What is the impact of a person on the environment. Human influence on nature

What, from the author's point of view, is the key factor in ensuring environmental safety? Name the three elements of the legal component of the environmental safety infrastructure named in the text. What is the factor in the final formation of international environmental law as an independent industry international law what is the author's name?

(according to V.P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

1. The answer to the first question, for example: environmental safety cannot be fully ensured in one single country; to achieve it, an active International activity;

2. The answer to the second question, for example: the creation of a fairly complete system of special environmental legislation, the strengthening of the regulatory and technical base, the greening of legislative acts in other areas of activity;

(The answer to the second question is valid only if the three elements mentioned in the text are indicated.)

3. The answer to the third question, for example: for the final formation of international environmental law as an independent branch of international law, its codification is necessary.

Response elements can be presented both in the form of a quotation and in the form of a concise reproduction of the main ideas of the corresponding fragments of the text.

The author lists the cultural elements of the environmental safety infrastructure. Name any two as specified by the author. Give two examples each illustrating the manifestation of each of them in the task of solving a global environmental problem. (List the elements first, then provide examples that illustrate it. Each example should be formulated in length.)

Environmental security cannot be fully ensured in one single country; to achieve it, vigorous international activities are required. The developed countries have basically already destroyed their natural environment and are now the main environmental pollutants. Large densely populated developing countries have also almost completely destroyed their ecosystems, while other developing countries are rapidly moving along the same path, savagely destroying nature in their territories and increasing the mass of emitted pollutants. It is necessary to develop an effective international mechanism for stopping the process of destruction of the natural environment, preserving what is left of it, and moving on to expanding such territories.

Another important element of the task of ensuring environmental safety is the further development of the legal component of the infrastructure. It is necessary to create a fairly complete system of special environmental legislation, strengthen the regulatory and technical base, as well as the greening of legislative acts in other areas of activity that are important for solving the main strategic objectives of environmental safety.

The cultural elements of the infrastructure for ensuring environmental safety are the system for collecting, accumulating, processing, issuing and analyzing information on the entire range of environmental problems, the system of environmental education, training and education, Scientific research and the development of human interaction with the biosphere.

The objects of international environmental law are natural objects under national jurisdiction or outside it (international international natural sites). The legal regime of the first objects is determined by domestic law and partly by the norms of international law, that is, there is a correlation and interaction of domestic and international law. Usually developed by world practice, received universal recognition and enshrined in international legal acts, progressive principles are transformed into norms of domestic law. The legal regime of the second objects is determined by international law. For a long time, the question of ownership of these objects did not arise at all. The tacit recognition of international international natural objects as a nobody's thing and agreement with the right of any country to seize these objects prevailed. But in modern conditions such a situation has become less and less to meet the interests and needs of the peoples of the world. Some international legal principles began to be developed and gradually introduced into practice, limiting the possibility of arbitrary actions in relation to international international natural objects.

International environmental law has not yet been codified, its norms are enshrined in numerous international acts of a complex nature. For the final formation of international environmental law as an independent branch of international law, its codification is necessary. The solution of the emerging problems of international environmental law and the further improvement of the quality of life of mankind is possible within the framework of stable socio-economic development that does not destroy the natural biotic mechanism of self-regulation of nature.

(according to V.P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

The correct answer should name two elements and provide examples to illustrate the manifestation of each of them in the task of solving a global environmental problem:

1) the system of environmental education, for example:

In many general education schools, environmental circles are created to expand students' knowledge of ecology;

Environmental education of children in preschool institutions includes the participation of children in activities that are within their power of caring for plants and animals;

2) research and development of human interaction with the biosphere, for example:

Among the most sought-after areas of research and development by Swedish scientists are biofuels, smart grids, and carbon capture and storage.

Only examples formulated in detail ( single words and phrases do not count as examples).

What are the two methods of legal regulation named by the author? Which method is preferable for the norms of environmental law? Give an example of any one norm of environmental law and indicate to which method of legal regulation it relates.

Explanation.

1) two methods of legal regulation are named:

Administrative and legal (imperative);

Civil law (optional);

2) preferential method:

Imperative (administrative and legal;

3) the norm of environmental law:

Citizens are prohibited from harvesting and collecting mushrooms and wild plants, the species of which are listed in the Red Book Russian Federation(imperative method).

Other norms of environmental law can be cited, another method of legal regulation is indicated.

The classification of the branches of Russian law is based on the subject and method of legal regulation.

Environmental law is an independent branch of law, which has its own subject and method.

The subject of environmental law forms a specific group of relations that develop in the process of interaction between society and nature (environmental relations). Since this interaction manifests itself in two main forms, we can say that the subject of environmental law is public relations regarding the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.

The method of legal regulation is a set of methods and means of legal influence on social relations. As you know, legal regulation is carried out using two main methods - administrative and legal (imperative), which involves the relationship of power and subordination between the subjects, the establishment of mandatory prescriptions and prohibitions, as well as civil (dispositive), based on the equality of participants in legal relations and freedom their will. The peculiarities of the method of the branch of law are determined by the nature of the regulated relations, the originality of its subject.

Environmental law combines both of these methods. Taking into account the importance of the environmental interests of the society, on behalf of which the state acts, the legal regulation of environmental relations is carried out mainly using the administrative-legal method: the competent state bodies adopt regulations that provide for environmental rules that are binding on all participants in relations in the field of environmental management and protection the natural environment.

based on materials from the Internet encyclopedia

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) definition:

The branch of environmental law is a system of legal norms that regulate relations for the rational use of natural resources and the protection of the natural environment with the aim of preserving, reproducing and improving it.

2) two forms of interaction:

Rational use of natural resources;

Environmental protection.

A different wording of the definition may be given.

Using social science knowledge, explain the characteristics of economic growth given by the authors: “environmentally friendly” and “socially just”. Through what, according to the author, will be implemented environmentally friendly and socially equitable economic growth?

Read the text and complete assignments 21-24.

In the context of a protracted exit from the financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009. and the gradual recovery of business activity ... efforts have intensified to search for a new model of economic development ... In the process of these searches, considerable attention, especially from foreign experts, is paid to the development of an updated concept of environmentally friendly and socially equitable economic growth through a phased formation based on structural reforms a new type of economy called by specialists "green" ...

"Green" growth and an updated version of sustainable development are interpreted by international experts as a new engine of the economy, capable of solving a number of acute problems of modern socio-economic development. These include the continuing threat of environmental degradation and depletion of key natural resources, an increase in the frequency of weather anomalies and dramatic climate change ...

In this regard, as an emotionally different reason, let us turn our attention to the unacceptably low position of the country in international environmental ratings. Following the rating of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), which assesses the activity of enterprises in the field of "green" innovations, according to which Russia has closed the list of countries in which the most comfortable conditions for business development using environmentally friendly technologies have been created, another rating has become public. We are talking about the updated rating of the most environmentally friendly economies in the world (Environmental Performance Index), in which Russia took 106th place (out of the list of 132 countries).

The task of transitioning to concrete steps in the formation of a "green" economy, including the necessary structural reforms and instruments stimulating them, is particularly acute for Russia in the context of a deteriorating global economic situation and the threat of a new wave of the financial and economic crisis.

(N.V. Pakhomov, K.K. Richter, G.V. Malyshkov)

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) The answer should contain explanations for each characteristic:

Environmentally friendly - economic growth not associated with further environmental pollution and depletion of resources;

Socially fair - economic growth, the consequence of which is an increase in the level and quality of life of all segments of the population, and not just the upper class.

Other explanations may be given for each characteristic.

2) The answer to the second question is given:

Through the gradual formation on the basis of structural reforms of a new type of economy, called "green" by specialists.

Source: USE 2014 in social studies. The main wave. Siberia Option 362 (part C)

Based on your knowledge of the social science course, explain the meaning of the concept of "global problems". What condition for solving the emerging problems of international environmental law does the author call? What are the two types of objects of international environmental law named in the text?

The cultural elements of the infrastructure for ensuring environmental safety are the system for collecting, accumulating, processing, issuing and analyzing information on the entire spectrum of environmental problems, the system of environmental education, training and education, research and development of human interaction with the biosphere.

Objects of international environmental law are natural objects under national jurisdiction or outside it (international international natural objects). The legal regime of the first objects is determined by domestic law and partly by the norms of international law, that is, there is a correlation and interaction of domestic and international law. Usually developed by world practice, received universal recognition and enshrined in international legal acts, progressive principles are transformed into norms of domestic law. The legal regime of the second objects is determined by international law. For a long time, the question of ownership of these objects did not arise at all. The tacit recognition of international international natural objects as a nobody's thing and agreement with the right of any country to seize these objects prevailed. But in modern conditions such a situation has become less and less to meet the interests and needs of the peoples of the world. Some international legal principles began to be developed and gradually introduced into practice, limiting the possibility of arbitrary actions in relation to international international natural objects.

(according to V.P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

The correct answer should contain the following elements:

1. Explanation, for example: a set of social and natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of all mankind and the preservation of civilization depend;

(Another explanation could be given.)

2. Answer to the first question: stable socio-economic development that does not destroy the natural biotic mechanism of self-regulation of nature;

3. Answer to the second question: natural objects under national jurisdiction or outside it

(international international natural sites).

The answer to the second question is valid only if two types of objects mentioned in the text are indicated.

Answers to questions can be presented both in the form of quotations and in the form of a concise reproduction of the main ideas of the corresponding fragments of the text.

The author writes that the norms of international environmental law are enshrined in numerous international acts. Based on the text and social science knowledge, name and briefly explain any three forms of interaction that can coordinate the joint efforts of countries and their governments aimed at solving a global environmental problem.

The cultural elements of the infrastructure for ensuring environmental safety are the system for collecting, accumulating, processing, issuing and analyzing information on the entire spectrum of environmental problems, the system of environmental education, training and education, research and development of human interaction with the biosphere.

(according to V.P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

The correct answer should contain the following elements:

1. Holding international conferences (for example, at international conferences, problems are discussed and decisions are made, on the basis of which states can amend laws, securing the right to an adequate environment and the obligations of the state to preserve this environment;

2. Creation of international organizations (for example, international organizations can coordinate the actions of national governments, make recommendations, stimulate discussion of the most pressing problems);

3. Signing of international environmental documents (for example, the signing of such a document imposes an obligation on states to comply with the agreements reached).

Measures can be formulated differently, other correct explanations can be given.

Using the text and social science knowledge, name two types of legal liability for violation of environmental law. Illustrate each of them with an example, each time indicating what kind of responsibility you are illustrating.

Read the text and complete assignments 21-24.

The classification of the branches of Russian law is based on the subject and method of legal regulation.

Environmental law is an independent branch of law, which has its own subject and method.

based on materials from the Internet encyclopedia

Explanation.

The correct answer must contain the following elements:

1) types of responsibility:

Administrative;

Criminal;

2) examples:

Citizen I., walking her dog in early spring, allowed her to trample the snowdrops lawn (administrative responsibility);

The director of the company "Les i priroda" did not prevent illegal felling and damage to the forest in a significant amount, which was carried out by his company (criminal liability).

Other types of responsibility may be named. Other examples may be given

What three forms of negative human impact on the environment are named in the text? Give examples of each of the negative environmental impacts identified in the text.

Read the text and complete assignments 21-24.

In our century, the solution to a number of problems can no longer be limited to the scale of one country, they have to be solved on the scale of our entire planet. This perception of the planetary nature of man's relationship with nature first arose in connection with the emergence of atomic bomb and with the threat of a world nuclear war. It is generally accepted that such a war, wherever it arises, in a few hours could poison the entire globe and end human life. It is this threat that makes people refuse to use nuclear weapons.

Now the world's population is estimated at 3.7 billion people. If it continues to grow at the same rate (on average 2% per year) as in this century, then in 700 years our planet will be so densely populated that for every square meter the entire surface of the globe will account for one person. Of course, this is impossible, and the process of increasing human reproduction must end long before that. When and under what factors this will happen and what civilization will turn into, is the most important global problem of the near future.

One of the most important global problems associated with energy, since the use of natural energy resources by people is the main factor that determines the level of modern civilization and the well-being of mankind. Now the largest source of raw materials in the energy sector is coal, and if its consumption stops at the current level, then coal reserves will be sufficient for about a thousand years. Even if humanity does not grow, but energy consumption per capita grows at the same rate as over the past 100 years, then coal reserves will only last for 100-150 years. An even closer crisis can be foreseen for other types of raw materials. For example, silver will be sufficient within 13-40 years, lead - 20-60 years, etc. (taking into account the use of new, not yet found natural reserves on a fivefold scale).

The depletion of raw materials for some of the important substances is already threatening our generation. And therefore, the solution of issues related to the technical and economic aspect of the problem "man and nature" must be considered urgent. But here the socio-political aspect immediately arises: due to the global nature, the solution of these issues is impossible on a national scale, it is real only with broad international cooperation based on the principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different social systems.

The next problem - environmental - arises as a result of a disturbance in the balance of nature due to environmental pollution on the same global scale. The difficulty in solving this problem lies in the fact that the global scale of technical processes at the modern level of civilization began to change the environment around us in such a way - to pollute the air, water and soil, to destroy forests, to change natural landscapes - that the biological balance that existed until now in nature can no longer survive, and this begins to lead to the death of fauna and flora, which are necessary for the existence of people.

When, on a global scale, a shortage of materials and energy resources begins to arise and this begins to catastrophically affect the level of human well-being, then humanity will have no choice but to begin to reduce weapons, since the risk of death from aggression will be less real than the risk of death from shortage material resources. In addition, since the solution of global problems should take place with close international cooperation, people will begin to feel that they live in a common apartment and that all mankind has only one common enemy: this is the coming global crisis, with which, having forgotten all strife, it is necessary to begin fight together.

(by P. L. Kapitsa)

Explanation.

A correct answer must contain the following elements:

Three forms of negative human impact on the environment according to the text with examples;

1) air, water and soil pollution (for example, air, water and soil pollution as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant);

2) deforestation (for example, deforestation in the Amazon);

3) changes in natural landscapes (for example, a reduction in the area of the Aral Sea; soil erosion as a result of improper management during the development of virgin lands in the USSR).

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to essentially reveal the topic "The ecological crisis as a global problem of our time." The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

Explanation.

1. The concept of global problems, their types:

a) environmental;

b) the problem of the North and South;

c) international terrorism.

2.The essence of the global environmental crisis:

a) the disappearance of biological species;

b) pollution of the atmosphere, soil, oceans;

d) global warming, etc.

3. Causes of the global environmental problem:

a) The growth of the scale of the economic activity of people.

b) Consumer attitude to nature.

4. Signs of a global environmental problem:

a) affects the interests of all countries and peoples;

b) requires an immediate solution and the pooling of efforts of all mankind, etc.

5. Ways to overcome the environmental crisis:

a) changing the attitude of people to nature;

b) science at the service of ecology;

c) international cooperation in solving environmental problems.

A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in the naming question or mixed forms.

The presence of any two of 2-5 points of the plan in a given or similar formulation will allow to reveal the content of this topic in essence.

Using social science knowledge, draw up a complex plan that allows you to essentially reveal the topic "Environmental rights of citizens and how to protect them." The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.

Explanation.

When analyzing the answer, the following is taken into account:

Correspondence of the structure of the proposed answer to a complex type plan;

The presence of points of the plan indicating the examinee's understanding of the main aspects of this topic, without which it cannot be disclosed in essence;

The correctness of the wording of the points of the plan.

The wording of the points of the plan, which are abstract and formal in nature and do not reflect the specifics of the topic, are not included in the assessment.

One of the options for the disclosure plan for this topic

1. The concept of environmental law.

2. Basic environmental rights of citizens:

a) the right to a healthy environment;

b) the right to reliable information about the state of the environment;

c) the right to compensation for damage caused to health or property by an environmental offense.

3. Mechanisms for protecting the environmental rights of citizens:

a) non-judicial;

b) judicial.

4. Types of legal liability for environmental offenses:

a) administrative;

b) criminal, etc.

5. The concept of the environment, its elements:

a) natural objects;

b) natural and anthropogenic objects;

c) anthropogenic objects.

6. Environmental responsibilities of citizens.

A different number and (or) other correct wording of points and sub-points of the plan are possible. They can be presented in denominational, question or mixed forms.

Any two of 2-5. points of the plan in this or a formulation close in meaning will allow to reveal the content of this topic in essence.

The Prime Minister of Country M, in a television interview, said that it was of the utmost importance to solve environmental problems. Which of the following measures indicate that the government is taking steps to address them? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) tightening the implementation of state control over the implementation by enterprises of legal requirements for environmental protection

2) participation in conferences on countering international terrorist organizations

3) the signing of the international convention on the status of political refugees

4) pursuing a family planning policy

5) the allocation of investments to expand the participation of schoolchildren in projects to study the impact of humans on the biosphere

6) expansion of the program for the development of energy-saving and waste-free technologies

Explanation.

1) tightening the implementation of state control over the compliance by enterprises with legal requirements for environmental protection - yes, that's right, since environmental protection is an environmental issue.

2) participation in conferences on countering international terrorist organizations - no, wrong, international terrorism is not an environmental problem.

3) the signing of an international convention on the status of political refugees - no, it is not true, the status of political refugees is not an environmental issue.

4) pursuing a family planning policy - no, that's not true, family planning is not an environmental issue.

5) the allocation of investments to expand the participation of schoolchildren in projects to study the human impact on the biosphere -

6) expansion of the program for the development of energy-saving and waste-free technologies - yes, that's right, this is one of the ways to solve environmental problems.

Answer: 156.

Since the beginning of the 2000s. the government of country Z has taken a number of measures to improve the environmental situation. In 2005 and 2015. the sociological service conducted a survey of adult citizens. They were asked the question: "How do you and your family participate in the preservation of the natural environment?" The results of the survey (in% of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) In a 2015 survey, the proportion of those who are involved in greening their settlement, less share of those who participate in ecological holidays, festivals.

2) In the 2005 survey, the share of those who saved water and monitored the health of water taps, more than the share of those who sorted household waste.

3) For ten years, people have become less likely to participate in environmental holidays and festivals.

4) Equal shares of respondents in both surveys are involved in cleaning parks and courtyards from garbage.

5) The share of those who cannot say that they participate in the preservation of the natural environment has decreased in 10 years.

Explanation.

1) In the 2015 survey, the share of those who participate in the greening of their community is less than the share of those who participate in ecological holidays, festivals - no, it is not correct.

2) In the 2005 survey, the share of those who saved water, monitored the health of water taps, more than the share of those who sorted household waste - yes, that's right.

3) Over the past ten years, people have become less likely to participate in environmental holidays, festivals - no, that's wrong.

4) Equal shares of respondents in both surveys are involved in cleaning parks and courtyards from garbage - yes, that's right.

5) The share of those who cannot say that they participate in the preservation of the natural environment has decreased in 10 years - yes, that's right.

Answer: 245.

Establish a correspondence between examples of manifestation and a characteristic of global problems: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

MANIFESTATIONS

GLOBAL PROBLEMS

A) gradual depletion of oil and metal reserves

B) activation of the activities of extremist groups (hostage-taking, preparation and conduct of explosions in crowded places)

C) rapid population growth in Asia, Africa and Latin America

D) an increase in the gap in the level of gross national income per capita between groups of countries

E) an increase in diseases caused by waste from hazardous industries

1) the threat of global terrorism

2) the threat of an environmental crisis

3) the North-South problem

A	B	V	G	D

Explanation.

Environmental crisis - & nbsp is a crisis associated with the depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution, etc.

The threat of world terrorism - & nbsp an increase in hostage-taking, explosions in the world, extremist gaze and the destruction of civilians.

The "North-South" problem is a problem of the countries of the North and South, countries of the developed and backward countries of the Third World (Africa, Latin America).

A) the gradual depletion of oil and metal reserves - the threat of an environmental crisis.

B) activation of the activities of extremist groups (hostage-taking, preparation and conduct of explosions in crowded places) - the threat of world terrorism.

C) the rapid population growth in the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America - the problem "North - South".

D) an increase in the gap in the level of gross national income per capita between groups of countries - the problem "North - South".

E) the growth of diseases caused by waste from hazardous industries - the threat of an environmental crisis.

Answer: 21332.

Answer: 21332

Subject area: Man and Society. Threats of the XXI century

a guest 21.06.2013 13:29

correct answer 2132 there are only 4 manifestations of global problems

Valentin I. Kirichenko

You are wrong, in the task 5 manifestations of global problems. Be careful.

Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The external functions of the state include the determination of the general direction of the country's economic development.

2) The state has a monopoly right to legally apply coercion by the forces of the army, law enforcement and security agencies.

3) The requirements established by the state on environmental policy issues form the basis of the country's environmental safety.

4) The state creates a regulatory and organizational framework for the activities of state bodies.

5) The fundamental feature of a state of any type is the implementation of the principle of separation of powers.

Explanation.

State - organization political power that manages society and ensures order and stability in it. The main features of the state are: the presence of a certain territory, sovereignty, a broad social base, a monopoly on legitimate violence, the right to collect taxes, the public nature of power, the presence of state symbols. The state performs internal functions, among which are economic, stabilization, coordination, social, etc. There are also external functions, the most important of which are the provision of defense and the establishment of international cooperation. According to the form of government, states are divided into monarchies (constitutional and absolute) and republics (parliamentary, presidential and mixed). Depending on the shape state structure distinguish unitary states, federations and confederations.

1) The external functions of the state include the determination of the general direction of the country's economic development - no, it is wrong. This is an internal function.

2) The state has a monopoly on the lawful use of coercion by the forces of the army, law enforcement and security agencies - yes, that's right.

Establish a correspondence between examples and types of global problems that illustrate them: for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column.

A	B	V	G	D

Explanation.

EXAMPLE

GLOBAL PROBLEM

A) violation of the density of the ozone layer

B) the problem of preserving forests and biological diversity

C) poisoning of the environment by chemicals created during the production process

D) slow growth and natural decline and aging of the population in the countries of the north

1) the threat of a new world war

2) ecological crisis and its consequences

3) the lag of developing countries of the "third world" from developed countries

4) the demographic situation on the planet

5) alcoholism and drug addiction

6) international terrorism

Explanation.

1) the threat of a new world war - yes, that's right.

2) the ecological crisis and its consequences - yes, that's right.

3) the lag of the developing countries of the "third world" from the developed countries - yes, that's right.

4) the demographic situation on the planet - no, it is wrong, no connection can be traced.

5) alcoholism and drug addiction - no, wrong, no connection can be traced.

6) international terrorism - no, it is wrong, no connection can be traced.

Answer: 123.

Answer: 123

1) Improving the system of intraschool control.

2) Selection of teaching aids that meet new requirements.

3) Proposals to improve the environmental situation in the region.

4) Acquaintance with the state of affairs in your region.

5) Development of skills in collecting and processing information.

6) Striving to better prepare for the exam.

Explanation.

1) Improving the system of intraschool control - no, it is wrong, has nothing to do with this activity and cannot be its result.

2) The choice of teaching aids that meet the new requirements - no, it is wrong, has nothing to do with this activity and cannot be its result.

3) Proposals to improve the ecological situation in the region - yes, right.

4) Acquaintance with the state of affairs in your region - yes, that's right.

MANIFESTATION

TYPE OF A GLOBAL PROBLEM

A) Large-scale forced migration from developing countries to developed ones.

B) Global climate change.

C) High concentration of mass poverty and poverty in countries

Tropical Africa.

D) Reduction of biodiversity of the Earth.

E) Limited natural reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials.

1) environmental problems

2) the North-South problem

3) energy problem

Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	V	G	D

Explanation.

In accordance with Art. 71 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation includes: the adoption and amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, control over their observance; federal structure and territory of the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms; citizenship in the Russian Federation; regulation and protection of the rights of national minorities; establishment of a system of federal bodies of legislative, executive and judicial power, the procedure for their organization and activity; the formation of federal bodies of state power; federal state property and its management; establishment of the foundations of federal policy and federal programs in the field of state, economic, environmental, social, cultural and national development of the Russian Federation; establishment legal framework single market; financial, currency, credit, customs regulation, money issue, the basics of pricing policy; federal economic services, including federal banks; federal budget; federal taxes and fees; federal funds for regional development; federal power systems, nuclear power, fissile materials; federal transport, communications, information and communications; activities in space; foreign policy and international relationships Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation; issues of war and peace; foreign economic relations of the Russian Federation; defense and security; defense production; determination of the procedure for the sale and purchase of weapons, ammunition, military equipment and other military property; production of poisonous substances, narcotic drugs and the procedure for their use; determination of the status and protection of the state border, territorial sea, air space, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf of the Russian Federation; judicial system; the prosecutor's office; criminal, criminal procedure and penal legislation; amnesty and pardon; civil, civil procedural and arbitration procedural legislation; legal regulation of intellectual property; federal conflict of laws law; meteorological service, standards, measurement standards, metric system and time calculation; geodesy and cartography; denomination geographic sites; official statistics and accounting; state awards and honorary titles of the Russian Federation; federal government service.

A) state awards and honorary titles of the Russian Federation - only the federal center.

B) coordination of health care issues - the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

C) environmental protection and environmental safety - the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

D) the federal budget - only the federal center.

E) cadres of judicial and law enforcement agencies - the federal center and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Answer: 12212.

Answer: 12212

The negative impact of society on the environment due to economic activities is called anthropogenic. From Greek it can be literally translated as influence generated by man. The number of such influences is limitless. They differ in volume, character, intensity, size, level of harm to the environment and human health. Moreover, all their manifestations are reduced to four forms of negative Impact.

1. Changes in the component composition of the biosphere, the cycle of substances in nature

(Extraction of mineral raw materials, accumulation of waste, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the air and water environment).

The main issue here is the emission of pollutants into the natural environment. Environmental pollution is understood as the entry into the biosphere of solid, liquid and gaseous substances or energy (heat, noise, radioactive substances) in quantities that directly or indirectly affect humans, animals and plants. Direct objects of pollution (acceptors) are the main components of the natural environment - the atmosphere, water, soil, bowels, fauna and flora.

The following types of contamination are distinguished:

- Ingredient pollution - associated with the entry into the natural environment of substances hostile to natural biocenoses;

Parametric pollution - associated with a change in the quality parameters of the environment (increased levels of noise, radiation, etc.);

Biocenotic pollution is associated with changes in the structural parameters of populations;

Stationary-destructive pollution is a destructive effect on the habitats of populations as a result of the use of natural resources.

In the territorial aspect, pollution is divided into local, regional, global. In terms of the strength and nature of the impact on the environment, pollution can be background, salvo, permanent, catastrophic. According to the sources of pollution, they are subdivided into industrial, transport, agricultural, and household.

By origin, pollution is divided into:

Physical - these are changes in thermal, electrical, radiation, light fields in natural environment, noises, vibrations caused by humans;

Mechanical - pollution by solid particles and objects;

Chemical - associated with the intake of solid, gaseous or liquid substances of artificial origin, disrupting the processes of circulation of substances and energy;

Biological - pollution by biological creatures (pathogens of AIDS, SARS, Legionnaires' disease) or catastrophic reproduction of plants or animals moved from one environment to another by man or by accident;

Thermal - when heated water is discharged into reservoirs;

Radioactive - associated with the release of artificial isotopes into the environment.

Sources of pollutants are industrial enterprises, objects of the fuel and energy complex, as well as emissions from utilities and transport. Significant damage to nature is caused by emissions into the atmosphere and discharges of waste water from metallurgical, metal-working and machine-building plants. Very dangerous wastewater chemical, pulp and paper, food, woodworking, petrochemical industries, emissions from thermal power plants, chemicals used in agriculture... Road transport is a major source of pollution with heavy metals and toxic hydrocarbons. The growth in the volume of maritime traffic, primarily the increase in the flow of oil transportation, the increase in the extraction of minerals in the shelf of the World Ocean has led to the pollution of the seas and oceans.

In the countries of the European Union, all waste is divided into three categories:

- "green" - safe;

- "yellow" - harmful, for the discharge of which you need to obtain a special permit;

- "red" - very dangerous, which are under strict control.

2. Changing the structure of the earth's surface

(Plowing of land, deforestation, implementation of reclamation measures, creation of artificial reservoirs, changes in the flow regime surface waters, urbanization, mining and the like). The era of rapid industrial development was marked by the emergence of a hitherto unknown anthropogenic phenomenon - acid rain, that is, precipitation with a high content of sulfuric acid with the addition of nitric acid. Sediments are called acidic if their pH is below 5.6. their source in the atmosphere is gases containing sulfur and nitrogen compounds. They enter the atmosphere both naturally and as a result of human economic activity. Natural donors of sulfur and nitrogen oxides are the destruction of organic matter (30 -40 million tons per year), volcanic eruptions, lightning discharges, accompanied by the transition of molecular oxygen and nitrogen to the plasma state and the formation of nitrogen oxides, forest fires, etc. However, the anthropogenic factor is more significant - coal combustion, which gives 70% of sulfur dioxide, petroleum products, their processing, metallurgical processes, industry, emissions from enterprises producing sulfuric acid. As a result of acid rain, soils and fresh waters become acidified, and the mobility of heavy metals, calcium, etc. increases.

Acid rain is caused by the release of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere as a result of the combustion of high-sulfur coal in thermal power plants and industrial facilities. They fall at a considerable distance (up to 1000 km) from the source of the primary emission. Worldwide emissions of sulfur and nitrogen are almost 300 million tons, in particular in Europe - 65-70 million tons.

Aridization and desertification have become a complex problem, especially in the arid regions of the planet. Aridization is the process of reducing the moisture content of large areas and, as a consequence, reducing the biological productivity of soil-plant ecological systems. Now it is, in particular, frequent droughts in the vast territories of Africa, Southeast and South Asia, and a number of countries in South America. These processes are taking place against the general background of a further aggravation of food and energy problems. they are also deepened by primitive agriculture, irrational use of pastures, predatory exploitation of vast territories that are cultivated without any crop rotation or agrotechnical soil care.

Desertification is the loss of vegetation, both natural and artificial, by the locality, which can also manifest itself in the form of deterioration in the quality of soils with the impossibility of their restoration without human participation. This happens as a result of natural changes and anthropogenic factors. Each year, the area of deserts grows by 60 thousand km2, which is equal to the area of two Belgiums. Now the area of anthropogenic deserts is 9115 thousand km2. This is almost 7% of the land, and another 30 million km2 is under the threat of desertification.

For the first time, in 1968-1973, the territories south of the Sahara were subjected to this process, which led to famine among the local population, as well as areas of the Aral Sea, which has practically dried up today.

The problems associated with the use of the resources of the World Ocean are becoming more acute. In the seas and oceans, the extraction of oil (600 thousand tons of it enters the oceans) and gas, non-ferrous metals, construction and chemical raw materials have become large-scale. Marine fishing now yields up to 90 million tons of fish annually, and its uncontrolled catch in some regions has led to the depletion of these sea resources. Accidents of oil tankers are very dangerous, as well as the practice of dumping toxic and radioactive waste on the seabed.

Deterioration of the ecological situation in a number of regions of the world, degradation of conditions of existence and reproduction have led to the destruction of flora and fauna. Per historical period 94 species of birds, 63 species of mammals have disappeared on Earth, and the disappearance of 86% of the former and 75% of the latter is directly related to human economic activity.

3. Changes in the energy balance of the planet and the buffer properties of the Earth.

Over the past 100 years, humanity has increased its use of energy by more than a thousand times. As a result of fuel combustion, the share carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by 25-30%, which may in the future lead to an increase in the average temperature by 1.5-2 ° C. This will entail the so-called greenhouse effect, when the effective radiation of the Earth will be less than the receipt by the planet solar radiation... The increase in carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere upsets the thermal balance of the Earth. A global warming of the atmosphere by 2-4 ° C will lead to the melting of polar glaciers, as a result of which the ocean level will rise by about 20 m and most of the land will be flooded.

Recently, the problem of ozone holes - a local decrease in the fraction of ozone in the ozone layer of the Earth - has been of great concern in the world. The ozonosphere is a layer of rarefied ozone at an altitude of 10-50 km that absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation. The bulk of ozone is located at an altitude of 45 km, with a maximum concentration at an altitude of 20-25 km. A decrease in ozone in some regions (Antarctica, Iceland) leads to an increase in UVB penetration, which adversely affects the vital activity of living organisms. For example, an increase in UVB by 10% leads to an increase in the incidence of skin cancer by 300 thousand cases.

Until now, it has been assumed that the mass of ozone is influenced by atomic explosions, flights of rockets and high-altitude aircraft. However, it was found that the reason for this phenomenon is the reaction with ozone of some substances, among them chlorinated hydrocarbons and freons. They are used in modern household and industrial refrigerators, in aerosol cans and as a chemical cleaning agent or for the production of polymers. The world production of these substances reached almost 1.5 million tons. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol was adopted, according to which a list of the most dangerous ozone-depleting substances was determined, and the producing countries pledged to limit their release. In June 1990, in London, the Montreal Protocol was clarified: by 1995, halve the production of freons, and by 2000, stop it altogether.

4. Destruction of plant and animal diversity, natural habitats and reproduction of animals and plants, artificial acclimatization and adaptation of animals and plants to new habitats, breeding new varieties of plants and animal breeds.

Every year, 150 thousand km2 of forests are cut down in the world; over the past 60 years, more than 1 billion hectares of forests have been turned into agricultural land. Over the past 20 years, the forest cover of the planet has decreased by 2%. 11.3 million hectares of tropical forests are cut down annually. Humanity, in its short history, has destroyed up to 10% of the species of living organisms. The rate of their destruction is now 150 species per year. To date, 120 species of mammals and 150 species of birds have disappeared. Up to 2 million living organisms are now under threat of destruction, which is 15 to 20% of the total number of plants and animals.

(according to V.P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

3. Signing of international environmental documents (for example, the signing of such a document imposes an obligation on states to comply with the agreements reached).

Measures can be formulated differently, other correct explanations can be given.

The cultural elements of the infrastructure for ensuring environmental safety are the system for collecting, accumulating, processing, issuing and analyzing information on the entire spectrum of environmental problems, the system of environmental education, training and education, research and development of human interaction with the biosphere.

(according to V.P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

The correct answer should name two elements and provide examples to illustrate the manifestation of each of them in the task of solving a global environmental problem:

1) the system of environmental education, for example:

In many general education schools, environmental circles are created to expand students' knowledge of ecology;

Environmental education of children in preschool institutions includes the participation of children in activities within their power of caring for plants and animals;

2) research and development of human interaction with the biosphere, for example:

Among the most sought-after areas of research and development by Swedish scientists are biofuels, smart grids, and carbon capture and storage.

Only examples formulated in detail are counted (individual words and phrases are not counted as examples).

What, from the author's point of view, is the key factor in ensuring environmental safety? Name the three elements of the legal component of the environmental safety infrastructure named in the text. What factor does the author call the final formation of international environmental law as an independent branch of international law?

The cultural elements of the infrastructure for ensuring environmental safety are the system for collecting, accumulating, processing, issuing and analyzing information on the entire spectrum of environmental problems, the system of environmental education, training and education, research and development of human interaction with the biosphere.

(according to V.P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

The correct answer should contain the following elements:

1. Answer to the first question, for example: environmental safety cannot be fully ensured in one single country, to achieve it requires active international activity;

(The answer to the second question is valid only if the three elements mentioned in the text are indicated.)

3. The answer to the third question, for example: for the final formation of international environmental law as an independent branch of international law, its codification is necessary.

Response elements can be presented both in the form of a quotation and in the form of a concise reproduction of the main ideas of the corresponding fragments of the text.

The cultural elements of the infrastructure for ensuring environmental safety are the system for collecting, accumulating, processing, issuing and analyzing information on the entire spectrum of environmental problems, the system of environmental education, training and education, research and development of human interaction with the biosphere.

(according to V.P. Anisimov)

Explanation.

The correct answer should contain the following elements:

1. Explanation, for example: a set of social and natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of all mankind and the preservation of civilization depend;

(Another explanation could be given.)

2. Answer to the first question: stable socio-economic development that does not destroy the natural biotic mechanism of self-regulation of nature;

3. Answer to the second question: natural objects under national jurisdiction or outside it

(international international natural sites).

The answer to the second question is valid only if two types of objects mentioned in the text are indicated.

Answers to questions can be presented both in the form of quotations and in the form of a concise reproduction of the main ideas of the corresponding fragments of the text.

What three forms of negative human impact on the environment are named in the text? Give examples of each of the negative environmental impacts identified in the text.

In our century, the solution to a number of problems can no longer be limited to the scale of one country, they have to be solved on the scale of our entire planet. This perception of the planetary nature of man's relationship with nature first arose in connection with the appearance of the atomic bomb and with the threat of a world nuclear war. It is generally accepted that such a war, wherever it arises, in a few hours could poison the entire globe and end human life. It is this threat that makes people refuse to use nuclear weapons.

Now the world's population is estimated at 3.7 billion people. If it continues to grow at the same rate (on average 2% per year) as in this century, then in 700 years our planet will be so densely populated that for every square meter of the entire surface of the globe there will be one person. Of course, this is impossible, and the process of increasing human reproduction must end long before that. When and under what factors this will happen and what civilization will turn into, is the most important global problem of the near future.

One of the most important global problems is associated with energy, since the use of natural energy resources by people is the main factor that determines the level of modern civilization and the well-being of mankind. Now the largest source of raw materials in the energy sector is coal, and if its consumption stops at the current level, then coal reserves will be sufficient for about a thousand years. Even if humanity does not grow, but energy consumption per capita grows at the same rate as over the past 100 years, then coal reserves will only last for 100-150 years. An even closer crisis can be foreseen for other types of raw materials. For example, silver will be sufficient within 13-40 years, lead - 20-60 years, etc. (taking into account the use of new, not yet found natural reserves on a fivefold scale).

(by P. L. Kapitsa)

Explanation.

A correct answer must contain the following elements:

Three forms of negative human impact on the environment according to the text with examples;

1) air, water and soil pollution (for example, air, water and soil pollution as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant);

2) deforestation (for example, deforestation in the Amazon);

3) changes in natural landscapes (for example, a reduction in the area of the Aral Sea; soil erosion as a result of improper management during the development of virgin lands in the USSR).

The author writes that “you cannot think based only on knowledge and skills. Legal culture presupposes an assessment of all aspects of legal practice. When faced with environmental phenomena, a person must ... be able to assess them from a legal point of view. " Give three examples with explanations of how the need for a high level of legal knowledge is manifested in people's daily life.

Read the text and complete assignments 21-24.

The issue of strengthening the high culture of each citizen is especially relevant now. It is a high culture of actions and deeds, feelings and motives that should be the main result of the development of the personality of a citizen of our society.

A person with an underdeveloped legal culture, as a rule, pays attention only to the most egregious cases of violation of the law, for example, crimes, while numerous other cases of ignorance of the law go unnoticed by them. Legal consciousness gives an idea of the spiritual values of the individual and society from the subjective side. To understand the mechanism of legal impact on social relations, it is necessary to master such a category as legal culture. This category is used to characterize the legal system of a country. When analyzing the legal culture of a society, they study legal phenomena, describe and provide explanations of values, ideals and achievements in the legal sphere, which reflect the scope of human rights and freedoms and the degree of his protection in a given society.

The legal culture is being formed gradually. First, the foundation is laid. Under the influence of the environment, ideas about simple but necessary rules of relationships between people appear. Along with this, the population acquires legal knowledge and skills - the basis of legal awareness. This includes specific legal norms (criminal, administrative, family, etc. law), the provisions of legal theory and facts of the history of law. This level of development of legal consciousness determines how legally informed the population, its social, age, professional and other groups, how deeply they have mastered such legal phenomena as the value of human rights and freedoms, the value of legal procedure in resolving disputes, finding compromises, etc. But for the formation of a legal culture, knowledge alone is not enough. Such an ordinary level is limited by the everyday framework of people's lives when they come into contact with legal phenomena. You cannot think based only on knowledge and skills. Legal culture presupposes an assessment of all aspects of legal practice. When faced with environmental phenomena, a person must determine not only the moral, but also the legal content (in accordance with the law or against the law), be able to evaluate them from a legal point of view.

(by A.F. Nikitin)

Explanation.

Three examples with explanations:

1) When buying custom-made furniture, a sale and purchase agreement must be drawn up, which specifies the terms of work, their cost, etc. In the absence of such an agreement, the buyer will not be able to defend his rights in case of dissatisfaction with the work of the manufacturer (supplier).

2) When applying for a job, an employee must conclude an employment contract in writing, having carefully studied all of its points. If the employer violates his obligations, then on the basis of the signed employment contract, the employee can defend his rights.

3) When participating in meetings, rallies, demonstrations, etc., knowledge of the current legislation will allow the participant to refrain from such actions that will be qualified as offenses and may lead to administrative or criminal liability.

Other examples with explanations may be given.

The author notes that “even during periods high level employment among the structurally unemployed remains disproportionately high unemployment. " Using social science knowledge, explain the reason for this level of unemployment among these categories of citizens. Name any two measures to prevent discrimination of the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Read the text and complete assignments 21-24.

In a broad sense, underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of qualifications and vocational training individual, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive such a salary, which he could have, performing the work (and to the extent) for which he could apply ...

Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in the demand for labor. A downturn is a cyclical decline in business activity that results in people losing jobs until demand picks up again and business picks up. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to seasonal fluctuations in labor demand. It affects those employed in fishing, construction and agriculture. Those who change jobs and those who are not employed in this moment in connection with the transition from one place to another, they are called functional (frictional) unemployed. Functional (frictional) unemployment is considered, although inevitable, but still an acceptable consequence of a healthy economy. It can be assumed that even with full employment, wage earners will move from place to place.

Structural unemployed people experience difficulties in getting a job due to insufficient or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. Even during periods of high employment, unemployment remains disproportionately high among the structurally unemployed.

Unemployment is not just a lack of work ... Although unemployment can be a creative, will-mobilizing ordeal, most people who have experienced it say they have experienced despair, powerlessness and confusion, especially if they have been out of work for more than a few weeks. For most people, employment is the main, and often the only means of meeting material needs for food, clothing, and a roof over their heads. Studies show that those who do not like their job still prefer to keep it, even when the opportunity to live on other incomes is provided. While working conditions can be detrimental, lack of work leads to just as many problems: increased stress, family conflicts, alcohol and drug addiction.

(K. H. Brayer)

Explanation.

The correct answer should contain the following elements:

1) The reason is given:

A person has worked in one profession for a long time, it is very difficult for him to quickly reorganize psychologically;

People do not have other professional skills that would allow them to get a job for them.

State funding of retraining courses;

Moving to other regions where their professional skills will be relevant.

The elements of the answer can be given in a different form, similar in meaning.

Source: Unified State Exam - 2017. Early wave

What is the relationship between the efficiency of the banking system and the state of the national economy traced by the author? What two factors that determine the increased danger of the existence and activities of credit institutions for any financial environment, he names? An element of which system, from the author's point of view, is banking security?

Read the text and complete assignments 21-24.

V modern world banks are playing important role in the development of the economy, exerting a direct influence on it and, in fact, being the basis for the formation of a balanced economic development. The banking system of any country as the center of the economic mechanism interacts with all sectors of the economy, with the population, government bodies, exerting a certain influence on them. The effective functioning of the banking system becomes a catalyst for the overall development of the national economy.

At the same time, in the context of significant changes taking place in the constantly changing international economic space, and the growing global financial turbulence, credit institutions for any financial environment can become the main source of increased danger and a detonator of crisis phenomena. This makes the problems of ensuring the security of the banking system as a whole and the stability of the functioning of the banking business in individual financial and credit institutions even more urgent.

Banking security is the most important component of the financial security system. Therefore, the formation of its effective system, capable of quickly and adequately reacting to external factors, seems to be necessary condition national security of the state. First of all, it is necessary to define the very concept of "banking security" (the security of the banking system), since in the special economic literature it is interpreted in no way unambiguously.

In the documents of the Association of Russian Banks, banking security is interpreted as the security of credit institutions and their employees, as well as customer security - the security of legal entities and individuals using the services of credit institutions. The understanding of banking security in banking practice raises certain doubts: bankers most often identify it with ensuring the safety of banks' property and countering criminal transactions using Internet technologies in banking. In our opinion, the security of the banking system should be understood as a state that allows commercial banks to ensure effective satisfaction of public needs as financial intermediary institutions, while maintaining the integrity and stability of functioning regardless of external and internal threats.

The security of the banking system is formed under the influence of a complex combination of external and internal factors of a political, macroeconomic, informational, legal, and institutional nature. It is advisable to consider them as factors of an international, national, regional and banking (intra-system) nature. At the same time, factors acting within the banking system at all levels are considered as intrasystemic factors.

(according to Gladkova S.B.)

Explanation.

The correct answer should contain the following elements:

1) the answer to the first question, for example:

The effective functioning of the banking system becomes a catalyst for the overall development of the national economy;

2) the answer to the second question, for example:

Significant changes taking place in the constantly changing international economic space;

Rising global financial turbulence;

(The answer to the second question is valid only if two factors are indicated.)

3) the answer to the third question:

Banking security is the most important component of the financial security system.

Response elements can be presented either in the form of a quotation or in the form of a concise reproduction of the main

ideas of relevant text fragments

In the course of a sociological survey of men and women in country Z, they were asked the question: "What are the most important tasks that television should perform?" (multiple answers could be selected).

1) The share of those who believe that television should help to understand how people live in other regions / other countries is higher among women than among men.

2) The opinion that television should help to relax and unwind is more popular among women than among men.

3) Among women, the opinion that television should help to relax and unwind is more popular than the opinion that television should help navigate current events.

4) The share of those who believe that television should help navigate current events is higher among men than among women.

5) Among men, the opinion that television should help broaden their horizons is more popular than the opinion that television should help to relax and unwind.

Explanation.

1) The share of those who believe that television should help to understand how people live in other regions / other countries is more among women than among men - no, it is not correct.

2) The opinion that television should help to relax, rest is more popular among women than among men - yes, that's right.

3) Among women, the opinion that television should help to relax, rest is more popular than the opinion that television should help navigate current events - yes, that's right.

4) The share of those who believe that television should help navigate current events is higher among men than among women - yes, that's right.

5) Among men, the opinion that television should help broaden their horizons is more popular than the opinion that television should help to relax, rest - no, it is not true.

Answer: 234.

In the course of a sociological survey of adult citizens of country Z with different levels of education, they were asked the question: "Why do you think people are mainly engaged in entrepreneurship?" (A maximum of two questions could be selected.)

The results of the survey (in% of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the table, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The share of those who found it difficult to answer among those who received higher education is greater than among those who received secondary education.

2) Among those who received higher education, the share of those who believe that people are engaged in entrepreneurship in order to be independent, to work for themselves, is less than the share of those who believe that people are engaged in entrepreneurship out of entrepreneurial excitement.

3) The share of those who note that people are engaged in entrepreneurship in order to be independent, to work for themselves, among those who received higher education more than among those who received secondary education.

4) The proportion of those who believe that people are engaged in entrepreneurship in order to realize their ideas, plans, among those who received secondary education, than among those who received higher education.

5) Among those who received secondary education, the share of those who believe that people are engaged in entrepreneurship in order to earn money is less than the share of those who believe that people are engaged in entrepreneurship in order to be independent, to work for themselves.

Explanation.

1) The share of those who found it difficult to answer is higher among those who received higher education than among those who received secondary education - no, it is not correct.

2) Among those who received higher education, the share of those who believe that people are engaged in entrepreneurship in order to be independent, to work for themselves, less than the share of those who believe that people are engaged in entrepreneurship out of entrepreneurial excitement - no, it is not correct.

4) The share of those who believe that people are engaged in entrepreneurship in order to realize their ideas, intentions, among those who received secondary education is more than among those who received higher education - yes, that's right.

Answer: 34.

Answer: 34

The results of the survey (in% of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the table, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The proportion of those who usually buy groceries at a large department store is higher among 50-year-olds than among 25-year-olds.

2) Among 25-year-olds who buy groceries from a small grocery store, fewer people who buy groceries from the grocery market.

3) The share of those who found it difficult to answer is higher among 25-year-olds than among 50-year-olds.

4) Equal shares of 50-year-old respondents indicated that they buy food in the food market and that they do not have a permanent place to shop.

5) The share of those who buy food in the food market is higher among 50-year-olds than among 25-year-olds.

Explanation.

1) The proportion of those who usually buy groceries in a large department store is higher among 50-year-olds than among 25-year-olds - no, it is not correct.

2) Among 25-year-olds who buy food from a small grocery store, fewer people who buy food from the food market - no, that's not true.

3) The share of those who found it difficult to answer is higher among 25-year-olds than among 50-year-olds - yes, that's right.

4) Equal shares of 50-year-old respondents noted that they buy food in the food market and that they do not have a permanent place to shop - yes, that's right.

5) The share of those who buy food in the food market is higher among 50-year-olds than among 25-year-olds - yes, that's right.

Answer: 345.

Answer: 345

Ivan Ivanovich

50-year-olds 10%, and 25-year-olds 5%; 10> 5

The sociological services of country Z conducted a survey. During the survey, respondents were asked: "How interesting would you be to receive information about the state of the environment?"

1) The share of respondents who are undecided about their interest in information about the state of the environment in their place of residence is greater than the share of those who are not interested in the state of the environment in their place of residence

2) Environmental issues do not arouse significant interest among residents of country Z

3) More than a quarter of the respondents do not show interest in the state of the environment in their region

4) Almost two-thirds of the respondents express an interest in the state of the environment in their region.

5) The shares of respondents who are interested in the state of the environment in their country as a whole and those who are not interested turned out to be approximately equal.

Explanation.

1) The share of respondents who have not decided on their interest in information about the state of the environment in their place of residence is greater than the share of those who are not interested in the state of the environment in their place of residence - no, wrong, less.

2) Environmental problems do not arouse significant interest among the inhabitants of country Z - no, wrong, they do.

3) More than a quarter of the respondents do not show interest in the state of the environment in their region - yes, that's right.

4) Almost two-thirds of the respondents express an interest in the state of the environment in their region - yes, that's right.

5) The shares of respondents interested in the state of the environment in their country as a whole and those who are not interested turned out to be approximately equal - no, it is not true, they are different.

Answer: 34.

Answer: 34 | 43

Valentin I. Kirichenko

It is true, for the majority this question is interesting, it means that they are worried.

In the course of a sociological survey of 25-year-old and 50-year-old citizens of country Z, they were asked the question: "Who read you books in your childhood?" (Any number of answers). The results of the polls (in% of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The share of those to whom parents read books in childhood is higher among 50-year-olds than among 25-year-olds.

2) The grandmother / grandfather read books to an equal share of the respondents in each group in childhood.

3) Among 25-year-olds, those to whom other relatives read books in childhood are fewer than those to whom kindergarten teachers read books in childhood.

4) Among 50-year-olds to whom grandmother / grandfather read books in childhood, more than those to whom kindergarten teachers read books.

5) The share of those who found it difficult to answer is higher among 50-year-olds than among 2 5-year-olds.

Explanation.

1) The share of those to whom their parents read books in childhood is higher among 50-year-olds than among 25-year-olds - yes, that's right.

2) The grandmother / grandfather read books to an equal share of the respondents in each group in childhood - yes, that's right.

3) Among 25-year-olds, those to whom other relatives read books in childhood are fewer than those to whom kindergarten teachers read books in childhood - no, that's not true.

4) Among 50-year-olds to whom grandmother / grandfather read books in childhood, more than those to whom kindergarten teachers read books - yes, that's right.

5) The share of those who found it difficult to answer is higher among 50-year-olds than among 25-year-olds - yes, that's right.

Answer: 1245.

During a sociological survey of adult citizens of country Z with different levels of education, they were asked questions: "Where do you usually buy clothes and shoes?" (A maximum of two answers could be selected.)

The results of the survey (in% of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the table, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The share of those who buy clothes and shoes in the online store is higher among those who have received secondary education than among those who have received higher education.

2) Equal shares of respondents with secondary education buy clothes and shoes in shopping centers and specialized stores.

3) The share of those who buy clothes and footwear at the clothing markets among those who received secondary education is higher than among those who received higher education.

4) Among those who received higher education, the share of those who buy clothes and shoes in a shopping center is greater than the share of those who buy clothes and shoes in the clothing markets.

5) Equal shares of respondents in each group found it difficult to answer.

Explanation.

1) The share of those who buy clothes and shoes in the online store is higher among those who have received secondary education than among those who have received higher education - no, it is not correct.

2) Equal shares of respondents with secondary education, buy clothes and shoes in shopping centers and specialized stores - no, it is not true.

3) The share of those who buy clothes and shoes at the clothing markets among those who have received secondary education is greater than among those who have received higher education - yes, that's right.

4) Among those who received higher education, the share of those who buy clothes and shoes in a shopping center is greater than the share of those who buy clothes and shoes in the clothing markets - yes, that's right.

5) Equal shares of respondents in each group found it difficult to answer - yes, that's right.

Answer: 345.

In the course of a sociological survey of men and women of country Z, they were asked the question: "Who do you think it is easier for people to live - people who have moral authorities, or people who do not have such authorities?"

The results of the survey (in% of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the table, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The share of those who believe that it is easier to live for people who have moral authority is higher among women than among men.

2) Equal shares of the surveyed men and women believe that it is easier to live for people who have no moral authority.

3) The share of those who answered the question posed that there is no fundamental difference is higher among men than among women.

4) Among men, the opinion that it is easier to live for those people who do not have moral authority is more popular than the opinion that there is no fundamental difference.

5) A quarter of women found it difficult to answer the question.

Explanation.

1) The share of those who believe that it is easier to live for people who have moral authority is more among women than among men - yes, that's right.

2) Equal shares of the surveyed men and women believe that it is easier to live for people who have no moral authority - yes, that's right.

3) The share of those who answered the question posed that there is no fundamental difference, there is more among men than among women - no, it is not correct.

4) Among men, the opinion that it is easier to live for those people who do not have moral authority is more popular than the opinion that there is no fundamental difference - yes, that's right.

5) A quarter of women found it difficult to answer the question posed - no, it is wrong.

Answer: 124.

Answer: 124

3) Vacation abroad is most popular among residents of large cities.

4) Most of the surveyed residents of rural areas prefer to spend their holidays in their region.

5) Holidays in other regions of their country are the most popular among representatives of all categories of respondents.

Explanation.

1) The majority of those surveyed among residents of large cities prefer to spend their holidays in their country. No, it is not true, the majority of this category prefers rest abroad.

2) The category of respondents, among whose representatives the most popular vacation in another region of their country, are residents of small towns. Yes, that's right, there are more of them compared to the inhabitants of other settlements.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) More than half of the 30-year-olds surveyed work in a private / non-governmental organization.

2) Among the 55-year-olds surveyed, those who work in a budgetary / state organization, there are more of those who work in a private / non-state organization.

3) Among the 30-year-olds surveyed, there are more people who work for themselves than those who work in a budget / government organization.

4) Equal shares of the respondents in each group work for themselves.

5) The share of those who found it difficult to answer is higher among 55-year-olds than among 30-year-olds.

Explanation.

1) More than half of the 30-year-olds surveyed work in a private / non-governmental organization - yes, that's right.

2) Among the 55-year-olds surveyed, there are more people working in a budget / government organization than those working in a private / non-government organization - yes, that's right.

3) Among the 30-year-olds surveyed, there are more of those who work for themselves than those who work in a budgetary / state organization - no, it is not true, on the contrary.

4) Equal shares of the respondents in each group work for themselves - no, it is not true, there are more among 30-year-olds.

5) The share of those who found it difficult to answer is higher among 55-year-olds than among 30-year-olds - yes, that's right.

Answer: 125.

Scientists interviewed citizens of country Z. They were asked the question: "What, in your opinion, is the reason for the deviant behavior of people?" The results of the survey (in% of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The smallest proportion of young men surveyed sees the reason for deviant behavior in the influence of the social environment.

2) The proportion of those who believe that a person's deviant behavior is associated with his lifestyle is higher among girls than among boys.

3) Equal proportion of respondents in both groups believe that deviant behavior is a consequence of psychological character traits.

4) Three quarters of the respondents in each group believe that deviant behavior is associated with a person's lifestyle.

5) The proportion of those who see biological reasons for deviant behavior is higher among girls than among boys.

Explanation.

1) The smallest proportion of young men surveyed sees the reason for deviant behavior in the influence of the social environment - yes, that's right.

2) The proportion of those who believe that deviant behavior of a person is associated with his lifestyle is higher among girls than among boys - yes, that's right.

3) Equal proportions of respondents in both groups believe that deviant behavior is a consequence of psychological character traits - yes, that's right.

4) Three quarters of the respondents in each group believe that deviant behavior is associated with a person's lifestyle - no, it is not true.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the table, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Among those who believe that the goal of obtaining higher education is the desire to become a good professional, the largest share of specialists with higher education.

2) Among those who consider the goal of education to be compliance with the prevailing notions in society, the least represented is the share of civil servants.

3) The share of unskilled workers who consider the goal of higher education to increase social status is equal to the share of skilled workers who consider the goal of higher education to get into a more educated stratum.

4) The least popular among all groups of respondents is the answer that the goal of higher education is to improve their social status.

5) Among qualified workers, the relative majority of the respondents believe that the goal of higher education is the acquisition of high professional qualities.

Explanation.

1) Among those who believe that the goal of obtaining higher education is the desire to become a good professional, the largest share of specialists with higher education is - no, it is not true.

2) Among those who consider the goal of education to be compliance with the prevailing ideas in society, the least represented is the share of civil servants - yes, that's right.

3) The share of unskilled workers who consider the goal of higher education to increase their social status is equal to the share of skilled workers who consider the goal of higher education to get into a more educated stratum - no, it is not correct.

In the course of a sociological survey of working and non-working adult citizens of country Z, they were asked the question: "How, in your opinion, should household responsibilities be distributed between a husband and wife if both spouses are working?"

The results obtained (in% of the number of respondents) are presented in the form of a diagram.

Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) Among non-working respondents, the share of those who believe that household chores should be divided equally between spouses is higher than the share of those who believe that the wife should do the main household chores.

2) Equal shares of respondents in each group found it difficult to answer.

3) Among working respondents, the share of those who believe that the husband should do most of the housework is less than the share of those who believe that the wife should do the bulk of the housework.

4) The opinion that housework should be divided equally between spouses is the most popular in both groups of respondents.

5) The opinion that the wife should do the bulk of household chores is more popular among non-working respondents than among working respondents.

Explanation.

2) Equal shares of respondents in each group found it difficult to answer - no, wrong.

4) The opinion that household chores should be divided equally between spouses is the most popular in both groups of respondents - yes, that's right.

5) The opinion that the wife should do most of the housework is more popular among non-working respondents than among working respondents - no, it is incorrect.

Answer: 134.

1) The economic mechanism of environmental protection has several constituent elements. First, the use of natural resources is paid. The legislator regulates the procedure for payments for the use of land, subsoil, plots of forest resources and other natural resources in the form of taxes, rent and other forms stipulated by the law, depending on the right to use a natural resource. Secondly, the law provides for the procedure for compensation for damage to the environment and certain natural resources - property liability. Thirdly, administrative responsibility provides for the procedure for paying fines and their amount for administrative offenses in the field of environmental protection and nature management. Fourthly, the law also provides for the collection of non-tax payments, in particular payments for negative impact on the environment, which is not also a type of liability for violations in the field of environmental protection and nature management.

General methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection are contained and listed in Art. 14 Federal law"On environmental protection".

The methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection include:

development of state forecasts of social and economic development based on environmental forecasts;

development of federal programs in the field environmental development The Russian Federation and target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

development and implementation of measures for environmental protection in order to prevent harm to the environment;

establishment of payments for negative impact on the environment;

setting limits on emissions and discharges of polluting substances and microorganisms, limits on the disposal of production and consumption waste and other types of negative impact on the environment;

economic assessment of natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects;

economic assessment of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment;

provision of tax and other benefits in the implementation of the best existing technologies, non-traditional types of energy, the use of secondary resources and waste processing, as well as in the implementation of other effective measures to protect the environment in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

support for entrepreneurial, innovative and other activities (including environmental insurance) aimed at protecting the environment;

compensation in accordance with the established procedure for harm to the environment;

other methods of economic regulation to improve and effectively implement environmental protection.

The types of negative impact on the environment include:

emissions of pollutants and other substances into the atmospheric air;

discharges of pollutants, other substances and microorganisms into surface water bodies, ground water bodies and catchment areas;

pollution of subsoil, soil;

placement of production and consumption waste;

environmental pollution by noise, heat, electromagnetic, ionizing and other types of physical influences;

other types of negative impact on the environment.

In accordance with Art. 16 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" negative impact on the environment is paid. The form of payment for negative impact on the environment is determined by federal laws. The procedure for calculating and collecting payments for negative impact on the environment is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Payment for negative impact on the environment does not exempt business and other entities from taking measures to protect the environment and compensate for harm to the environment.

To attract property liability in connection with violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection, the amount of damage is determined based on the actual costs of restoring the disturbed state of the environment, taking into account the losses incurred, including lost profits, as well as in accordance with the projects of reclamation and other restoration work, in their absence - in accordance with the rates and methods for calculating the amount of damage to the environment, approved by the executive authorities implementing public administration in the field of environmental protection.

Objects that have a negative impact on the environment and data on their impact on the environment are subject to state statistics.

"The concept of the economic mechanism of environmental management is usually formulated in the literature from the standpoint of ensuring environmental safety and motivation for compliance with environmental requirements, which, of course, are its priority tasks.

At the same time, the regulation of economic relations in the field of environmental management affects a wider range of tasks, including the economic protection of state interests in the field of environmental management, provision of conditions for the involvement of natural resources in economic activities, economic responsibility for the removal and damage to natural resources, redistribution of income from their exploitation and etc. combined with the use of economic instruments to achieve sustainable development.

In accordance with the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection", compensation for environmental damage caused by violation of environmental legislation is carried out voluntarily or by decision of a court or arbitration court. Determination of the amount of damage to the environment caused by violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection is carried out based on the actual costs of restoring the disturbed state of the environment, taking into account the losses incurred, including lost profits, as well as in accordance with the projects of reclamation and other restoration work, in their absence - in accordance with the codes and methods for calculating the amount of harm to the environment, approved by the executive authorities in charge of state management in the field of environmental protection.

The economic mechanism also includes environmental insurance, carried out in order to protect the property interests of legal entities and individuals in the event of environmental risks.

"With regard to environmental risks, the risk is presented as the likelihood of adverse consequences for natural resources of any anthropogenic changes in nature.

In the practice of environmental management, these risks are subdivided as follows:

risks of environmental pollution during the production, storage and use of chemicals, including fertilizers;

risks of environmental pollution due to the emission of harmful by-products of industrial production;

risks associated with urbanization (risks of reduction of arable land, destruction of forests, extinction of species of flora and fauna, noise pollution, etc.);

risks of natural disasters (floods, earthquakes, etc.)

To calculate as payment for the negative impact on the environment, as well as harm, standards in the field of environmental protection, as well as limits, are used.

"The use of natural resources is carried out in two forms: the removal of natural substances from nature and the introduction of anthropogenic substances into nature. Therefore, limitation is carried out in two ways: for a certain period of time, the volumes of the maximum use (removal) of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment and placement The limits are set by specially authorized state bodies in the field of environmental protection, taking into account the ecological situation in the region, the need to reduce emissions and discharges of pollutants into the atmosphere, water, soil, the timing of achieving indicators of state and regional environmental programs.

2) Norms in the field of environmental protection are established standards for the quality of the environment and standards for the permissible impact on it, subject to which the stable functioning of natural ecological systems is ensured and preserved. biological diversity(Article 1 of the Federal Law "On Environmental Protection").

Regulation in the field of environmental protection pursues the goal of state regulation of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment, which guarantees the preservation of a favorable environment and ensuring environmental safety. The law does not establish an exhaustive list of standards, but it should be noted:

environmental quality standards (established for assessing the state of the environment in order to preserve natural ecological systems, the genetic fund of plants, animals and other organisms);

standards of permissible impact on the environment (established in order to prevent the negative impact on the environment of economic and other activities for legal entities and individuals of natural resources);

standards of permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms (established for stationary, mobile and other sources of environmental impact by economic and other entities based on the permissible anthropogenic load on the environment, environmental quality standards, as well as technological standards) related to the standards of permissible environmental impact;

standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and limits for their disposal (established in order to prevent their negative impact on the environment), related to the standards of permissible impact on the environment.

Questions for control:

1) Standards in the field of environmental protection.

2) Economic aspects of environmental management.

3) The concept of environmental risks.

Each person is obliged to know how the activities of people affect the world, and feel responsible for your own actions and those of others. Every year human activity becomes more and more aggressive and actively transforming (destructive) force on our planet. At all times, a person felt himself to be the master of everything around him. The natural balance is quite fragile, so one wrong decision and it may take decades to correct a fatal mistake. Industry is developing, the population of the planet is growing, all this aggravates the state of the environment. V last years environmental policy has become more and more active. But in order for it to be competently and correctly built, it is necessary to study in detail the problem of the influence of human activity on surrounding nature, so as not to eliminate the consequences of this activity, but to prevent them.

Solving the problem of the environment is perhaps the largest, largest and most expensive program.

Types of human influences on nature

Impact is the direct impact of human economic activity on the environment.

There are $ 4 $ types of exposure:

unintentional;
deliberate;
direct;
indirect (mediated).

Unintentional impact is a side effect of intentional exposure.

Example 1

For example, open pit mining can provoke a lowering of the groundwater level, air pollution, the formation of technogenic landforms (waste heaps, quarries, tailings). And the construction of hydroelectric power plants leads to the formation of artificial reservoirs, affecting the environment: raising the level of groundwater, changing the hydrological regime of rivers, etc. Receiving energy from traditional sources (coal, gas, oil), a person pollutes the atmosphere, groundwater, surface water courses, etc.

Intentional impact carried out in the course of material production, the purpose of which is to meet certain needs of society. These needs include:

construction of hydraulic structures (reservoirs, hydroelectric power plants, irrigation canals);
mining;
deforestation for the purpose of expanding areas suitable for agriculture, obtaining timber, etc.

Both of the above types of impacts can be both direct and indirect.

Direct impact observed with the direct influence of human economic activity on the environment, for example, irrigation directly affects the soil, which leads to a change in all processes associated with it.

Indirect impact occurs indirectly through the interconnection of influences. Intentional indirect effects include the use of fertilizers and a direct effect on crop yields, and unintentional ones - the effect of aerosols used on the amount of solar radiation (especially in cities), etc.

Environmental impact of mining

Mining production directly and indirectly affects natural landscapes. This impact is manifold. An open way of mining minerals leads to the greatest extent to disturbances of the earth's surface.

The impact of mining steel production:

destruction of vegetation;
the emergence of man-made landforms (dumps, quarries, tailings, etc.);
deformation of areas crust(most with an underground method of mining).

Indirect effects include:

changing groundwater regimes;
pollution of surface watercourses and groundwater, air basin;
flooding and waterlogging, resulting in an increase in the incidence of diseases in the local population.

Remark 1

The most common factors of air pollution are gas and dustiness. Mining production strongly pollutes groundwater and surface watercourses with mineral salts and mechanical impurities. Open pit mining depletes reserves of high-quality fresh water.

The negative impact of mining on the bowels of the Earth, since they are used for disposal of industrial waste and radioactive waste, etc.

Impact on the hydrosphere

Man significantly affects the water balance of the planet and the hydrosphere. Anthropogenic transformations of the waters of the continents are taking on a global scale, while disrupting the natural regime of the largest rivers and lakes on the planet. This was provoked by:

construction of hydraulic structures (irrigation canals, reservoirs and water transfer systems);
an increase in the area of irrigated land;
watering of dry areas;
urbanization;
pollution of fresh water by municipal and industrial wastewater.

Currently, there are about 30 thousand reservoirs in the world, the volume of which exceeds 6,000 km3. Large reservoirs have a negative impact on the environment:

their water areas occupy large areas of fertile land;
lead to secondary soil salinization;
they change the groundwater regime.

Hydraulic structures contribute to the degradation of river ecosystems. Recently, in our country, they are developing schemes for improving the natural and technical condition and landscaping of some large canals and reservoirs. Which can lead to a decrease in the degree of their adverse impact on the environment.

Impact on the animal kingdom

Along with plants, animals play an exceptional role in migration chemical elements, underlying the relationships existing in nature. In addition, they play an important role for human existence, since they are a source of food and various resources. On the animal world our planet is greatly influenced by the economic activities of people. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, since $ 1600, 63 species of mammals and 94 species of birds have become extinct on our planet. The anthropogenic impact on the continents resulted in an increase in the number of endangered and rare animal species.

In Russia, by the beginning of this century, certain species of animals (river beaver, bison, sable, kulan, desman) became rare, for their protection and reproduction, they began to organize reserves, which led to the restoration of the bison population, an increase in the number polar bear, Amur tiger.

However, in recent years, the excessive use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, pollution of the World Ocean and other anthropogenic factors began to negatively affect the animal world.

Impact on the earth's crust

Remark 2

With human intervention in the life of the earth's crust, technogenic forms of relief began to appear on the surface of the Earth: shafts, hillocks, excavations, pits, quarries, embankments, etc. Cases of subsidence of the earth's crust under reservoirs and major cities, v mountainous areas an increase in natural seismicity began to be observed. The greatest impact on the bowels of the earth and on its surface is exerted by mining, especially open-cut mining. Cases of local subsidence of the earth's crust in areas of coal mining were noted in Great Britain, the Silesian region of Poland, Japan, the USA, etc. Man, extracting minerals from the bowels of the earth, geochemically changes the composition of the earth's crust.

Anthropogenic changes in the earth's surface can be caused by the construction of large hydraulic structures. The maximum values and rates of subsidence of the earth's surface, caused by the filling of reservoirs, are much less than during the extraction of gas and oil, large pumping of groundwater. Thus, only detailed studies of the relationship between anthropogenic and natural relief-forming processes will help to eliminate the undesirable consequences of the impact of human economic activity on the earth's surface.

Impact on climate

Impacts of this type in some regions of our planet in recent years have become critical and dangerous, both for the biosphere and for the existence of man himself. The concentration of anthropogenic pollutants in the atmospheric air is increasing annually: carbon dioxide and monoxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, sulfur dioxide, freons, ozone, etc., which significantly affect the global climate, causing depletion of the ozone layer, "greenhouse effect", photochemical smog, acid rain, etc.

An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to global warming climate. For the biosphere of the planet, such climate change can have both negative and positive environmental consequences. The negative include the rise in the level of the World Ocean and its negative consequences, disturbance of the stability of permafrost, etc. Positive: an increase in the intensity of photosynthesis, which can have a beneficial effect on the productivity of many agricultural crops. In addition, such climate changes affect river flow. large rivers and, consequently, for the water economy in the regions.

Impact on marine ecosystems

Every year, a huge amount of pollutants enter the water areas of water bodies, which leads to the degradation of marine ecosystems: eutrophication, a decrease in species diversity, replacement of entire classes of bottom fauna with pollution-resistant ones, etc. extensive research in order to predict the state of the natural environment in the basins of the southern seas.

Total:0
In contact with 0
Google+ 0
OK 0
Facebook 0