Geographical location and zoning of the Khabarovsk Territory. Physico-geographical position of the Khabarovsk Territory

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Khabarovsk region is one of the largest administrative-territorial entities of the Russian Federation, located in the central part of the Russian Federation Far East. The territory of the region extends from south to north for 1,800 km, from west to east - for 125-750 km.

Distance from the administrative center to Moscow by railway- 8,533 km, and by air - 6,075 km.

The total population of the region is 1.9 million people, the average density is 2.2 people/sq. km - one of the lowest among all subjects of the Federation.

Khabarovsk is the main and most big city on the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory.

The distribution of the population across the territory of the region is extremely uneven: the southern part is the most densely populated (Bikinsky district - 11.8 people/km2), the northern part is the least densely populated (Ayano-Maisky district - 0.03 people/km2). 78% of the population lives in cities and 22% in rural areas.

Currently, the Khabarovsk Territory includes 236 municipalities: 29 urban settlements, 188 rural settlements, 2 urban districts (Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), 17 municipal districts.

Largest cities:

Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Amursk, Sovetskaya Gavan, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.

Industry plays a leading role in the regional economy (60% of the total regional product). The region produces 22% of the industrial output of the entire Far East and 1.2% of the industrial output of Russia. The main industries are mechanical engineering and metalworking, food industry, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, building materials industry.

The share of forest products in the total industrial output of the region is estimated at 3%. The Khabarovsk Territory produces 44% of all commercial timber harvested in the Far East, 35% of lumber, 63% of cellulose, 44% of particle boards, 65% of cardboard.

The main enterprises of the complex are concentrated in its southern and central parts and gravitate towards railway transport routes and the sea coast.

At the same time, over the past 10 years, the region's forestry complex has experienced a serious decline: the volume of wood removal has decreased by 3.5 times, the production of lumber by 11 times, and wood-based panels by 8 times. The structure of the region's timber industry is characterized by an extremely low level of processing of wood raw materials. Industrial round timber (sawlogs, veneer logs and pulpwood) is almost entirely exported. This makes the economy of the forestry complex completely dependent on price conditions on foreign markets, and, above all, Japan.

The region is washed by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan (Strait of Tatar). Length coastline(including islands, the largest of which are Shantar) - 3390 kilometers.

The region is characterized by a well-developed river network. Most of it belongs to the Pacific Ocean basin (rivers of the Amur basin), the smaller part belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin (rivers of the Lena basin).

The territory of the region in the north is 430 km from the Arctic Circle, and the southern tip is located on a parallel running north of the island of Hokkaido and the American city of Portland and slightly south of Rostov-on-Don.

The Khabarovsk Territory has common borders with all administrative units of the Far East or, according to at least, exits to them. In the West it borders with the Amur Region, in the North-West with the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in the North with the Magadan Region, in the East with the Sakhalin Region, from which it is separated by the waters of the Tatar Strait, the Nevelsky Strait and the Amur Estuary, in the south - with the Primorsky Territory and in the southwest - with the People's Republic of China. The border with China runs along the Ussuri River, the Kazakevichevo channel, then along the Amur. Its length is hundreds of kilometers. The border of the Khabarovsk Territory has access to the Pacific Ocean through the Sea of Okhotsk. Transport and economic relations with the Magadan and Sakhalin regions are carried out through the main seaport of the Khabarovsk Territory - Vanino. The economic and geographical position of the Khabarovsk Territory is very unique. On the one hand, this is the region most separated from the center of Russia, communications with which are very difficult: until now the only land route remains Trans-Siberian Railway, on the other hand, this is Russia’s exit to Pacific Ocean, to the now rapidly developing Asia-Pacific region, where more than half the world's population lives.

Geography materials:

Methods for studying recreational potential
To determine the potential of a territory for the development of recreation, it is necessary to assess the recreational potential of this territory. As a rule, the assessment recreational resources always carried out using several blocks of parameters. These parameters are different for the main types of recreational activities. T...

Athabascan
Unlike the inhabitants of the coast, who had their own rich natural resources, representatives of the peoples of the Athabasca language group lived in the more severe conditions of the Arctic and subarctic in the north of the continent. This huge space had extremely poor natural conditions, and people had to...

Mountain landscapes
The mountain landscapes of the Subarctic combine the mountain tundra belt and the belt of cold rocky deserts of the Byrranga Mountains, the Anabar Massif and the Putorana Plateau. The Byrranga Mountains represent a system of low (up to 1000 m) parallel ridges and plateau-like massifs, separated by longitudinal and transverse river valleys...

The Khabarovsk Territory is one of the largest administrative-territorial entities of the Russian Federation in terms of size, located in the central part of the Russian Far East. The territory of the region extends from south to north for 1,800 km, from west to east - for 125-750 km.

The distance from the administrative center to Moscow by rail is 8,533 km, and by air - 6,075 km.

The total population of the region is 1.9 million people, the average density is 2.2 people/sq. km - one of the lowest among all subjects of the Federation.

Khabarovsk is the main and largest city in the Khabarovsk Territory.

Currently, the Khabarovsk Territory includes 236 municipalities: 29 urban settlements, 188 rural settlements, 2 urban districts (Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur), 17 municipal districts.

The largest cities: Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Amursk, Sovetskaya Gavan, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.

The main enterprises of the complex are concentrated in its southern and central parts and gravitate towards railway transport routes and the sea coast.

The region is washed by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan (Strait of Tatar). The length of the coastline (including the islands, the largest of which are Shantar) is 3,390 kilometers.

The Khabarovsk Territory has common borders with all administrative units of the Far East, or at least access to them. In the West it borders with the Amur Region, in the North-West with the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in the North with the Magadan Region, in the East with the Sakhalin Region, from which it is separated by the waters of the Tatar Strait, the Nevelsky Strait and the Amur Estuary, in the south - with the Primorsky Territory and in the southwest - with the People's Republic of China. The border with China runs along the Ussuri River, the Kazakevichevo channel, then along the Amur. Its length is hundreds of kilometers. The border of the Khabarovsk Territory has access to the Pacific Ocean through the Sea of Okhotsk. Transport and economic relations with the Magadan and Sakhalin regions are carried out through the main seaport of the Khabarovsk Territory - Vanino. The economic and geographical position of the Khabarovsk Territory is very unique. On the one hand, this is the region most separated from the Center of Russia, connections with which are very difficult: the Trans-Siberian Railway is still the only land route; on the other hand, it is Russia’s access to the Pacific Ocean, to the now rapidly developing Asia-Pacific region, where more than half the world's population.

The main restrictions on the development of the Khabarovsk Territory are associated with transport problems caused by an insufficiently developed system of intraregional communications. The next set of problems is associated with the strong dependence of the regional economy on the financial position of one enterprise - KNAPO. The development of the region is also hampered by the significant share of the shadow economy in the structure of population income. The development prospects of the Khabarovsk Territory are determined by improving the region’s transport network, reducing dependence on one large commodity producer by diversifying production in mechanical engineering, and developing the region’s agriculture to ensure food independence from other regions. An attractive development direction for the region is recreational activities.

- subject Russian Federation, is part of the Far Eastern Federal District.

Square— 788.6 thousand sq. km.
Length: From south to north for 1,800 km. From west to east - 125-750 km.

Population— 1401.9 thousand people (2009 data)
Population density – 1.8 people. per 1 sq. km.
The share of the urban population is 80.6%, rural - 19.4%.

Administrative center- Khabarovsk.

Geographical position.
Khabarovsk Territory is located in the center of the Russian Far East. The territory of the region is dominated by mountainous terrain(over 70% of the territory). About three-quarters of the region's territory is occupied by mountains and plateaus with altitudes from 500 to 2500 meters. The main mountain ranges - Sikhote-Alin, Pribrezhny, Dzhugdzhur - in the east; Turana, Bureinsky, Badzhalsky, Yam-Alin - in the southwest; Yudomsky, Suntar-Khayata (with the highest point, Mount Beryl - 2933 m) - in the north. In the north-west is the Yudomo-Mai Highland.

The largest flat area is the heavily swampy Middle Amur Plain, located on both sides of the Amur. The most extensive lowlands are also the Lower Amur, Evoron-Tugur - in the south and central part, and Okhotsk - in the north.

Land, water and air routes pass through the territory of the region, connecting the interior regions of Russia with the Pacific ports, and the CIS countries and Western Europe with the states of the Asia-Pacific region.

In addition to the main continental part, the region includes some islands, including the largest - Shantar Islands. The total length of the coastline is about 2,500 km, including the islands - 3,390 km.
From the northeast and east the region is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk, from the southeast by the Sea of Japan. Sakhalin is separated from the island by the Tatarsky and Nevelskoy straits.
The territory of the region in the north is 430 km from the Arctic Circle.

Borders:
In the north - with the Magadan Region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
In the southwest - with the Jewish Autonomous Region.
In the west - with the Amur region.
In the south - with the People's Republic of China and the Primorsky Territory.

Climate.
The climate is moderate monsoon. Spring in most parts of the territory begins in early March and is characterized by long duration and temperature instability. Summer throughout almost the entire territory, with the exception of coastal-sea areas, is hot and humid, since in July - early August tropical air masses characterized by high air humidity penetrate into the southern regions of the region. At the beginning of autumn, warm, dry weather sets in. Winter is characterized by sunny, little snowy weather with severe frosts, often accompanied by winds. On the coast the frosts are somewhat milder.

Climatic conditions change when moving from north to south and also depend on proximity to the sea, the shape and nature of the relief. These changes are quite significant.
The average January temperature ranges in continental areas from -22 degrees Celsius in the south to -40 degrees Celsius in the north. On the coast - from -18 degrees Celsius to -24 degrees Celsius. The absolute minimum temperature even in the south of the region reaches -50 degrees Celsius. The average July temperature in the south is +20 degrees Celsius, in the north – +15 degrees Celsius.
The growing season (with temperatures of 5 degrees C and above) is from 170 - 177 days in the southern regions, up to 130 days in the north.

The annual precipitation ranges from 400-600 mm in the north, to 600-800 mm on the plains and eastern slopes of the ridges, and more than 1000 mm in the mountains. In the south of the region, up to 90% of precipitation falls from April to October, with especially high precipitation in July and August.
Permafrost is widespread in the north.

Water resources.
The region is washed by the Seas of Okhotsk and Japan.
In the Khabarovsk Territory there are about 210 thousand rivers with a total length of approximately 584 thousand km. About half of the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory is drained by tributaries of the Amur, one of the largest rivers in Russia. Its total length is 4440 km, including more than 1500 km in the region. It carries a huge mass of water over the edge, pouring below the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur into the Sea of Okhotsk on average 346 cubic meters per year. km.

The largest tributaries of the Amur within the Khabarovsk Territory are the Ussuri, Bureya, Amgun, Bikin, Goryun, Anyui, Tunguska. A vast territory in the north of the region belongs to the Lena River basin (Maya River, Uchur River and others)
Also on the territory of the region are the rivers of the Sea of Japan basin - Koppi and Tumnin and the Sea of Okhotsk basin - Tugur, Uda, Ulya, Urak, Okhota, Inya. The rivers of the Amur region are fed mainly by monsoon rains; the rivers flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk are predominantly snow-fed and floods occur in the spring.

There are over 58 thousand lakes in the region. The following lakes are located in the Amur basin: Bolon, Chukchagirskoye, Hummi, Bolshoi Kizi, Udyl, Orel, Chlya, Evoron.

Vegetable world.
The Khabarovsk Territory has powerful natural forest potential. The area of the forest fund of the region as of 01/01/2009 is 73.7 million hectares (93.6% of the territory of the region), of which forest lands account for 57.9 million hectares (78.6% of the forest fund), in including 51.3 million hectares (69.5%) of forested land.

The forests are extremely diverse in composition and include representatives of the Far Eastern (Amur), Okhotsk-Kamchatka and East Siberian floristic regions. Per 1 hectare of forested area, reserves vary from 40-70 cubic meters. meters in the light-coniferous forests of the Okhotsk coast (north of the region) to 150-160 in the cedar-broad-leaved forests in the south. Coniferous forests are predominant, occupying more than 84% of the area covered by the main forest-forming species and more than 88% of their total stock: in the north, northwest and east, light coniferous forests of Daurian larch (the main species) and dark coniferous forests with a predominance of Ayan spruce and whitebark fir (southern part of the Okhotsk coast, lower reaches of the Amur, Sikhote-Alin, basins of the Amguni, Burey, Mai rivers). In the south of the region and in the Middle Amur Lowland there are mixed cedar-broad-leaved forests (Korean cedar, Manchurian ash, maples, elm, Mongolian oak, Manchurian walnut, Amur velvet, several types of birch, linden, etc.). They grow in the forests
personal species of lianas (Amur grape, lemongrass, actinidia). There are many sedge-reed grass meadows, floodplains and dry lands in the region. In the upper part of the mountains there is tundra with thickets of dwarf cedar.

Animal world.
The fauna is characterized by a combination of elements of the northern and southern regions. In the zone coniferous forests inhabited by ungulates (elk, wapiti, wild boar, roe deer, musk deer), fur animals (sable, weasel, fox, squirrel, muskrat, otter, brown bear, wolf, etc.), rodents (squirrel, chipmunk, etc.), in the far north - reindeer, ermine, wolverine. In the forests of the region there are lynx, black (Himalayan) bear and Ussuri tiger, and the American mink has successfully acclimatized. In mixed forests there are wapiti, roe deer, East Asian wild boar, Manchurian hare, etc.

Common birds include: black grouse, Ussuri pheasant, Indian cuckoo, blue flycatcher, rock and gray thrushes, etc.; a lot of waterfowl.
In rivers and lakes there are over 100 species of fish, including sturgeon: Amur pike, cupid, sturgeon, chebak, silver crucian carp, grayling, catfish, taimen, lenok, bream, carp, burbot, etc. In coastal sea waters— Pacific herring, flounder, smelt, halibut, cod, pollock, navaga, mackerel; migratory salmon: chum salmon, pink salmon; of marine animals - seal, sea lion, beluga.

Minerals.
There are 360 gold deposits recorded on the territory of the region; The mining industry accounts for 23.6% of gold production in the Far East region and 8.6% of the total Russian volume. The region ranks fifth in the Russian Federation in gold mining, and second in platinum mining.
There are deposits of hard and brown coal. In the region, the Adnikanskoye hydrocarbon deposit was discovered within the Verkhnebureinskaya depression.

The preliminary estimate of oil and gas resources is 500 million tons. There are seven large tin mining districts. Deposits of thermal and drinking mineral waters have been explored and exploited.

Khabarovsk region- a subject of the Russian Federation, located in the Far East of Russia, part of the Far Eastern Federal District.

Khabarovsk Territory was educated On October 20, 1938, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the division of the Far Eastern Territory into Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories."

The edge occupies territory with an area of 788,600 km² - 4th place among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Population of the region - about 1401.9 thousand people (as of 01/01/2009).

Capital- Khabarovsk city, population 578.6 thousand people (as of 01/01/2009).

Geographical position

Khabarovsk Territory is located in the eastern part of the Russian Federation, in the Far Eastern federal district. In the north it borders with the Magadan Region and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in the west with the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Amur Region, as well as China, in the south with the Primorsky Territory, from the north-east and east it is washed by the Sea of Okhotsk, from the south-east - by the Sea of Japan . Sakhalin is separated from the island by the Tatarsky and Nevelskoy straits. In addition to the main, continental part, the region includes several islands, among which the largest are the Shantar Islands. The total length of the coastline is about 2,500 km, including the islands - 3,390 km.

Major mountain ranges- Sikhote-Alin, Suntar-Khayata, Dzhugdzhur, Bureinsky, Dusse-Alin, Yam-Alin. Highest point- Mount Beryl (2933 m), the lowest - sea level.

The territory of the region extends from south to north for 1,800 km, from west to east - for 125-750 km. The total area of the region is 788,600 km2, which is 4.5% of the entire territory of the country.

The main river is the Amur. There are many small lakes: Bolon, Chukchagirskoe, Bolshaya Kizi. Climate: in the south - temperate monsoon, in the north - subarctic; Soddy-podzolic, marshy and brown soils are common in the Khabarovsk Territory. Vegetation: coniferous-deciduous forests with elements of Manchurian flora (Ayan spruce, white fir).

annotation

IN course work“Economic and geographical characteristics

Khabarovsk Territory” I reviewed a comprehensive assessment

edge in all its diversity and from different sides. Economics revealed

geographical location of the region (profitability of the EGP), given the economic

Natural Conditions and Resources Assessment (NCRA), reviewed

demographic situation and labor resources of the region (calculated coefficient

correlation), an economic assessment was carried out (the coefficient was calculated

specialization, a diagram of the energy production cycle has been drawn up) and

transport (characteristics of individual types of transport, calculation

density of transport routes) of the region's complexes, analyzed

environmental problems of the Khabarovsk Territory (impact level calculated

each individual city on the natural environment). The purpose of this work

is to consider the Khabarovsk Territory as a structural unit of TOPS

countries with natural resources, demographic and

economic potential.

Pages 52

Tables 11

Figures 6

Bibliographic sources 13

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..1

1. Economic and geographical position of the Khabarovsk Territory……….7

2. Economic assessment of natural conditions and resources……….…11

3. Population and labor resources……………………………………..17

4. Economic complex of the Khabarovsk Territory…………………..21

5. Transport complex of the Khabarovsk Territory………………………37

6. Ecological problems Khabarovsk Territory………………………..42

Conclusion.

Bibliographic list.

Introduction

Khabarovsk Territory is located in the Far East of the Russian Federation. In the West and in the north, the Khabarovsk Territory borders on the subjects of the Russian Federation - the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Amur Region, the Republic of Sakha and the Magadan Region. The eastern border of the region passes through the territory of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan, separating the water possessions of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Sakhalin Region. To the south of the region are Primorsky Krai and the People's Republic of China. Khabarovsk Territory is part of the Far Eastern economic region.

The territory of the region occupies 4.6% of the area of Russia. More than half of the region's area is occupied by plateaus and mountains reaching 2500 m in places. A well-developed river network allows the use and development of river navigation, and hundreds and thousands of lakes in the region are rich sources of fish. The climate in the region is moderate, monsoon, the average temperature in summer does not exceed +24 o C in the southern part of the region and +15 o C in the north, in winter - -23 o C in the south and -40 o C, on the coast: -18 o C and -24 o C accordingly. Annual precipitation is 400 - 600 mm in the north and 600 - 800 in the south; in the mountains this figure sometimes reaches 1000 mm.

The Khabarovsk Territory includes 17 administrative districts and two cities of regional subordination: Khabarovsk (with a population slightly exceeding 612 thousand people) and Komsomolsk-on-Amur (about 298.5 thousand people). In general, there are 7 cities, 27 urban-type settlements and 186 rural administrations in the region. Over 1,571 thousand residents live in the region, about 81% of whom are urban residents.

Khabarovsk Territory is located in the south of the Russian Far East. There are two most important factors, which determine the position of the Khabarovsk Territory in the system of Russian regions. First of all, the special economic and geographical position of the region.

The second factor is powerful resource potential. Khabarovsk Territory is one of the richest regions of Russia. This gives it the opportunity to occupy an important place in the country’s economy in a number of raw materials positions.

Land, water and air routes pass through the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory, connecting the interior regions of Russia with Pacific ports, and the countries of the CIS and Western Europe with the states of the Asia-Pacific region.

The purpose of this work is to consider the Khabarovsk Territory as a structural unit of the country's TOPS, which has natural resource, demographic and economic potential.

The objective of the study is to indicate current state natural, social and sectoral components of the region’s economy.

1. Economic and geographical position of the Khabarovsk Territory.

Khabarovsk is the main and largest city in the Khabarovsk Territory. Founded in 1858 as a military post Khabarovka (named in honor of the Russian explorer E.P. Khabarov). Since 1880 - the city of Khabarovka, the administrative center of the Primorsky region, since 1884 - the Amur Governor-General. In 1893 the city was renamed Khabarovsk. In 1872, a river port was built in Khabarovsk. The first one was opened in 1873 Primary School. In 1897, Khabarovsk was connected by railway with Vladivostok. At the end of the 19th century. in Khabarovsk there was a stone Orthodox cathedral, 3 Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, 11 schools, including a real one, cadet corps, technical railway, women's gymnasium, etc. There was trade in furs. There was a steam mill and several brick factories. In 1891, a monument to Count N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia (led expeditions along the Amur in 1850-55), was unveiled. In 1894, the Amur (Khabarovsk) department of the Russian Geographical Society with a museum and library. In 1902, the Arsenal military plant (now Daldizel) was founded in Khabarovsk. In 1908, the base of the Amur Flotilla was created. At the beginning of the 20th century. Khabarovsk is a major shopping center in the Far East. In 1916, a railway bridge was built across the Amur, connecting Khabarovsk by rail with Eastern Siberia. In November 1922, Khabarovsk became part of the Far Eastern Republic (FER) and became part of the RSFSR. Since 1926 - the center of the Far Eastern, since 1938 - the Khabarovsk Territory. In 1940 it was connected by railway through the Volochaevka station with Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

78% of the population lives in cities and 22% in rural areas. There are 7 cities on the territory of the region, among the largest are Khabarovsk (612 thousand), Komsomolsk-on-Amur (315 thousand), Amursk (60 thousand), Nikolaevsk-on-Amur (37 thousand)

Representatives of about 100 nationalities live in the region: Russians (86%), Ukrainians (6.2%), Belarusians (1.1%), Tatars (1.0%), Jews (0.8%), Koreans (0. 5%) and others.

The working population employed in the forestry sector is 22.2 thousand people or 4.6%.

The share of forest products in the total industrial output of the region is estimated at 3%, which approximately corresponds to a similar figure among other densely forested regions of Russia. The Khabarovsk Territory produces 44% of all commercial timber harvested in the Far East, 35% of lumber, 63% of cellulose, 44% of particle boards, 65% of cardboard.

The main enterprises of the complex are concentrated in its southern and central parts and gravitate towards railway transport routes and the sea coast.

Khabarovsk Territory is one of the most large regions Russian Federation. Its area is 12.7 percent - Far Eastern economic region. The territory of the region extends from north to south for almost 1800 kilometers and from west to east for 125 - 750 kilometers. The distance from its center to Moscow by rail is 8533 km, by air - 6075 km. The region is washed by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan (Strait of Tatar). Length of coastline (including islands, the largest of which

Shantarskiye) - 3390 kilometers.

A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF

Area – 787.6 thousand square meters. km

Distance from Khabarovsk to Moscow: by rail – 8533 km; by air – 6075 km

Khabarovsk Territory includes 2 urban districts and 17 municipal districts, on the territory of which there are 28 urban and 186 rural settlements

It is one of the largest administrative-territorial entities of the Russian Federation, located in the central part of the Russian Far East, stretching from north to south for 1800 km, from west to east - from 125 to 750 km. From the east, the region is washed by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan (Strait of Tatar). The coastline is more than 2.5 thousand kilometers long and is replete with many bays and bays. In addition to the continental part, the Khabarovsk Territory includes several islands, the largest of which are the Shantar Islands.

The region has common borders with the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky Territory, Amur, Magadan, Jewish Autonomous Regions; the Nevelskoy and Tatar straits separate it from the Sakhalin region, and the Sea of Okhotsk - from the Kamchatka Territory. In the southwest the Amur and Ussuri riverspasses the state border with the People's Republic of China.

The main part of the territory is occupied numerous mountain ranges (Sikhote-Alin, Dzhugjur, Badjal, Khingan, etc.) and plateaus with altitudes from 500 to 2500 m.

The climate is continental with well-defined monsoon features. Climatic conditions change when moving from north to south, depending on the proximity to the sea, the shape and nature of the relief. Winter is long, snowy and harsh. The cold period of the year lasts about 6 months (from late October to late April). The average January temperature is from −22 °C in the south and to −40 °C in the north, on the coast from −18 °C to −24 °C. Summer in most of the territory is relatively warm and humid. The average July temperature in the south is +20 °C, in the north about +15 °C. The annual precipitation ranges from 400-600 mm in the north and up to 600-800 mm on the plains and eastern slopes of the ridges. In the south of the region, up to 90% of precipitation falls from April to October, with especially high precipitation in July and August.

The region is rich in forest, mineral, fish and other natural resources. 167 species of plants and mushrooms, 127 species of animals are included in the Red Book of the Khabarovsk Territory. Among them there are rare species listed in the International Red Book.

The river network of the region includes over 200 thousand large and small rivers and 55 thousand lakes. All watercourses have a clearly defined mountain character, with deeply incised valleys and rapid currents in their upper and middle parts. The most large rivers- Amur, Amgun, Tunguska, Bureya, Tumnin, Anyui; lakes - Chukchagirskoe, Bolon, Udyl, Orel, Bolshoye Kizi.In rivers and lakes there are up to one hundred species of fish, including sturgeon. Migratory salmon go to spawn along the rivers flowing into the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk. The northern Sea of Okhotsk region is home to the main stock of Pacific herring in the Far East. Of commercial importance are navaga, flounder, pollock and other species of fish, shellfish, algae, as well as marine animals.

The region is one of the most forested regions of the Russian Federation. In the north, the vegetation is represented mainly by dwarf forests, forest-tundra and open forests. To the south, taiga vegetation types are gradually replaced by coniferous and cedar-broad-leaved forests.

The flora and fauna of the region is characterized by a mixture of northern and southern species of flora and fauna.

To preserve natural landscapes and in-depth study of them, specially protected natural areas have been allocated in the region. Among them are 6 state reserves (Bureinsky, Botchinsky, Bolshekhehtsirsky, Bologna, Dzhugdzhur and Komsomolsky) with a total area of 1.7 million hectares.

Among the mineral resources, the most economically profitable and strategically important are coal and brown coal, hydrocarbons, gold, platinum, tin, copper, building materials, and groundwater.

As of January 1, 2013 more than 42 thousand organizations are registered in the Statistical Register of Business Entities, their branches and other separate divisions. Most of them operate in the field of wholesale and retail trade (32%), 17% are engaged in operationswith real estate, rent and provision of services,12% - in construction.

Important components of industrial production in the region are mining, manufacturing, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water. Fisheries and forestry are developed.

Households, agricultural organizations and peasant (farm) farms specialize in crop production (fodder and grain crops, soybeans, potatoes, vegetables) and livestock farming (dairy and beef cattle breeding, poultry farming, beekeeping).

The Khabarovsk Territory occupies key positions in the unified transport system of the Far East. The length of the public railway network is 2.1 thousand km. It is based on sections of the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Mainlines, connecting Europe and the central regions of Russia with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR).Between the mainland railway network and the island. Sakhalin operates a ferry service Vanino - Kholmsk.

The length of exploited inland waterways is 2.8 thousand km. The largest river ports are located in Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur. By waterways the region has access to the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan. Large international seaports are Vanino, Sovetskaya Gavan and De-Kastri. A port facility has been created in Sovetskaya Gavan special economic zone, providing for the formation of an international multidisciplinary port center, a ship repair and shipbuilding center, the construction of container terminals, as well as the development of processing of aquatic and biological resources.

Khabarovsk Territory is located at the intersection of international air transport corridors. Airfields of various classes operate on the territory. The largest international airport in the Far East is Khabarovsk ( New ) accepts aircraft of all types.Local airline companies provide a wide range of aviation services.

The road network is concentrated mainly in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory. The length of public highways is 6.6 thousand km, of which 95% are paved roads. Federal highways pass through the territory of the region: Khabarovsk - Vladivostok, Chita - Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk - Nakhodka.

Cooperation is carried out between the Khabarovsk Territory and Russian regions in almost all areas of activity: economics, education, culture, sports, tourism, healthcare, social protection of the population; interregional festivals, competitions, scientific and practical conferences are organized and held.

Foreign trade turnover of the Khabarovsk Territory in 2012 amounted to 3233.2 million US dollars, including exports – 2060,6 million US dollars, imports – 1172,6 million US dollars. The main trading partner countries remain China, the Republic of Korea, and Japan.

At the beginning of the 2012/2013 academic year, there were 401 state and municipaleducational institution, 16 institutions of primary, 27 institutions of secondary and 10 institutions of higher professional education.The non-state educational sector is represented by 5general educational institutions, 2 institutions of secondary and 5 institutions of higher professional education.

In 2012, healthcare services in the region were provided by 91 hospitals and 219 outpatient clinics. The healthcare system employed 8.0 thousand doctors and 14.5 thousand paramedical personnel.

Culture in the region is represented by 5 professional theaters, a philharmonic society, a circus, and 271 institutions cultural and leisure such as 19 museums, 258 public libraries.

Periodicals include a wide range of publications, the oldest of which are: the regional newspapers Priamurskie Vedomosti and Pacific Star, the literary magazine Dalniy Vostok. Radio and television broadcasting and the Internet are developed.

The Khabarovsk Territory is located in the Far East of the Russian Federation on an area of 788.6 thousand km2 (4.6% of the area of Russia). The distance from the regional center of Khabarovsk to Moscow is 8533 km. The total population of the region is 1.9 million people, the average density is 2.2 people/km2 - one of the lowest among all subjects of the Federation. Khabarovsk is the main and largest city in the Khabarovsk Territory. Founded in 1858 as a military post Khabarovka (named in honor of the Russian explorer E.P. Khabarov). Since 1880 - the city of Khabarovka, the administrative center of the Primorsky region, since 1884 - the Amur Governor-General. In 1893 the city was renamed Khabarovsk. In 1872, a river port was built in Khabarovsk. The first elementary school was opened in 1873. In 1897, Khabarovsk was connected by railway with Vladivostok. At the end of the 19th century. in Khabarovsk there was a stone Orthodox cathedral, 3 Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches, 11 schools, including a real one, a cadet corps, a technical railway school, a women's gymnasium, etc. There was trade in furs. There was a steam mill and several brick factories. In 1891, a monument to Count N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia (led expeditions along the Amur in 1850-55), was unveiled. In 1894, the Amur (Khabarovsk) department of the Russian Geographical Society with a museum and library was created. In 1902, the Arsenal military plant (now Daldizel) was founded in Khabarovsk. In 1908, the base of the Amur Flotilla was created. At the beginning of the 20th century. Khabarovsk is a major shopping center in the Far East. In 1916, a railway bridge was built across the Amur, connecting Khabarovsk by rail with Eastern Siberia. In November 1922, Khabarovsk became part of the Far Eastern Republic (FER) and became part of the RSFSR. Since 1926 - the center of the Far Eastern, since 1938 - the Khabarovsk Territory. In 1940 it was connected by railway through the Volochaevka station with Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The distribution of the population across the territory of the region is extremely uneven: the southern part is the most densely populated (Bikinsky district - 11.8 people/km2), the northern part is the least densely populated (Ayano-Maisky district - 0.03 people/km2). 78% of the population lives in cities and 22% in rural areas. There are 7 cities on the territory of the region, among the largest are Khabarovsk (612 thousand), Komsomolsk-on-Amur (315 thousand), Amursk (60 thousand), Nikolaevsk-on-Amur (37 thousand). Representatives of about 100 nationalities: Russians (86%), Ukrainians (6.2%), Belarusians (1.1%), Tatars (1.0%), Jews (0.8%), Koreans (0.5%) and other. The working population employed in the forestry sector is 22.2 thousand people or 4.6%. Industry plays a leading role in the regional economy (60% of the total regional product). The region produces 22% of the industrial output of the entire Far East and 1.2% of the industrial output of Russia. The main industries are mechanical engineering and metalworking, food industry, forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries, building materials industry. The share of forest products in the total industrial output of the region is estimated at 3%, which approximately corresponds to a similar figure among other densely forested regions of Russia. The Khabarovsk Territory produces 44% of all commercial timber harvested in the Far East, 35% of lumber, 63% of cellulose, 44% of particle boards, 65% of cardboard. The main enterprises of the complex are concentrated in its southern and central parts and gravitate towards railway transport routes and the sea coast. At the same time, over the past 10 years, the region's forestry complex has experienced a serious decline: the volume of wood removal has decreased by 3.5 times, the production of lumber by 11 times, and wood-based panels by 8 times. The structure of the region's timber industry is characterized by an extremely low level of processing of wood raw materials. Industrial round timber (sawlogs, veneer logs and pulpwood) is almost entirely exported. This makes the economy of the forestry complex completely dependent on price conditions on foreign markets, and, above all, Japan. Khabarovsk Territory is one of the largest regions of the Russian Federation. Its area is 12.7 percent of the Far Eastern Economic Region. The territory of the region extends from north to south for almost 1800 kilometers and from west to east for 125 - 750 kilometers. The distance from its center to Moscow by rail is 8533 km, by air - 6075 km. The region is washed by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan (Strait of Tatar). The length of the coastline (including the islands, the largest of which are Shantar) is 3390 kilometers.

On the coast of the Tatar Strait there are water areas convenient for the construction of ports - Chikhacheva Bay, Vanino Bay and especially the unique complex of deep-water, well-protected and extensive bays that form Sovetskaya Gavan Bay. This bay, as well as the neighboring Vanino Bay, are accessible to ships in winter. The region is characterized by a well-developed river network. Most of it belongs to the Pacific Ocean basin (rivers of the Amur basin), the smaller part belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin (rivers of the Lena basin). The territory of the region in the north is 430 km from the Arctic Circle, and the southern tip is located on a parallel running north of the island of Hokkaido and the American city of Portland and slightly south of Rostov-on-Don.

Altai Territory (within modern borders since 1991) is located in the southeast of Western Siberia between 51-54° N. w. and 78-87° E. d. In the west and south, its territory borders on the East Kazakhstan, Semipalatinsk and Pavlodar regions of Kazakhstan, in the north and northeast - on the Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions of Russia, in the southeast - on the Altai Republic (Map 4). Area 167.85 thousand km 2, length from west to east - 600 km, from north to south - 400 km. There are 60 administrative districts and 11 cities on the territory. Center - Barnaul. The population of the region as of January 1, 1993 was 2,682 thousand people.

The territory of the region belongs to two physical-geographical countries - the West Siberian Plain and the Altai-Sayan Mountains. The mountainous part covers the plain on the eastern and southern sides. Transition position between West Siberian Plain and the Altai Mountains, the heterogeneity of the geological and geomorphological structure and the peculiarities of the orography determined the difference in climate and the diversity of natural conditions and landscapes of the region - from dry steppes in Kulunda to mountain tundra and subalpine meadows in the far south.

The flat part of the region is characterized by the development of steppe and forest-steppe natural areas(Table 1). They are divided into provinces: Kulunda, South Prialeisk, Pre-Altai - in the steppe and Upper Ob and Pre-Salair - in the forest-steppe regions.

Atmospheric humidity in the plains increases from west to east, causing a gradual change in landscape zones and subzones in this direction. The latter, due to the peculiarities of orography and climatic conditions, are located submeridionally, in contrast to the latitudinal one in the rest of the West Siberian Plain.

The westernmost part of the territory of the region is occupied by the dry steppe subzone of the Kulunda province of the steppe zonal region. This is a flat-concave lacustrine and lacustrine-alluvial plain with fescue-feather grass steppes on chestnut soils and solonetz-solonchak plant groups on salt marshes. To the east of the Kulunda-Kuchuk group of lakes, natural complexes of the arid-steppe subzone with a predominance of fescue-feather grass and forb-fescue-feather grass steppes on southern chernozems are widespread.

Between the Kulundinskaya plain and the Ob valley there is a vast Priob plateau, in the southern and western parts of which the South Prialeiskaya steppe province is located. Within its boundaries, in the direction from west to east, three subzones alternate: dry-steppe, arid-steppe and moderately arid-steppe. The dry steppe subzone is characterized by fescue-feather grass dry steppes with depleted species plant composition. On the sands of the deltas of ancient drainage basins, large areas are occupied by pine forests, characterized by strong steppe formation. Around the lakes located in the bottoms of ancient drainage hollows, complexes of solonetz-salt marsh meadows and saline steppes are common.

In the arid-steppe subzone on the southern chernozems, forb-fescue-feather grass steppes dominate. On the terraces of ancient drainage hollows, aspen-birch groves and pine forests are developed. The number of forests increases from southwest to northeast. Around the lakes in the lowlands there are solonetz-solonchak meadows in combination with solonetzic meadows.

Within the moderately arid-steppe subzone, the interfluve surfaces are occupied by forb-fescue-feather grass steppes on ordinary chernozems. Birch pegs appear occasionally. On the northern slopes of ravines they are found in combination with forb-grass meadows. On the southern slopes of the ravines, wormwood-fescue steppes are common. In the Alei floodplain, a large area is occupied by steppe meadows in combination with solonetzic steppes and solonetz-solonchak meadows.

The landscapes of the Altai foothills make up the Pre-Altai province of the steppe zonal region. Its structure is based on steppe, meadow-steppe and forest-steppe hilly-ridge interfluves, for the most part plowed. They are combined with areas of shrub steppes of small hills, used as pastures.

The climatic conditions of the province are characterized by an increase in humidity towards the mountains and along the foothills from the southwest to the northeast. Therefore, moderately arid steppe landscapes are developed in the southwestern regions of the foothills, and moderately wet meadow-steppe landscapes are developed in the northeastern regions.

The northeastern part of the Priob plateau is occupied by the southern forest-steppe subzone of the Upper Ob province. Its structure is based on a weakly dissected loess plateau with meadow steppes on ordinary and leached chernozems, with birch grass clumps and gully forests on dark gray soils.

Ribbon forests are unique natural complexes of the forest-steppe Ob region. They are confined to ancient drainage basins, cutting the plateau from northeast to southwest. The hollows are lined with thick alluvial sands, which in some places form a dune-ridge topography. Upland landscapes bear traces of relict nature (soddy-podzolic soils, forest broad grass, inclusion of moss bogs with peat bogs) and require careful protection.

The wide Ob valley belongs to the middle forest-steppe subzone of the Upper Ob province. Landscapes of high ancient terraces, complicated by valley-beam systems and numerous residual depressions, dominate here. On the soddy-podzolic sandy and sandy loam soils of the right bank of the Ob River, pine forests (lingonberry, grass, and less often white moss) are common. Steppe birch forests are developed, alternating with rich forb-grass steppe meadows.

The Ob floodplain is a relatively low swamp-meadow, in the riverine part with thickets of willow and willow-poplar forests. On low terraces, especially in the left bank part, there are solonetz-salt marsh, swamp-salt marsh and steppe meadows, reed and sedge swamps, and solonetz steppes.

The eastern part of the Upper Ob province is represented by the Biysk-Chumysh Upland, which, according to its bioclimatic characteristics, belongs to the subzone of the northern forest-steppe. The basis of the structure is made up of landscapes of dissected hilly loess plateaus with cereal-forb meadow steppes on leached chernozems and birch grass forests on dark gray forest soils.

The landscapes of the Salair foothills make up the Pre-Salair province, a subzone of the northern forest-steppe. In its northern part, “subtaiga” aspen-birch tall-grass forests on gray and dark gray forest soils are widespread. To the south they are replaced by forest-steppe foothills dominated by birch bur forests. The vegetation of the Salair foothills is characterized by the development of dry and floodplain meadows, characterized by high productivity.

The flat part of the region is well developed in agricultural terms. Almost all steppe massifs have been plowed for a long time and represent the most valuable lands for arable fund. Here, cultivated crops intersected with protective forest belts and birch groves predominate. There is noticeable degradation of steppe and meadow grass under the influence of overgrazing and other anthropogenic factors.

The southern and southeastern mountainous periphery of the Altai Territory belongs to the Northwestern Altai, North Altai and Northeastern Altai provinces of the Altai mountain region. The basis of the North-Western province is formed by the northern spurs of the Tigiretsky, Korgonsky, Koksuysky and Baschelaksky ridges, stretching parallel from the northwest to the southeast. The average heights of the ridges reach 1600-2000 m, the maximum - 2299 m in the north of the Koksu ridge and 2421 m in the Baschelaksky ridge. Mountain ranges serve as a barrier to moist air masses coming from the west. In the lowlands here, meadow steppes and forest-steppes are widely developed, giving way higher up to black tall-grass forests. In areas of intensive development, birch-aspen and fir-aspen forests predominate.

The steep slopes of the middle mountains are dominated by dark coniferous taiga, turning into subalpine woodlands at an altitude of 1700-1800 m. At the upper levels of the middle mountains, alpine, subalpine-meadow and tundra landscapes are common.

The North Altai province is the northern parts of the Anuisky, Cherginsky, Seminsky ridges. They stretch submeridionally and are separated by the left tributaries of the Ob - Anuy, Peschanaya, Kamenka. The heights gradually increase from north to south from 400-500 to 1000-1500 m. The ridges are characterized by a low degree of dissection. Larch, birch and larch park-type forests grow on the mountain-forest dark gray soils of the northern slopes. On the southern slopes they are replaced by meadow steppes and steppe meadows, which are valuable hayfields.

The North-Eastern Altai province is represented by the north-western part of the region. These are mainly peneplain low mountains (absolute heights 700-800 m) with black tall grass forests. In river valleys they are replaced by spruce-birch sogra and swampy shrub meadows. Significant economic development of this territory has led to an increase in the area of secondary birch-aspen tall-grass forests.

In the east of the region, the Salair ridge forms the province of the same name in the Salair-Kuznetsk-Alataus mountain region. The absolute heights of the ridge are 300-500 m, erosional dissection is weak, loose cover deposits are widespread. Within the region, the Salair Ridge is represented by the western macroslope. Due to the small absolute elevations, altitudinal zonation is poorly expressed. The vegetation cover is quite monotonous - aspen-fir (black) taiga with abundant tall grass dominates almost everywhere. Under its canopy, unique soddy-deep podzol mountain-forest soils were formed.

As a result of the long-term use of the indigenous taiga forests of Salair, secondary tall-grass aspen forests predominate in a number of its regions. Watershed forest-steppe and meadow areas are plowed. Modern anthropogenic modification natural complexes Salaira - forest-meadow-field.

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