channels of many rivers are covered with trees, in the areas through which they flow, if the banks of the rivers are covered with forests. Fallen leaves and needles of trees fall into the rivers, they play an important role in filling the water with biological content. After falling into the water, they dissolve in it. It is this material that later becomes the main cause of contamination of ion-exchange resins, which are used to purify water.

Physical and Chemical properties pollution of surface waters gradually change over time. Sudden natural disasters can lead to a sharp change in the composition of surface water sources in a short time. The chemistry of surface water also changes seasonally, for example during periods of heavy rain and snowmelt (a period of great flooding when river levels rise sharply). This can have a favorable or unfavorable effect on the characteristics of the water, depending on the geochemistry and biology of the area.

Surface water chemistry also changes throughout the year with several cycles of drought and rain. Long periods of drought seriously affect the lack of water for industrial use. Where rivers empty into seas, it is possible for salt water to enter the river during drought periods, creating additional problems. Industrial users should be guided by the variability of surface water, must be taken into account when designing treatment facilities and developing other programs.

Surface water quality depends on a combination of climatic and geological factors. The main climatic factor is the amount and frequency of precipitation, as well as the ecological situation in the region. Fallout precipitation carries with it a certain amount of undissolved particles, such as dust, volcanic ash, plant pollen, bacteria, fungal spores, and sometimes larger microorganisms. The ocean is a source of various salts dissolved in rainwater. It can detect chloride, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, calcium and potassium ions. Industrial emissions into the atmosphere also "enrich" the chemical palette, mainly due to organic solvents and oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, which are the cause of "acid rain". The chemicals used in agriculture. Among the geological factors is the structure of the riverbed. If the channel is formed by limestone rocks, then the water in the river is usually clear and hard. If the channel is made of impermeable rocks, such as granite, then the water will be soft, but muddy due to the large amount of suspended particles of organic and inorganic origin. In general, surface waters are characterized by relative softness, high organic content and the presence of microorganisms.

Surface water includes streams, reservoirs, swamps and glaciers. In natural (rivers, streams) and artificial (canals) watercourses, water moves along the channel in the direction of the general slope of the surface. Watercourses can be permanent or temporary (drying or freezing).

A reservoir is an accumulation of water in a natural (lake) or artificial (reservoir, pond) depression, the flow from which is absent or slowed down. Only a small part of the hydrosphere is contained in rivers, about four times less than in swamps, and sixty times less than in lakes.

The importance of rivers in the water cycle is immeasurably greater than the water they contain, since the water in the rivers is renewed on average every 19 days.

For comparison, in swamps, a complete renewal of water occurs in 5 years, in lakes - in 17 years.

Due to the flow of water, the rivers are better saturated with oxygen and the quality of the water is better here. It was along the banks of the rivers that the first settlements of people arose.

Rivers for a long time served as the main transport arteries and defensive lines, were sources of water and fish. A river is usually called a natural constant water flow flowing in a recess (channel) developed by him. River valleys are elongated depressions on the earth's surface, developed by constant water flows. All river valleys have slopes and a flat bottom. water flow constantly carries a lot of erosion products, which are deposited in the bottom of the valley or carried out to the sea. River sediment is called alluvium. Especially a lot of alluvium accumulates in the bottoms of the valleys in the lower reaches of the rivers, where the slopes of the surface are the least. During the melting of snow, part of the bottom (floodplain) is flooded with hollow waters. A river stream always tends to deepen its course to a certain level. This level is called the basis of erosion. For a river, the basis of erosion is the level of the sea, lake or other river into which this river flows. The river constantly deepens its course and there comes a time when, during the flood, the river can no longer flood its floodplain. The river begins to develop a new floodplain at a lower level, and the old floodplain turns into a terrace - a high step in the bottom of the river valley. The older and larger the river, the more terraces can be counted in its valley.

In fact, a river is a complex natural formation (system) consisting of many elements. The area from which a river system collects its waters is called a river basin. Between neighboring river basins there is a border - a watershed.

The Amazon River has the largest basin; it is also the most abundant river (the average annual flow is 220,000 cubic meters per second).

The density of the river network depends on many factors: first of all, on the general moistening of the territory - the greater it is, the greater the density of rivers, as, for example, in the tundra and forest zones; from the relief and geological structure of the territory - in the areas of distribution of soluble and fractured (karst) limestones, the river network is rare, and the rivers, as a rule, are small and dry up.

All rivers have a beginning and an end. The beginning of the river, the place where a permanent streambed appears, is called the source. The source can be a lake, a swamp, a spring or a glacier.

Mouth - the place where a river flows into a sea, lake or one river into another. At a number of large northern rivers, the mouths look like narrow funnel-shaped bays - they are called estuaries. In estuaries, river sediments are carried out to sea by the action of waves and currents. Large estuaries have such rivers as the Congo in Africa, the Thames and Seine in Europe, as well as the Russian rivers Yenisei and Ob. Unlike them, in deltas, on the contrary, rivers literally wander, flowing into the sea, among their own sediments, breaking into numerous branches and channels. The largest deltas have rivers - the Amazon, Huang He, Lena, Mississippi, etc.

The terrain directly affects the slope of the riverbed and, accordingly, the speed of the water flow. The difference in the heights of the water surface in the river at two points located at some distance along its course is called the fall of the river. The slope of a river is the ratio of the fall of a river to its length. The fall of water from a steep ledge is called a waterfall.

The highest waterfall in the world - Angel (1054 m) in the Orinoco river basin. The widest (1800 m) - Victoria on the river. Zambezi (its height is 120 m.). Plain rivers usually flow calmly and smoothly, with little fall and slight slopes. Large rivers have wide valleys and are convenient for navigation. Mountain rivers have large slopes and, therefore, a rapid flow, narrow rapids deep valleys. The water in the channel rushes at a frantic speed, foams, forms whirlpools and waterfalls.

Mountain rivers are usually unsuitable for navigation, but they have large reserves of hydropower and are convenient for the construction of hydroelectric power stations.

For National economy(navigation, construction of hydroelectric power plants, water supply settlements, field irrigation) very important characteristics of rivers are water discharge (the amount of water passing through the channel per unit of time) and annual runoff (water flow in the river per year).

The value of the annual runoff characterizes the water content of the river and depends on the climate (ratio of precipitation and evaporation in the area of ​​the river basin) and relief (flat relief reduces runoff, mountainous, on the contrary, increases it).

The amount of water-borne material, consisting of chemical and biological substances dissolved in water and solid fine particles, depends on the speed and resistance to erosion of rocks - the amount of solid runoff. Climatic conditions affect the nutrition and regime of rivers (glacial, snow, rain and soil). The intra-annual distribution of runoff - the regime of rivers - depends on the predominant type of nutrition. The regime of rivers is the life of a river flow for some time (days, seasons and a year). According to the regime, the rivers are divided into several main groups. On rivers with spring floods and mostly snow-fed. The relatively rapid melting of the snow cover leads to the rise and flood of water (spring flood). In summer, the rivers switch to rain feeding, and although there is a large amount of precipitation, these rivers become shallow due to increased evaporation. On the rivers, there is a low water period - a time of stable low water level in the channel. In winter, during freeze-up (freezing and formation still ice) rivers are fed exclusively by groundwater and there is a winter low water. The driving regime is typical for rivers with rain and mixed feeding. Floods - short-term (sometimes very significant) rises of water in the river - unlike floods, they can occur at any time of the year and are most often associated with heavy rains. In warm winters, floods can also occur at this time of the year.

Late melting of snow and glaciers in the mountains causes summer floods. Such a regime is characterized, for example, by rivers originating in the Alpine mountains. Monsoon climate rivers are characterized by flood regime in the second half of summer and winter low water. Due to the thin snow cover, spring floods are weakly expressed or completely absent. The monsoons often bring heavy rainfall of a torrential nature, which leads to catastrophic floods. At this time, vast territories with numerous villages are under water. Buildings are destroyed, crops, animals and even people are dying. The rivers of East and South Asia are especially violent in nature: the Amur, the Huang He, the Yangtze, the Ganges.

Lakes differ not only in size and depth, but also in the color and properties of water, the composition and number of organisms inhabiting them. The number of lakes (lake content of the territory) is affected by the increased humidity of the climate and the relief with numerous closed basins. The size, depth, shape of lakes largely depend on the origin of their basins. There are basins of tectonic, glacial, karst, thermokarst, stanitsa and volcanic origin. There are also dammed (dammed or dammed) lakes, which are formed as a result of blocking the riverbed by blocks of rocks during landslides in the mountains.

Tectonic lake basins have big sizes and depth, since they were formed at the site of subsidence, cracks and faults in the earth's crust. Classical tectonic lakes are the largest lakes in the world: the Caspian and Baikal in Eurasia, the Great African and North American lakes.

Glacial lake basins are formed during the plowing activity of glaciers or as a result of erosion or accumulation of glacial waters in areas of accumulation of glacial material and the formation of glacial landforms. There are many such lakes in Finland, in the north of Poland, in Karelia, etc.

Karst lake basins are formed as a result of failures, subsidence and erosion, first of all, of easily soluble rocks: limestones, gypsum dolomites, salts. There are many thermokarst lakes in the permafrost zone in the tundra and forest tundra. Here water dissolves underground ice.

Ancient lakes are the remains of abandoned river beds.

Volcanic lake basins arose in the craters of volcanoes or in the depressions of lava fields. These are Kronotskoye and Kurilskoye lakes, lakes in New Zealand. According to the salinity of the water, the lakes are divided into fresh and salty. Unlike rivers, the regime of lakes depends on whether rivers flow from it - a flowing lake (Baikal) or a drainless reservoir (Caspian).

Swamps are areas of land with abundant, stagnant or slow-flowing soil moisture for most of the year, with characteristic (marsh) vegetation, lack of oxygen and constant peat formation (the peat layer should reach at least 0.3 m, if there is less peat, it will be wetlands.Peat is called semi-decomposed plant residues.It is impossible to call swamps water bodies, since the water in them is contained in a bound state.But swamps contain only 5-10% of dry matter (peat), the rest is water.Therefore, swamps are important accumulators of fresh water. Swamping is facilitated by the presence of a close aquiclude and they are most common in areas with permafrost.The most common swamps in the forests of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as in Brazil and India.Because of the abundance of swamps and swampy forests, the forest zone in Western Siberia is called the forest-bog.There is also the largest swamp in the world is the Vasyugan swamp, swamping processes in this region continue to this day her time. The average horizontal speed of swamp edges spreading and their advance on the surrounding forests is 10-15 cm per year.

The methods of formation of swamps are different. This includes overgrowing, peating of water bodies (lakes) and stagnant water in places where springs come out and when groundwater is close to ground; as well as the accumulation of moisture in depressions and flat areas under forests and meadows (forest clearings are especially often swamped.) According to food sources, upland (they feed on atmospheric waters), lowlands (ground moisture) and transitional swamps are distinguished. When classified according to the degree of substrate richness, they correspond to oligotrophic (poor), eutrophic (rich) and mesotrophic. Lowland swamps are formed mainly in the lowest parts of the relief (in floodplains, ancient lake basins).

Groundwater is highly mineralized and, entering the swamp, they enrich it. Therefore, in lowland swamps, sedges, horsetails, reeds, mosses grow in a dense continuous cover, thickets of black alder are often found. Many birds usually find shelter here, and their droppings, containing nitrogenous substances, also enrich the swamp.

Lowland bog peat is an excellent fertilizer.

Raised bogs form most often in watershed spaces, are moistened by atmospheric waters, which are very poor in nutrients, and the vegetation here is completely different. Mostly mosses and stunted trees. Raised bog peat with poor vegetation contains little ash, therefore it is a combustible mineral and is used as fuel.

Wetlands are of great importance for water conservation. Accumulating huge reserves of water, they regulate the water regime of rivers and maintain the stability of the water balance of the territory; purify the waters that pass through them. Wetlands are the source of many rivers. The vegetation of the swamps is not of particular fodder value. But after draining, they are used for agricultural or forest crops. However, at the same time, small rivers often become shallow and disappear.

Surface water pollution

The water quality of most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements. Long-term observations of the dynamics of surface water quality reveal a trend towards an increase in the number of gauges with high level pollution and the number of cases of extremely high levels of pollutants in water bodies. The state of water sources and centralized water supply systems cannot guarantee the required quality of drinking water, and in a number of regions (Southern Urals, Kuzbass, some territories of the North), this state has reached a dangerous level for human health. Sanitary and epidemiological surveillance services constantly note high pollution of surface waters. About 1/3 of the total mass of pollutants is introduced into water sources with surface and storm runoff from the territories of sanitary unimproved places, agricultural facilities and lands, which affects the seasonal, during the spring flood, deterioration in the quality of drinking water, annually noted in major cities, including in Novosibirsk. In this regard, water is hyperchlorinated, which, however, is unsafe for public health due to the formation of organochlorine compounds.

One of the main pollutants of surface waters is oil and oil products. Oil can get into the water as a result of its natural outflows in the areas of occurrence.

But the main sources of pollution are associated with human activities: oil production, transportation, processing and use of oil as fuel and industrial raw materials.

Among industrial products, toxic synthetic substances occupy a special place in terms of their negative impact on the aquatic environment and living organisms.

They are increasingly being used in industry, in transport, and in public utilities. The concentration of these compounds in wastewater, as a rule, is 5-15 mg/l at MPC -0.1 mg/l. These substances can form a layer of foam in reservoirs, which is especially noticeable on rapids, rifts, locks.

The ability to foam in these substances appears already at a concentration of 1-2 mg / l. The most common pollutants in surface waters are phenols, easily oxidized organic substances, compounds of copper, zinc, and in some regions of the country - ammonium and nitrite nitrogen, lignin, xanthates, aniline, methyl mercaptan, formaldehyde, etc. A huge amount of pollutants is introduced into surface water with wastewater from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, petrochemical enterprises.

Oil, gas, coal, timber, pulp and paper industries, agricultural and municipal enterprises, surface runoff from adjacent territories. A small danger to the aquatic environment from metals is mercury, lead and their compounds. Expanded production (without treatment facilities) and the use of pesticides in the fields lead to severe pollution of water bodies with harmful compounds.

Pollution of the aquatic environment occurs as a result of the direct introduction of pesticides during the treatment of water bodies for pest control, the ingress of water flowing down from the surface of cultivated agricultural land into water bodies, when waste from manufacturing enterprises is discharged into water bodies, as well as as a result of losses during transportation, storage and partially with atmospheric precipitation. Along with pesticides, agricultural effluents contain a significant amount of fertilizer residues (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) applied to the fields.

In addition, large amounts of organic compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus enter with runoff from livestock farms, as well as with sewage. An increase in the concentration of nutrients in the soil leads to a violation of the biological balance in the reservoir. Initially, in such a reservoir, the number of microscopic algae sharply increases. With an increase in the food supply, the number of crustaceans, fish and other aquatic organisms increases. Then there is the death of a huge number of organisms. It leads to the consumption of all the reserves of oxygen contained in the water, and the accumulation of hydrogen sulfide. The situation in the reservoir changes so much that it becomes unsuitable for the existence of any forms of organisms. The reservoir gradually "dies".

The current level of wastewater treatment is such that even in waters that have undergone biological treatment, the content of nitrates and phosphates is sufficient for intensive eutrophication of water bodies.

Eutrophication is the enrichment of a reservoir with nutrients, stimulating the growth of phytoplankton. From this, the water becomes cloudy, benthic plants die, the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases, fish and mollusks living at depth suffocate.

Disinfection and disinfection of surface waters

Another important block of any installation is the block of disinfection and disinfection of water. Disinfection usually means the purification of surface water from all types of living microorganisms, including not only organisms potentially dangerous to human health such as bacteria and viruses, but also microalgae that can harm equipment, pipelines and other objects that come into contact with contaminated water. And in order, for example, to avoid the ingress of similar harmful substances into the soil, autonomous suburban sewage systems are used, information about which can be taken into account, for sure, is very useful. Today, there are several methods of wastewater treatment, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages, some of them we will dwell on in more detail.

One of the most common methods for cleaning surface water from potentially dangerous microorganisms is their oxidation using various reagents. The cheapest method is water chlorination, as this reagent is considered the cheapest. A more expensive, but more reliable and safer reagent is ozone, which, after cleaning, simply decomposes into harmless compounds like air, water or carbon dioxide unlike chlorine, which remains in the water and can harm both the human body and household or industrial equipment.

Another method of cleaning surface water from microorganisms is ultraviolet irradiation of water, which is considered one of the most effective and safe methods of water disinfection. When water is irradiated, ultraviolet penetrates into the nucleus of living cells, causing irreversible damage to the DNA of the latter, which causes the microorganism to lose its ability to reproduce. Ultraviolet irradiation cleaning is today considered one of the most environmentally friendly water disinfection technologies, which guarantees high quality and good results.



Surface water quality

hydrographic network autonomous region includes about 290 thousand lakes and thirty thousand watercourses, of which most are small rivers. The main waterway is the Ob River, which receives large tributaries: the Irtysh, Vakh, Agan, Tromyogan, Bolshoy Yugan, Lyamin, Lyapin, Pim, Northern Sosva, Kazym. The total length of the hydro network is about 172 thousand km.

Most of the rivers belong to the flat type, have a slow flow, wide floodplains and a large number of channel lakes. Freezing begins in October, during the winter, small rivers and lakes freeze to the bottom. Ice drift runs from early May to early June.

The rivers are characterized by a strongly extended flood, a reduced draining role, which is one of the important factors of waterlogging and swamping of the territory. Watershed areas of rivers reach 50-70% or more. The influence of swamp waters largely determines the regional hydrochemical features of both river waters and groundwaters of surface aquifers.

The surface waters of the Autonomous Okrug are experiencing a powerful anthropogenic load associated with the active development in recent decades of the infrastructure of cities and the largest oil and gas complex in Russia.

In landscape geochemical studies, the hydrographic network is considered as the main block through which the flows of natural and technogenic substances pass. Dynamics chemical composition surface water is an indicator of the regional environmental situation. This determines the importance of hydrochemical studies, which constitute the most important section of the territorial system of ecological monitoring of Yugra.

The characteristics of surface water quality are presented based on the results of monitoring in 34 Roshydromet sites and 1,692 local points of the territorial observation network (Figure 1).

Observations at the posts of the state observation network (federal sites) are provided by Roshydromet (executor - Khanty-Mansiysk TsGMS) on 16 large watercourses (Ob with channels, Irtysh, Vakh, Agan, Trom-Yugan, Bolshoy Yugan, Konda, Kazym, Nazim, Pim, Amnya, Lyapin, Northern Sosva) near settlements. The annual volume of measurements is about 8000 pcs.

Figure 1. Surface water monitoring points in the territory

The functioning of local observation points of the territorial system is provided by subsoil user enterprises and the Government of the Autonomous Okrug (coordinator - Yugra Prirodnadzor). Local monitoring points cover 700 large and small watercourses within the boundaries of licensed subsoil plots, which are under the main load from the oil and gas complex. In 2018, 91,080 water quality measurements were made within the boundaries of 308 licensed subsoil plots.

The river waters of Yugra have a number of hydrochemical features. They are characterized by low mineralization, increased values ​​of ammonium and metal ions, caused by the presence of a large amount of organic compounds in river and lake waters, intense coloration and low water transparency (Table 1).

Natural landscape and geochemical conditions caused almost universal excess of the maximum allowable concentrations (hereinafter - MPC) for iron (in 94-98% of samples), manganese (in 75-91% of samples), zinc (in 29-53% of samples) and copper ( in 60-73% of samples) (Figure 2).

The reasons for this are the geochemical features of the taiga swampy landscapes with their characteristic acidic soil reaction and the widespread reduction environment. Iron, manganese, zinc, and copper have a high migration capacity in acid gley landscapes; therefore, they are intensively transferred from soils to groundwater and then to rivers.

Table 1

Average content of pollutants and parameters

Indicator								The ratio of the average in 2018 to the MPC
								acidification
	mgO 2 / dm 3
hydrocarbons
sulfates
Manganese

Long-term observations show that the average concentrations of these substances are in the range:

iron - 1.35-1.86 mg / dm 3, or 13-18 MPC;

manganese - 0.09-0.18 mg / dm 3, or 9-18 MPC;

zinc - 0.01-0.02 mg / dm 3, or 1-2 MPC;

copper - 0.003 - 0.007 mg / dm 3, or 3-7 MPC.

Figure 2. Distribution of measurements of iron and manganese compounds

regarding the environmental standard

characteristic natural feature surface waters of the Autonomous Okrug are also significant seasonal fluctuations in hydrochemical composition. Maximum values pollution indicators are achieved during the winter low water period, when low flow rates and water temperatures contribute to an increase in the concentrations of substances.

For the period 2010-2018, 159 cases of high (HH) and extremely high (HH) pollution of surface waters were recorded on 15 large watercourses (Table 2), of which 137 cases were observed during the closed channel period, when the rivers are fed only by groundwater, which leads to a violation of the oxygen regime and a slowdown in speed chemical reactions. The remaining 22 cases were recorded during the period of the beginning of the flood (flushing of pollutants from the adjacent territory) and before the freeze-up (water temperature drop). About 61% of the total number of cases of VZ + EVZ is accounted for by heavy metals, 37% by dissolved oxygen (Figure 3).

table 2

List of watercourses with cases of VZ and EVZ in 2010-2017

	Number of cases	Hydrochemical post
		Oktyabrskoye (33), Surgut (7), Sytomino (5), Nizhnevartovsk (6), Polnovat (1), Nefteyugansk (7), Belogorye (2)
R. Sev. Sosva		Berezovo (11), Sosva (4)
		Beloyarsky (7), Yuilsk (2)
		Khanty-Mansiysk (11), Gornopravdinsk (2)
		Roll-out (3), Uray (12), Bolchari (2)
		Novoagansk (3)
R. Trom-Yugan,		Russian (3)
Bolshoy Yugan river
		Laryak (4), Bolshetarkhovo (3)
		Lyantor (2)
		Vykatnoy (1), Bolchary (3), Uray (10)
		Beloyarsky (7)
		Lombovozh

The lack of dissolved oxygen is explained by the low water level during the period of the closed channel and partial freezing of the sections in the absence of the possibility of saturating the river waters with oxygen.

High concentrations of dissolved forms of heavy metals, in turn, are associated with a low oxygen content - under anaerobic conditions, the rate of oxidation of metal compounds slows down.

Of particular relevance for assessing the ecological situation in the region are the concentrations of oil products and chlorides in surface waters, which characterize the technogenic flows of pollutants in the areas of oil fields.

In accordance with the requirements approved by the Decree of the Government of the Autonomous Okrug dated December 23, 2011 No. 485-p, sampling of surface waters to determine oil products and chlorides as priority pollutants is carried out at local monitoring points on a monthly basis, taking into account the hydrological features of water bodies. The annual volume of measurements of oil products in surface waters on the territory of licensed areas is about 9,000 units.

According to the results of local monitoring, the share of samples contaminated with oil products tends to decrease from 11% in 2008 to 4.8% in 2018 of the total sample (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Distribution of measurements of oil products relative to MPC

In general, for 5 years at the oil fields of the district, the average content of oil products in surface waters varied at the level of 0.026-0.049 mg/dm3, not exceeding the established standard (table 1).

The content of chlorides in surface waters, as well as in oil products, reflects the degree of technogenic load and compliance with environmental management standards. Approximately 9,000 chloride measurements are performed annually in surface water at licensed subsoil areas. At the same time, excesses of the MPC for chlorides are rarely recorded, and the proportion of samples contaminated with chlorides has not exceeded 0.1-0.8% of the sample since 2008 (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Distribution of chloride measurements relative to MPC

Systematically elevated concentrations of oil products and chlorides at surface water monitoring points are observed locally, mainly within the boundaries of long-developed license areas with an increased accident rate: Samotlor (north) (18 points) and Samotlor (12 points), Mamontovsky (16 points), Yuzhno-Surgutsky (3 points), Pravdinsky (7 points), Yuzhno-Balyksky (4 points), Malo-Balyksky (4 points), Ust-Balyksky (2 points), Vakhsky (9 points) and Sovetsky (8 points).

In order to improve the environmental situation, under the control of the Natural Supervision of Yugra, the environmental protection measures of subsoil users on the territory of these licensed areas were adjusted, in terms of taking prompt measures to reduce accidents in pipeline systems; carrying out priority measures for the restoration of contaminated land plots and submission of reclaimed sites for inspection in the current year.

Thus, the quality of water in the surface water bodies of the Autonomous Okrug is largely due to the natural origin and seasonal dynamics of compounds of iron, manganese, zinc, copper, as well as dissolved oxygen. monitoring studies recent years it is shown that oil and salt pollution in the region as a whole has stabilized at a relatively low level.

The decrease in oil and salt pollution of surface waters on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug is also confirmed by the results of observations at the Roshydromet sites. In the main rivers (Ob and Irtysh), since 2008, there has been a steady downward trend in the average annual concentrations of oil products to a level not exceeding MPC; the content of chlorides is consistently tenths of MPC.

The date of transferring the document to the new 1C-bitrix platform is indicated.

In general, the water quality of surface water bodies within the city of Moscow complies with the standards established for water bodies for cultural and community purposes (with the exception of the section of the Moskva River below the wastewater discharges of the Kuryanovsk treatment facilities).

Conventionally, “in terms of quality”, the Moscow River within the city can be divided into three characteristic sections, these are:

upstream section- is traditionally the cleanest site in the city of Moscow, according to most indicators, the water quality is stable throughout the year and changes very little along the river. The average annual concentrations of the analyzed indicators do not exceed the established standards for cultural and community water use.

plot central part of the city- one of the most unstable in quality. The high density of the road network, urban development and a huge number of water outlets lead to the fact that the quality of the water in the river is unstable in terms of metals, suspended solids and oil products.

In addition, there are significant fluctuations in the concentrations of the analyzed indicators both during the year and along the river, which indicates the influence of the most polluted inflows and outlets of industrial wastewater in this area (about 700 - more than half of all water outlets). The main source of pollution in this area is surface runoff from the road network and urban areas. However, the average annual concentrations of the analyzed indicators do not exceed the established standards for cultural and household water use.

section of the lower river- in this area, the greatest impact on the ecological state of the river. Moscow is provided by the Kuryanovsk treatment facilities (KOS), after the release of which in the river. Moscow sharply increases the concentration of primarily biogenic elements - ammonium ions, nitrites, phosphates

An analysis of the results of observations in 2012 showed that the quality of water in the Moskva River, in terms of the average annual concentrations of the analyzed indicators, corresponded to the standards established for water objects of cultural and community purposes*, with the exception of the content of organic pollution in the water. The content of sparingly soluble

organics (according to COD) in all observation sections was at the level MPC

"> MPC c-b. The level of ammonium ion in the lower reaches of the Moscow River within the city according to the average annual concentrations was 3.97 MPC- maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the environment - a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the present or future generation throughout life, does not reduce a person's working capacity, does not worsen his well-being and sanitary living conditions. MPC values ​​are given in mg / 3 (l, kg). "> MPC c-b.

In some samples, exceedances of the permissible content of organic pollution were recorded (up to 2 MPCc-b according to COD

"> COD, up to 8.5 MPCk-b for ammonium), metals (iron up to 4.2 MPCk-b, manganese up to 1.6 MPCk-b, nickel up to 1.4 MPCk-b, lead up to 1.2 MPCk- b, aluminum up to 3.6 MACc-b, cadmium up to 5 MACc-b), oil products up to 5 MACc-b, and formaldehyde up to 4.2 MACc-b.

In comparison with the previous year 2011 in the river. Moscow, within the city limits, an increase in the content of organic pollution was noted (according to COD— dichromate oxidizability, most high degree oxidation; a value that characterizes the content in water of organic and mineral substances oxidized by one of the strongest chemical oxidizing agents. In reservoirs and streams subjected to a strong impact of human activities, the change in oxidizability acts as a characteristic that reflects the regime of sewage inflow.

"> COD and ammonium). In 2011, the average annual values ​​of the indicator COD- bichromate oxidizability, the highest degree of oxidation; a value that characterizes the content in water of organic and mineral substances oxidized by one of the strongest chemical oxidizing agents. In reservoirs and watercourses subjected to a strong impact of human activities, the change in oxidizability acts as a characteristic that reflects the regime of sewage inflow. flow of the Moskva River increased from 2.92 MPCc-b in 2011 to 3.9 MPC- maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the environment - a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the present or future generation throughout life, does not reduce a person's working capacity, does not worsen his well-being and sanitary living conditions. MPC values ​​are given in mg / 3 (l, kg). "> MPC c-b in 2012. Also in 2012, an increase in the content of formaldehyde in water was noted. In 2011, the average annual concentrations of formaldehyde in all observation sites corresponded to the established standards, In 2012, excesses of the standards were noted in four observation sites.

In addition, the average annual concentrations of iron and manganese exceeded the standards observed in 2010, 2009 in 2012, as well as in 2011, were not recorded. Also, in 2012, there were no excesses of standards for cultural and domestic water use in terms of average annual concentrations of oil products (in the previous 2011, excesses were recorded in two observation sites.

During the entire period under review, the water quality complied with the standards for the content of chlorides, sulfates, sodium, dry residue, nitrates, nitrites, copper, zinc, cobalt, phenols, surfactants, sulfides, arsenic, total and hexavalent chromium, magnesium, selenium in all selected samples , fluorides and molybdenum.

*To assess snow pollution, we used the standards for the content of pollutants in surface water bodies, established for water bodies of cultural and domestic water use in accordance with GN 2.1. 5. 1315-03 "Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of Chemical Substances in the Water of Water Facilities for Domestic Drinking and Cultural and Domestic Water Use"

Measures taken to improve the quality of surface waters

The most important task in terms of maintaining the favorable state of water bodies is the maximum possible treatment of all urban wastewater.

To date, we have achieved that the efficiency of cleaning, for example, surface runoff from the territories of large highways (MKAD, 3rd transport ring) for oil products at fine treatment facilities reaches 97%. The volume of communal flow (OJSC Mosvodokanal) has been decreasing by 5% annually over the past 5 years. Measures are being taken to reconstruct the treatment facilities for domestic sewage with the transition to the best technologies for the removal of biogenic elements.

Increased attention is annually paid to the sanitary condition of watershed areas. Increasing the efficiency of cleaning and purification of water protection zones has led to a decrease in the concentrations of suspended solids, some metals and oil products in the Moscow River. In the central part of the city, their concentrations have become minimal over the past five years of observations. In 2012, 3 small rivers (Nishchenko, Vagankovsky Studenets, Presnya) improved their "quality class" - an integral indicator of pollution for the totality of pollutants.

The city has always paid great attention to measures to reduce the negative impact on water bodies, although according to federal law, the Moscow River and its tributaries are property Russian Federation, and the powers of Moscow as a subject of the federation for state control and supervision of their condition are limited. In two government programs of the city of Moscow - Development of the recreation and tourism industry and Development of public utilities infrastructure - measures are envisaged for the modernization of sewage treatment facilities for domestic sewage, the reconstruction of more than 500 km of sewerage and drain networks, the construction of 14 sewage treatment facilities for residential buildings, the rehabilitation of reservoirs in the city of Moscow (29 water bodies) and sections of small rivers. The target indicators of the programs are to increase the share of domestic sewage wastewater treated to standard values ​​from 80 to 100%, to increase the share of rainwater sewage treated to standard values ​​in the total volume of rainwater sewage wastewater from 55 to 75%, to increase the area city, provided with drainage networks, from 89.4 to 91.6%, reducing pollution of surface runoff by oil products and suspended solids by 25% and 17%, respectively.

The priority tasks for improving quality are:

1. Reducing pollution of the Moskva River in the central part of the city with metals and oil products;

2. Reducing the pollution of the Moscow River with organic matter at the exit from the city;

3. Improving the quality of water in small rivers (it is worse than in the Moskva River due to the anthropogenic transformation of most tributaries, their inclusion in collectors, disruption of the natural ecosystem and a decrease in the processes of self-purification of watercourses).

For the first issue

The main measure is to increase the efficiency of sanitary maintenance and cleaning of the territory. This is a systematic work. The results are visible: a decrease in pollution of the Moskva River by oil products and individual metals (iron, manganese) has been noted. The average annual concentration of oil products in 2012 in the central part of the city became the minimum for the last five years of observations.

The first half of 2013 confirms the positive dynamics of the content of oil products and metals in the Moskva River in the central part of the city.

For the second issue

Discharge of wastewater from municipal sewage treatment plants leads to an increase in the concentrations of biogenic elements (ammonium, nitrites, phosphates) in the Moskva River downstream. According to the data of 2012, the average annual concentration of ammonium at the exit from the city was 3.5 MPC- maximum permissible concentration of a pollutant in the environment - a concentration that does not have a direct or indirect adverse effect on the present or future generation throughout life, does not reduce a person's working capacity, does not worsen his well-being and sanitary living conditions. MPC values ​​are given in mg/3 (l, kg).

"> MPC c-b.

To improve the quality of wastewater treatment and improve the technology for removing biogenic elements, Mosvodokanal OJSC is implementing measures to reconstruct treatment facilities using modern technologies for removing nitrogen and phosphorus and introducing ultraviolet disinfection systems.

A comprehensive reconstruction of the treatment facilities will significantly improve the ecological state of the city's main watercourse, the Moskva River.

For the third issue

Small rivers - tributaries of the Moscow River are traditionally characterized by lower water quality, due to their inclusion in the collector, a decrease in the intensity of self-purification processes and ecosystem disturbance.

Analysis of the results of observations in 2012 indicates an improvement in water quality in most of the tributaries of the river. Moscow (due to high-quality and timely sanitary cleaning of the territory). In comparison with the previous 2011, an increase in the quality class was noted for the rivers Neglinka (CAO), Nishchenko (SEAD), and the Vagankovsky studenets stream (CAO).

The average annual concentration of iron and manganese in the mouths of most small rivers for the first time in the last five years of observations corresponded to the standards for cultural and community water use.

However, problems also still remain: over the past period of 2013, in small rivers, there was a discrepancy with the standards for the content of such metals as lead, cadmium, an increased content of organic pollution and suspended solids was noted.

The quality of water is determined by its physical, chemical and biological characteristics on which the suitability of water for one or another type of its use depends. Chemical pollution of natural waters, first of all, depends on the amount and composition of wastewater from industrial enterprises and municipal services discharged into water bodies. A significant part of pollutants enters water bodies also as a result of their washing away by melt and rain waters from the territories of settlements, industrial sites, agricultural fields, livestock farms. Poor water quality can also be caused by natural factors (geological conditions, rivers fed by waters with a high content of organic matter, etc.).

Of all the types of pollutants entering water bodies, only registered wastewater discharges can be quantified. The background on the map shows the annual discharge of dissolved pollutants in wastewater (in conditional tons) per 1 sq. km. km of the territory of the corresponding water management area, which is most often the catchment area of ​​a medium-sized river or separate parts of the basin of a large river, sometimes the catchment area of ​​a lake. Relative tons are determined taking into account the harmfulness (danger) of individual pollutants by introducing a weighting coefficient for each substance, which is numerically equal to the reciprocal of the maximum allowable concentration of this substance. The most common pollutants with large weight coefficients (100–1000) are phenols, nitrites, etc. Chlorides and sulfates, which, along with organic matter, form the bulk of the substances contained in wastewater, are characterized by the lowest weight coefficients (0.3–0, five).

The largest influx of the mass of dissolved substances in the composition of wastewater is characterized by water management areas, within which there are several cities with a significant volume of wastewater. A similar result is obtained with a relatively small volume of wastewater, but with pollutants that differ in large weight coefficients. The low intensity of pollutants entering water bodies in the composition of wastewater is mainly characteristic of the north of Siberia and Far East, except for the site within which the city of Norilsk is located.

The main criterion for water quality in rivers and reservoirs is the averaged frequency of exceeding the maximum permissible concentration of the main pollutants by their actual content in water, determined on the State Observation Network by the Departments of Hydrometeorology and Monitoring environment Roshydromet.

At water bodies that do not have stations for stationary monitoring of water quality, it is determined by analogy with water bodies where such observations are carried out, or on the basis of an expert assessment of the impact on water quality of a complex of factors, primarily the presence of sources of pollution of natural waters, as well as dilution capacity of water bodies.

“Extremely dirty” waters are observed mainly in small rivers with low dilution capacity. When even a relatively small volume of wastewater is discharged into them, the average annual concentration of individual pollutants can exceed the maximum permissible concentration by 30-50, and sometimes more than 100 times. This class is inherent in some medium-sized rivers (for example, Chusovaya), into which wastewater with a high content of the most dangerous pollutants is discharged.
The “dirty” class includes water bodies with average annual concentrations of individual pollutants up to 10–25 times the maximum allowable concentration. This situation can be observed both in small and major rivers ah or their individual sections. Pollution of some large rivers (for example, the Irtysh) is associated with navigation.

"Significantly polluted" water bodies are characterized by average annual concentrations of pollutants up to 7–10 times the maximum allowable concentration. They are typical for many water bodies located in the most economically developed regions of the European part of Russia and the Urals. Pollution of rivers is mainly associated with mining, rivers - with the gold mining industry, rivers and the Lower Tunguska - with the washout of pollutants from the territories of coastal economic facilities. A source of pollution of rivers flowing in a forested area can be timber rafting, especially molar.

In “slightly polluted” water bodies, the average annual concentrations of individual pollutants are 2–6 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration, and in “conditionally clean” water bodies, this can be observed only in short periods of time.

Water bodies of “slightly polluted” and “conditionally clean” rivers prevail in the north of the European part of Russia and the Far East.

Despite the fact that the volume of polluted wastewater discharges in Russia as a whole in the 2000s, compared with the early 1990s, decreased by 20–25%, there is no improvement in water quality, and often even its deterioration is noted. . This is due to a number of reasons, including a significant accumulation of pollutants in the bottom sediments of rivers and, as well as in the soils and soils of their basins, a decrease in the efficiency of treatment facilities, and more frequent cases of accidental pollution of natural waters. Part of the deterioration in water quality indicators is due to the tightening of the maximum allowable concentration for some substances (for example, iron).

Among the pollutants contained in surface waters, most often (in 50-80% of samples) the maximum allowable concentration exceeds the content of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe), as well as the value of biological oxygen demand, which characterizes the content of soluble organic matter. A 10-fold excess of the maximum permissible concentration in more than 10% of samples was noted for the same substances. Certain regions of Russia are characterized by the presence of specific pollutants in water bodies: lignin, lignosulfonates, sulfides, hydrogen sulfide, organochlorines, methanol, and mercury compounds. Some pollutants pass from the aquatic environment to bottom sediments and can serve as a source of secondary water pollution.