Mysteries of the blue planet
- ... THEY were the first on the planet to start producing oxygen. Without them, there would be no life on Earth. But, having appeared first, THEY will be the last to leave it, letting even cockroaches go ahead and sowing death around them ....
- - determine where algae can live,
- - to study the structural features of algae,
- - install character traits life,
- - to reveal the importance of algae in nature and human life.
- unicellular algae
- 1. shell
- 2. cytoplasm
- 3. vacuoles
- 4. chromatophore
- 5. starch body
- 6. photosensitive eye
- 7. flagella
- filamentous algae
- 1. basal cell
- 2. green cells
- 3. chromatophore
- thallus algae
- 1. rhizoids
- 2. stem
- 3. thallus
- rhizoids
- stem
- thallus
- 1. Autotrophic - the creation of nutrients in the process of photosynthesis.
- 2. Heterotrophic - absorption of nutrient solutions.
- Lower plants without vegetative organs, closely related in life cycle with water (which are algae) - the most diverse and perhaps the most numerous component of aquatic ecosystems. It is algae that provide all the other links in the trophic chain, not only organic matter, vitamins, but most importantly - oxygen. To a large extent, due to their autotrophy, algae are ubiquitous and live in the most different types reservoirs, often transferring quite unfavourable conditions existence.
- Participating in the circulation of substances, algae not only constantly experience the influence of physicochemical factors of the surrounding aquatic environment, but to some extent have the opposite effect on it. As a result of this complex interaction, the algal flora, as a historically established set of algae species in a given ecosystem, changes, and modified algal communities are also formed.
- Health. Kelp algae
- This amazing seaweed contains more vitamins and minerals than any other food. More specifically, kelp contains vitamin B2, niacin, choline, carotene, alginic acid, and 23 minerals in the following ratio: Iodine 0.15-0.20% Iron 0.10% Magnesium 0.70% Copper 0.0008 % Calcium 1.20% Sodium 3.14% Sulfur 0.93% Zinc 0.0003% Phosphorus 0.30% Potassium 0.63% Chlorine 12.21% Manganese 0.0008% Plus traces of barium, boron, chromium, lithium , nickel, silver, vanadium, titanium, aluminium, strontium and silicon. Due to the content of natural iodine, kelp has a normalizing effect on the thyroid gland. In other words, lean people with thyroid problems can gain weight by eating kelp, and fat people can lose weight with it. Homeopathic doctors use kelp for obesity, poor digestion, flatulence, persistent constipation, and in last years the use of kelp, lecithin, vinegar and vitamin Bb was the most fashionable diet.
- Health. Seaweed
- Chemists at Duke University and the University of Florida (USA) have identified a compound in seaweed that can inhibit the growth of malignant tumor cells. Anti-cancer properties have been found in the largazol molecule, extracted from blue-green marine plants. Laboratory tests have proven that largazol inhibited the growth of cancer cells without causing any side effects to normal body tissues.
- Cars. Algae cars
- Japanese developers never cease to amaze the world with their original approach to innovation and unusual developments. Toyota intends in the future to establish the production of even more "green" cars than those that have already been shown earlier. According to the company, future cars should not only be economical and environmentally friendly in terms of harmful emissions, but also light and cheap. In order to realize this strategy, over the next 15 years, Toyota plans to introduce an electric vehicle made primarily from seaweed-based bioplastics. To create a durable and lightweight bioplastic, the automaker intends to use the most common brown algae.
- Health. seaweed taste
- Today, Japanese cuisine has literally conquered the world. Have you tried the taste of seaweed yet? If not, we highly recommend. Seaweed (kelp) is perhaps the best known to us. Chinese and Japanese supermarkets sell nori - seaweed "paper" for making sushi - in the form of square sheets and ribbons. And in some stores you can see bread and buns with seaweed. In addition, there is a whole bunch food additives from algae and with algae. But this is a very modest list from that huge register of edible riches that are mined in the seas. In addition to kelp and fucus, you will find in this list desma-restia and alaria, lessonia and bearded cystoseira, asco-phyllum, sara-gassy and fur-cellaria, phyllophora and anfeltia, fond-rus, zoo-stera and phyllo-spadix.
- Biofuel from genetically modified algae
- Biofuel is a new generation of fuel. Usually it is made from special plants - energy. These include corn and beans. However, their cultivation requires extensive plantations, huge expenditures of fresh water for irrigation, and much more, which mercilessly hits the state budget. American scientists from North Carolina believe that they have found a new source of biofuel for science - cheaper. This is Dunaliella algae. They have a reddish tint. The US National Science Foundation gave them $2 million to develop this idea. Algae plantations have a lot of advantages over corn plantations. There is much more area for sowing. There is no need to give agricultural fields for planting energy crops. There are no competitors in the water fields for seaweed. And the lack of fresh water is out of the question. Algae can also be grown all year round. The droughts for which North Carolina is "famous" will not be able to harm algae. Therefore, the harvest will be 100 times more, scientists assure.
- But researchers don't want to stop there. The plans are to genetically change the necessary types of seaweed. This will make them even more useful for biofuels. There will be much more fatty acids in GMO algae. They will grow even faster. And that means tons and tons of biofuel that cars can run on. The only problem with biofuel from algae, the developers consider its price. It must be competitive. After all, the price of oil is now falling. But economic experts assure that the price of new biofuels will be adequate. The number is not yet known.
- In 2013 all Scientific research algae for biofuels will be completed. A number of devices may start working on it. This will help in solving the energy problem of the planet. However, at what cost? Will genetically modified algae be safe for water resources Earth? What will the next human intervention turn into? Do we really only know this again when we feel the harm from him in our own skin ...
- In Peru, you can buy algae sun protection clothing (It's interesting)
- Added: 11/30/2008
- Seaweeds, which are widely used in medicine and cooking, have found a new use in Peru. It launched the production of clothing that blocks harmful ultraviolet rays, thereby preventing the development of cancer. The fabric contains algae. Caps, T-shirts, skirts, shorts and swimwear are made from cotton fabric with the addition of gigartina chamissoi fibers. This type of algae, which grows in large numbers in pacific ocean near the coast of Peru, is capable of almost 100% blocking ultraviolet radiation. At the same time, according to test results, after 20 washes, the degree of protection decreased by only 1%, ITAR-TASS reports.
- For the first time clothes from algae were made in 2004. It was then used by members of the Peruvian scientific Antarctic expeditions, who noted that raincoats and baseball caps were very useful for protecting them from ultraviolet rays. Now clothes are produced for the mass consumer. The authors of the project are confident that it will be in demand on the world market, especially since its prices are quite competitive. So, a seaweed baseball cap costs about $12.
Lesson objectives:
- To acquaint students with the characteristics of the habitat, structure and activity of algae, as the most simply organized representatives flora;
- Explain how algae reproduce;
- Show the importance of algae in nature and human life.
Lesson type:
Lesson of studying and primary consolidation of new knowledge.
Equipment:
Algae table, presentation of the topic (multimedia support) “Algae”, individual cards, algae drawings, algae salad recipe.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment:
Greeting students - 1 minute, (slide 1, 2)Attachment 1
Preparation for the survey - 3 minutes.
2. Checking homework:
- Work on individual cards (4 people)
- plant sizes - Fig. 30 ( Annex 3, Appendix 4)
- variety of plants - rice 31, 32, 33 ( Appendix 2)
– work with the mini-football class (slide 3, 4, 5) - front poll. Warm-up “Terms” (1-4 people)
Botany is...
- lower plants are ... ..
– higher plants- this…
- thallus, or thallus is ... - Individual work with a student (slide 6). Blackboard work. Building a classification of the plant kingdom
3. Activation of students' knowledge
Individual survey of 5 students. Questions at the end of the paragraph.
What does a botanist study?
- Why were plants singled out as an independent kingdom?
What is the importance of plants in nature?
What is the importance of plants in human life?
Why should plants be protected?
Evaluation of student responses
4. Learning new material (25 min)
9 Recording the topic of the lesson in the notebook). Teacher's story (slide 7).
Algae are the most ancient animals on Earth. They mostly live in the water, but there are species that live in damp areas of soil, tree bark and other places with high humidity.
Algae include unicellular and multicellular plants. Algae belong to lower plants. They have no roots, no stems, no leaves. Algae reproduce by simple cell division or spores.
Algae are descended from different ancestors.
1) Unicellular algae
(Working with the textbook, pp. 58–67 for options 1–2).
Habitat or distribution(slide 8)
Green algae live in salt and fresh water, on land, on the surface of plants, stones or buildings, in damp, shady places. You, obviously, observed the “blooming” of water in puddles and ponds in summer, and in strong light in an aquarium (slide 9). "Blossoming" water has an emerald shade. Under a microscope, a drop of water shows many single-celled green algae, which give it an emerald hue. (slide 10).
In the "bloom" of water, the most common unicellular algae
Chlorella.* Structure: shell, cytoplasm with a nucleus, and in the cytoplasm a green chromatophore (slide 11).
* Reproduction of chlorella (slide 12).
* Green unicellular algae, common in fresh water and on wet soils, (slide 13)
Chlamydomonas(from the Greek “the simplest organism, covered with clothes-shell” (slide 14). It has a pear-shaped shape, moves in the water with the help of 2 flagella.
* The structure (p. 35 chlamydomonas and chlorella) is covered on the outside with a transparent membrane, under which there is a cytoplasm with a nucleus, a red “eye” (light-sensitive red body), a large vacuole (filled with cell sap), and two small pulsating vacuoles. Chlorophyll and other pigments are found in the chromatophore, (slide 15)
* Reproduction, (slide 16, 17)
IN workbook issue laboratory work No. 39, p. 18.
Dynamic pause (movement of algae during flow)
2) Multicellular algae
Green algae live in flowing water bodies attached to reefs and snags (ulotrix). In stagnant and slowly flowing waters, bright green pebbles float and settle to the bottom. They look like cotton wool and are formed by clusters of filamentous algae spirogyra. They live in the seas and oceans (ulva or sea lettuce). Chara algae, which have a complex structure, live in freshwater water. (slide 18, 19).
In multicellular representatives of green algae, the body (thallus) has the form of filaments or flat leaf-shaped formations. Chara algae have rhizoids (from the Greek “rhiza” - root and “Eidos” - view), colorless branched filamentous cells. They are anchored to the ground.
Brown algae. Marine plants, external sign of yellowish-brown color of thalli. What is a thallus? Filamentous, spherical, lamellar, bushy. They are attached to the ground by rhizoids or the base of the thallus. Some brown algae develop groups of cells that can be called tissues. (slide 20).
Laminaria, or seaweed(North, Arctic Ocean). cystoseira(Black Sea).
Red algae or purple algae are multicellular marine plants. Rarely found in fresh water. Very few are unicellular. Sizes from a few centimeters to 1 meter in length. In addition to chlorophyll, red and blue pigments are contained. Crimson flowers are diverse: filamentous, cylindrical, coral-like, etc. They can be found even at a depth of 100–200 meters. (slide 21).
In what seas do phyllophora, porphyra, etc. live?
Why are they different?
? problematic issue (slide 22)
Do algae live on the same level? (slide 23)
5. Conversation with students to test the acquired knowledge
What is the importance of algae for humans?
- They feed on fish and other animals.
- Chemical industry - iodine, potassium salts, cellulose, alcohol, etc.
- Fertilizer and feed for livestock.
- Agar-agar, use in bakery, confectionery, paper and textile industries. Grow microorganisms.
- For a variety of dishes (slide 24)
Output: The presence of algae necessary condition for the normal life of the reservoir.
(Recipes for seaweed salads), (slide 25)
6. Fixing the material
- Show pictures of different types of algae. It is necessary to name the species or genus, class ... ( Appendix 7)
- Individual work at the blackboard. Qualification department of algae, (deepening), ( Annex 5, Appendix 6)
7. Assessing the work of students in the lesson.
- For work in the lesson, give all the children a recipe for making algae salad “Vitamin” ( Appendix 8).
8. Explanation of homework.
To the house § 12, ex. 40, 41, 42 in the workbook.
9. Reflection a pond is offered, on which you need to attach algae of different colors according to your mood and interest in the lesson. (According to Luscher).
slide 1
Seaweed
slide 2
Algae are lower plants
Algae are an extensive and heterogeneous group of lower plants. Algae are the most numerous and one of the most important photosynthetic organisms for the planet. They are found everywhere: in the seas and oceans, in fresh water, on wet soil and on the bark of trees.
slide 3
Diversity of algae
Algae include unicellular, multicellular and colonial organisms. The cells of some algae contain many nuclei, others do not contain intercellular partitions. Cell walls are usually composed of cellulose. Cells (similar to plants) can be connected end-to-end, forming chains or threads, sometimes branched. The conducting system and roots are absent; fixed forms are attached to the bottom by branched outgrowths - rhizoids.
slide 4
Algae sizes
Algae sizes vary from microscopic (micrometers) to gigantic (tens of meters).
slide 5
The structure of unicellular algae
slide 6
The structure of multicellular algae
Slide 7
Algae movement
Many solitary and colonial algae are capable of movement. Some of the algae use 1 or 2 flagella for locomotion. Others crawl like amoeba, now squeezing, now stretching parts of their bodies. The movement of the third is due to the currents of water created by the cytoplasm.
Slide 8
Algae nutrition
Algae are autotrophs and contain the green pigment chlorophyll. The pigment is located in the algae cell in a special ribbon-shaped or star-shaped organelle called the chromatophore.
Slide 9
Algae color
However, algae are not only green color: among them you can find specimens of brown, red, yellow and many other tones.
Slide 10
Algae reproduction
Algae do not form flowers and seeds; most of them reproduce by spores. Spores and gametes are formed either in ordinary cells or in special organs - gametangia (male - in antheridia, female - in oogonia or archegonia); in some of them, spores and gametes have flagella. The sexual processes are very diverse: these are isogamy (male and female gametes are the same), anisogamy (both gametes are mobile, but differ in size) or oogamy (the female gamete is motionless and much larger than the male gamete).
slide 11
Sexual and asexual reproduction of algae
The zygote develops immediately or after a period of rest. In primitive algae, both spores and gametes are produced by the same individual; in more highly developed, the functions of sexual and asexual reproduction are performed by different individuals - sporophytes and gametophytes. The latter can germinate simultaneously and under the same conditions, in different places or in different seasons. In higher algae, alternation of generations occurs; in this case, either the gametophyte germinates on the sporophyte, or vice versa. In addition, asexual reproduction is common - by dividing in two (unicellular algae), or vegetatively - by parts of the thallus or kidneys.
slide 12
Algae habitats
Algae are predominantly aquatic creatures that live in both marine and fresh water. Small free-floating algae are part of the plankton; others are attached to the bottom, sometimes forming entire thickets. Most of them live at depths up to 40 m; with good water transparency, they can also be found at a depth of up to 200 m. In stagnant reservoirs, well warmed by the sun, water blooms are observed. Algae live in the soil, on trees and rocks. Some green algae symbiote with fungi to form lichens.
slide 13
Application of algae
Algae is the main source of organic matter on Earth (more than 80% of the total biomass created per year); almost all aquatic ecological chains begin with them. They release into the atmosphere more than half of the total amount of oxygen released by plants per year. Algae is the main food for many marine animals; some are eaten by humans. In coastal areas, algae are used for fertilizer and livestock feed.
Volosli - the most ancient plants on Earth. They mainly live in water, found on damp soil, tree bark and other places with high humidity. Algae belong to the lower plants, they do not have roots, stems, leaves. Among algae, there are unicellular and multicellular. Algae reproduce asexually and sexually. Algae diversity and importance.
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"Presentation on the theme "Algae""
Seaweed
Seaweed
Algae is an ecological group that brings together various unrelated organisms.
This is a group of diverse plants that do not have a tissue structure and feed on photosynthesis. Among them there are unicellular and multicellular forms. They have no organs and reproduce by simple cell division or spores.
In addition to chlorophyll, there are other pigments necessary for photosynthesis. They also determine the color of the thallus and are the basis for the classification of algae.
blue-green algae
They may be unicellular, filamentous, or colonial.
green algae
Eukaryotes are capable of photosynthesis. Cells are similar in structure to higher plants. They live in water and on land, in damp and humid places. The body of algae can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous or leaf-shaped.
Chlamydomonas
Unicellular pear-shaped algae. Outside, it is covered with a membrane, under which there is a cytoplasm, a nucleus, a red eye (light-sensitive) and 2 vacuoles. Chlorophyll is located in the chromatophore
brown algae
Marine organisms. Multicellular, thallus can reach several tens of meters. They can be filiform, spherical, lamellar, bushy. They are attached to the soil by rhizoids or disc-like overgrown bases of the thallus. Laminaria (seaweed, used for food.
red algae
Marine, there are unicellular and multicellular forms. In addition to chlorophyll, cells contain red and blue pigments. Depending on the combination, the color of the crimson ranges from bright red to yellow or blue. There are filiform, lamellar and coral-like. Adapted to life at great depths. Representatives: phyllophora, porphyry.
The value of algae
Algae are the main producers of organic matter in the aquatic environment; aquatic animals feed on them. They release oxygen. Man uses algae in food and chemical industry. From them receive iodine, potassium salts. Laminaria is used for food. Algae are also used as fertilizer and feed for livestock.
Agar-agar is extracted from red algae, it is used in the textile, paper and confectionery industries. Microorganisms are grown on agar media. Chlamydomonas, Chlorella and others are used to clean Wastewater, but their excessive reproduction causes flowering of reservoirs
Curious facts about algae
The effect of red snow is caused by a single-celled green algae - snow chlamydomonas.
When defrosting upper layers snow, its cells begin to multiply rapidly, which leads to the coloring of the snow.
The giant Pacific brown algae grows 45 cm per day and reaches a length of 60 m.
Algae Algae are the oldest representatives of the plant world: they arose about 2.5 billion years ago. The total number of species is about 35 thousand. Due to the constancy of living conditions in the aquatic environment in which algae arose and survived entire geological epochs, they have survived to this day in forms that differ little from their original ones. The body of algae is not divided into organs. Among them there are both unicellular and multicellular. The body of multicellular organisms is called the thallus or thallus.
Reproduction Algae reproduce sexually or asexually. Asexual reproduction is carried out by spores or zoospores, which are formed in special organs or internal vegetative cells. After a short movement, the zoospores lose their flagella and germinate into new algae, just like normal spores. With repeated division of algae cells, gametes are formed. When the gametes merge, a zygote is formed, which can be covered with a thick shell and endure adverse conditions.
Green algae Contain a green pigment - chlorophyll. The number of species reaches 13 thousand. These include unicellular (chlorella, chlamydomonas) and multicellular, the body of which has the form of filaments or flat leaf-shaped formations (ulotrix, spirogyra, ulvae, characeae). Nutrition occurs through photosynthesis; the flow of water, mineral salts and gas exchange occurs through the entire surface of the body, covered with mucus. Freshwater multicellular green algae form mud and thickets in ponds and lakes, while blue-greens cause water blooms.
Red algae Red algae are the most diverse group of marine algae. They owe their color to the presence in their cells of the red pigment phycoerythrin and the blue pigment phycocyanin. The thalli of many crimson are divided into thin branches, have a leaf-like shape, or the thalli are rough-skinned. Some cover the stones like red crusts. One such species, Hildenbrandia prototypus, is widespread. However, of particular interest are those red algae whose thalli are abundantly encrusted with calcium or magnesium carbonate. Together with other lime-rich algae, they take part in the formation of coral reefs. Representatives of the genera Lithothamnion and Lithophyllum are often found, as well as graceful thalli of species of the genus Corallina. Hildenbrandia prototypus Corallina mediterranea.
Brown K brown algae are exclusively multicellular. They are attached to the bottom with the help of rhizoids and live in shallow water, the thallus can reach several hundred meters in length (macrocystis). The color is due to a mixture of chlorophyll, carotenoids, fucoxanthin and xanthophyll. On the banks Baltic Sea you can always find thalli of fucus vesicular and serrate several dm long and several cm wide. Laminaria thallus is divided into a leathery leaf-shaped plate (phylloid), a dense stem (cauloid) and a part attached to the substrate. Distinguish kelp sugar, palmately dissected and northern.
Significance Benthic algae have long been used by man. Chlorella. On the spaceships, submarines to restore the normal composition of the air. Laminaria is used as food, obtaining medicines - alginate, beckons and laminarin. Chondrus in dry form is used as medicine in diseases of the respiratory tract. Agar-agar is extracted from crimson, used as a nutrient in the study of bacteria, fungi and algae, in the microbiological industry, in the digestive industry, added to bread and other flour products.
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